Riphean: Difference between revisions

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-Nithish (''niδiske ṛstine'', from the word ''niδya'' "one's own") is an Indo-European language in the Nithic branch, a satem branch in a clade with [[Azalic]]. It's spoken in Nithland (''Niδyaskema''), a parallel-Earth Ukraine and Belarus.
+[[Riphean/Lexicon]]
-Modern Nithish is notable for mostly preserving PIE's syllabic resonants. However, Nithish consonants display various innovations including Grimm's law taken a step further (as in Dutch in our timeline).
+'''Riphean''' (''rivška'') is an Indo-European language of [[Verse:Tdūrzů|Tdūrzů]], spoken in our Poland, Prussia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is inspired by Czech and Dutch and contains vocabulary we think of as Balto-Slavic and non-English Germanic.
-==Numbers==
+== TODO ==
-aina, twā, δriye, γeδure, vaiγe, zes, zevu, astu, nȯ, teγu
+Split-ergative past tense using a -n- passive participle?
+=== UDHR ===
+''Wiži dzíni kimeđ walni im lejki in zwem chejn im zwame đejžam.''
-==Grammar==
+/ˈʋɪ{{ž}}ɪ ˈdziːɲɪ ˈkɪməθ ˈʋalɲɪ ɪm ˈlɛjkɪ ɪn zʋɛm xɛjn ɪm ˈzʋamə ˈðɛjʒɐm/
-Nithish has three noun genders, termed animate, inanimate and collective by native grammarians. These correspond to masculine, neuter and feminine genders in other Indo-European languages. The correlation between grammatical gender and biological gender is much less in Nithish than in other IE languages, due to the influence of Uralic languages.
-As in Latin and Greek, Nithish has various declension paradigms for nouns. Some common ones are:
+(im ~ Latin ambō)
-*first declension nouns - inanimate suffixless, animate ''-a'', collective ''-e''
-*second declension nouns - ''-i'', independent of gender
-*third declension nouns - ''-u'', independent of gender
-Gender has been almost completely regularized in Nithish, again due to Uralic influence -- it is correlated with morphology, so all nouns ending in ''-e'' are collective, even nouns like ''aste'' (bone), which derives from the Old Nithish neuter noun ''haste''.
+hejn ~ τῑμή 'honor', đejše ~ teisė
+== Phonology ==
+Riphean has consistent initial stress.
+Vowel-initial words get a glottal stop initial, at least in formal speech
+Voiceless stops are not aspirated
+w and v as in Dutch
+c č ď dz dž ň ř s z š ž h ch as in Czech, ľ as in Slovak, ř devoices word-finally
+h devoices to [x]
+''đ'' = [ð], devoices to [θ]
+Stressed ''a e i o u'' = [a ɛ ɪ ɔ u]
+''á é í ó ů'' = [a{{long}} e{{lowered}}{{long}} i{{long}} o{{lowered}}{{long}} u{{long}}]
+''ej ui ou'' = [ɛj œɥ ɔw]
+''l'' is velarized, ''r'' is usually an approximant. Both can be syllabic: ''wlch'' 'wolf', ''crn'' 'grain'.
+Auslautverhärtung
+Unstressed a = [ɐ] (like Portuguese)
+== Morphology ==
+=== Nouns and adjectives ===
+==== Masculine animate ====
+The dative singular has replaced the regular accusative singular for masculine animate nouns (cf. ''a'' in Spanish).
+manč "man"
+* nom. manč, manči
+* gen. mančez, manču
+* dat. manče, mančem
+* acc. manče, mančuz
+* ins. manču, mančiz
+==== Masculine inanimate ====
+Dialectally, these nouns may merge with neuter nouns: ''tam, tama''
+''tam'' "house"
+* nom. tam, tami
+* gen. tamez, tamu
+* dat. tame, tamem
+* acc. tam, tamuz
+* ins. tamu, tamiz
+==== Feminine -a ====
+kena "woman"
+* nom. kena, kenaz
+* gen. kenaz, kenu
+* dat. kene, kenam
+* acc. kenou, kenouz
+* ins. kenam, kenami
+==== Other feminine ====
+váni (< vađni < potnih2) "lady, Mrs."
+* nom. váni, vániz
+* gen. vániz, váňu
+* dat. váni, vánim
+* acc. váni, vániz
+* ins. vánim, vánimi
+nacht "night"
+* nom. nacht, nachtiz
+* gen. nachtiz, nachťu
+* dat. nachti, nachtim
+* acc. nachti, nachtiz
+* ins. nachtim, nachtmi
+==== Neuter ====
+céđ "child" (<- ģenh1tom, ~ Kind)
+* nom. céđ, céđa
+* gen. céđez, céđu
+* dat. céđe, céđem
+* acc. céđ, céđa
+* ins. céđu, céđiz
+==== Adjectives ====
+Indefinite and definite declensions
+=== Verbs ===
+etež "to eat"
+ec etem, ji eteđ, ež eteđ, đam etar, jíľud eteđ, í eteđ
+(Polite pronoun?)
+negative ne
+==== ''buiž'' 'to be' ====
+ec em, ji eđ, ež es, đam ér, jiľud eđ, í zouđ
+Negative ec nem, ji neđ, ež nes, đam nér, jiľud neđ, í nezouđ
+==== Reflexive verbs ====
+ouchiž ze "to learn"
+ec ouchim ze, ji ouchiđ ze, ež ouchiđ ze, đam ouchir ze, jiľud ouchiđ ze, í ouchiđ ze
+=== Numerals ===
+ejn, tů, đrí, cheđur, véch, zest, zevouđ, astuđ, ňouđ, tezou
+ejnľez, twejľez, đríľez, cheđurľez, véľez, zesľez, zevaľez, astľez, ňouľez, twejcouđi
+đrícouđi, cheđurcouđi, vécouđi, zescouđi, zevacouđi, ascouđi, ňucouđi, stou? (random change from kmtom -> ktom, influenced by the ordinal stouđe <- ktm-tos)
+đouzuđ
+ejn "1" declines as follows:
+* nom. ejn, ejna, ejn
+tů "2" declines as follows:
+* nom. tů, twí, twej
+* gen. tweju
+* dat. twím
+* acc. tů, twí, twej
+* ins. twími
+đrí "3" declines as follows:
+* nom. đrí
+* gen. đríu
+* dat. đrím
+* acc. đrí
+* ins. đrími
+== Syntax ==
+German-like?
+== Swadesh list ==
+<poem>
+I: ec
+thou: ji
+he/she/it: ež/já/it
+we: đam (originally a dummy word used with the impersonal, from đám "there")
+ye: jíľud
+they: í/jáz/đá
+this: siđe
+that: đađe
+here: sím
+there: đám
+</poem>
+== Texts ==
+=== Schleicher's fable ===
+Ra oucha um ri dzrki
+Oucha, čá wlnou ne [had], [saw] dzrkuz