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| {{Infobox language | | {{Infobox language |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| |nativename = *hax-xana3nījō | | |nativename = *hak-kana3nījō |
| |image = | | |image = |
| |setting = [[Verse:Lõis]] | | |setting = [[Verse:Irta]] |
| |name = Ancient Crannish | | |name = Ancient Knench |
| |pronunciation = | | |pronunciation = |
| |region = Italy? | | |region = |
| |states = | | |states = |
| |speakers = | | |speakers = |
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| }} | | }} |
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| '''Ancient Crannish''' (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Crannish]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Crannish]]. Ancient Crannish was spoken in North Africa and Iberia. | | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". |
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| Ancient Crannish developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Lõis. | | Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. |
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| Ancient Crannish speakers were mostly Celts who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
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| Surviving literature in Ancient Crannish are all attested as transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes bardic poetry, a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
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| (Grimm should happen during Old Crannish stage)
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Orthography=== | | ===Orthography=== |
| Ancient Crannish was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | | Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions. |
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| Since Ancient Crannish merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Crannish merged: | | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: |
| * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/ |
| * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/ |
| * /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
| | * /ɬ/ and /{{š}}/ into /s{{ret}}/ |
| * /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | |
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| On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Crannish#Mutations|#Mutations]]).
| | [m f b~>v p{{phar}}˭~>p˭ n t{{den}}{{asp}} d{{den}}~>ð t{{den}}{{phar}}˭~>t{{den}}˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡s{{phar}}˭~>t͡s˭ s{{ret}} ʁ̃ χ k{{asp}} g~>ɣ k{{ret}}˭~>k˭ l{{den}} w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] '''m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h''' |
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| /m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}} | | /pˁ/ '''π''' was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic. |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike '''t k s'''. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways: |
| Ancient Crannish retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to Punic and [[Judeo-Gaelic]] Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.
| | * ejective release: [p{{phar}}ʼ t{{den}}{{phar}}ʼ t͡s{{phar}}ʼ k{{ret}}ʼ] |
| | * aspirated release: [p{{phar}}{{asp}} t{{den}}{{phar}}{{asp}} t͡s{{phar}}{{asp}} k{{ret}}{{asp}}] |
| | * voiced release: [b{{phar}} d{{den}}{{phar}} d͡z{{phar}} g{{ret}}] |
| | * Alternatively, '''π ṭ q''' could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚]. |
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| '''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | | It is thought that Late Ancient Knench '''b d z g''' were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/. |
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| Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Crannish:
| | ===Vowels=== |
| * ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
| | Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ů'', similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. |
| * ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
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| * ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
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| * ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
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| * ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses'
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| * ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'
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| Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
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| ===Prosody=== | | ===Prosody=== |
| ====Stress==== | | ====Stress==== |
| There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Crannish, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
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| # Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''.
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| # By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ūδ''.
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| # Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article ''haC-'', prepositions ''ka-'' 'and', ''li-'' 'dative', ''bi-'' 'locative/instrumental', ''miC-'' 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.
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| ==Morphophonology==
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| ===Mutations===
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| Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:
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| *beth /p/ → /b/
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| *pe /f/ → /v/
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| *daleth /t/ → /d/
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| *taw /θ/ → /ð/
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| *gimel /k/ → /g/
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| *kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
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| *zayin /ts/ → /dz/
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| *samekh /s/ → /z/
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ====Independent====
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| *1sg: ''hani, ni''
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| *2sg: ''haθθa, θa'' (m); ''haθθe, θe'' (f)
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| *3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
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| *1pl: ''haħnu''
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| *2pl: ''haθθemma, θemma'' (m); ''haθθenna, θenna'' (f)
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| *3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)
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| ===Nouns===
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| ====Inflection====
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| The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.
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| Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ṓ''. Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ūδ'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.
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| Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
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| The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
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| Example with ''sȳs'' 'horse' and ''sȳsō'' 'female horse':
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Noun declension'''
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| ! number
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| !colspan=2| singular
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| !colspan=2| plural
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| |-
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| ! gender
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| ! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
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| |-
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| ! indef.
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sȳsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 ''sȳsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sȳsūδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! def.
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sȳs'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːs/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sȳsō'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 ''has-sȳsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''has-sȳsūδ'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! const.
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sȳs'' <br/> /suːs/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sȳsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sȳsūδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! "my"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sȳsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sȳsajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsai/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sȳsuδajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðai/
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| |-
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| ! "thy" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsuδēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
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| |-
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| ! "thy" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sȳsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sȳsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sȳsuδēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
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| |-
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| ! "his"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sȳsū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sȳsaδū'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅 ''sȳsû'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅 ''sȳsuδû'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
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| |-
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| ! "her"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsaδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sȳseyô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsejaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sȳsuδēyô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
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| |-
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| ! "our"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sȳsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sȳsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍 ''sȳsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍 ''sȳsuδēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
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| |-
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| ! "y'all's" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sȳsuδēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
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| |-
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| ! "y'all's" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sȳsuδēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
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| |-
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| ! "their" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sȳsaδōm(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ''sȳsêm, sȳsēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ''sȳsuδêm, sȳsuδēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
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| |-
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| ! "their" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsaδōn'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sȳsuδên'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
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| |}
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| TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns
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| ====Other inflections====
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| The directive he reflects as ''-a''.
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hṓbō'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick').
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| A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic ''rū-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).
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| ===Verbs===
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| todo: get rid of 3fp forms
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| Ancient Crannish used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''pûlêl'' and ''pûlal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Crannish.
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| Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
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| *preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
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| *present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
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| *preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
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| *present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
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| *imperative
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| *cohortative ''-a''
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| *infinitive construct
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| *participles
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| The following verb forms lost their productivity:
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| *emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
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| *jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be')
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| *infinitive absolute
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| The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''xī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ Independent vs. dependent forms: example
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| ! || independent || dependent
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| |-
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| ! preterite
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| | waw-preterite: ''wayyūγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lū haγal''<br/>'he did not eat'
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| |-
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| ! present
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| | waw-stative: ''wōhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lū yūγal''<br/>'he does not eat'
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| |}
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| ====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ ''samar'' 'he kept'
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| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=2|preterite
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| ! <small>indep.</small>
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| | ''wêsmur''
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| | ''waθθesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmurī''
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| | ''wajjesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmur''
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| | ''wannesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmurū''
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| | ''waθθesmurna''
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| | ''wajjesmurū''
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| | ''waθθesmurna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''samarθi''
| |
| | ''samarθa''
| |
| | ''samarθe''
| |
| | ''samar''
| |
| | ''samarō''
| |
| | ''samarnu''
| |
| | ''samarθem''
| |
| | ''samarθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''samarū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|present
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wassamarθi''
| |
| | ''wassamarθa''
| |
| | ''wassamarθe''
| |
| | ''wassamar''
| |
| | ''wassamarō''
| |
| | ''wassamarnu''
| |
| | ''wassamarθem''
| |
| | ''wassamarθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wassamarū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurī''
| |
| | ''jesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''nesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| | ''jesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simur!''
| |
| | ''simurī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simurū!''
| |
| | ''simurna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|active participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''sūmḗr''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|passive participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''samȳ́r''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''simṓr''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|preterite
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wêxxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''wajjixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''wannixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''wajjixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''nixθabθi''
| |
| | ''nixθabθa''
| |
| | ''nixθabθe''
| |
| | ''nixθab''
| |
| | ''nixθabō''
| |
| | ''nixθabnu''
| |
| | ''nixθabθem''
| |
| | ''nixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''nixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|present
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wannixθabθi''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθa''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθe''
| |
| | ''wannixθab''
| |
| | ''wannixθabō''
| |
| | ''wannixθabnu''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθem''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wannixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''jixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''nixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''jixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδib!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibū!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''nixθōb''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hixxaδib''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''kittil'' 'he grew (sth)'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| preterite
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wôgattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilī''
| |
| | ''wajjagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''wannagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| | ''wajjagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''kittelθi''
| |
| | ''kittelθa''
| |
| | ''kittelθe''
| |
| | ''kittil''
| |
| | ''kittilō''
| |
| | ''kittelnu''
| |
| | ''kittelθem''
| |
| | ''kittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''kittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| present
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wakkittelθi''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθa''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθe''
| |
| | ''wakkittil''
| |
| | ''wakkittilō''
| |
| | ''wakkittelnu''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθem''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wakkittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''hagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilī''
| |
| | ''jagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''nagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| | ''jagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattil!''
| |
| | ''kattilī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattilū!''
| |
| | ''kattelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mugattil''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''kattil''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wôbdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīlī''
| |
| | ''wajjabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīl''
| |
| | ''wannabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīlū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| | ''wajjabdīlū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hibdelθi''
| |
| | ''hibdelθa''
| |
| | ''hibdelθe''
| |
| | ''hibdīl''
| |
| | ''hibdīlō''
| |
| | ''hibdelnu''
| |
| | ''hibdelθem''
| |
| | ''hibdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hibdīlū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêbdelθi''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθa''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθe''
| |
| | ''wêbdel''
| |
| | ''wêbdelō''
| |
| | ''wêbdelnu''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθem''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêbdelū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''habdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīlī''
| |
| | ''jabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīl''
| |
| | ''nabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīlū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| | ''jabdīlū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdel!''
| |
| | ''habdelī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdelū!''
| |
| | ''habdelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mabdīl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''habdīl''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' 'he resented'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wôθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimō''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋimō''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''haθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''jiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimū!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''muθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Object suffixes====
| |
| *1sg: -ni
| |
| *2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
| |
| *3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f)
| |
| *1pl: -nu
| |
| *2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
| |
| *3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)
| |
|
| |
| ====Gzarot====
| |
| :''Main article: [[Ancient Crannish/Gzarot]]''
| |
|
| |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| *jūδ = direct object marker
| |
| *li- = to, for, of
| |
| *pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
| |
| *tum la- = like, as
| |
| *miC- = from
| |
| *ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
| |
| *wēn = without
| |
| *jaȝn = because of
| |
| *ȝalē = on
| |
|
| |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| *xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
| |
| *ja3n = because
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Ancient Crannish syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
| |
|
| |
| ===Tense constructions===
| |
| Ancient Crannish preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
| |
| *Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
| |
| *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
| |
| *Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
| |
| *Present: imperfect or waw-stative
| |
| **Jussive uses the present dependent
| |
| *Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect
| |
| *Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
| |
| *As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.
| |
|
| |
| ===Uses of the infinitive construct===
| |
| Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
| |
| #la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
| |
| #there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
| |
| #ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
| |
| #more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
| |
|
| |
| ===Narratives===
| |
| As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).
| |
|
| |
| Hypothetical example:
| |
| :'''''wayyê vaȝm waθθê lōħamō, pūdīγō smô. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋō, hinni hajōδō rū-ħūljaδ hābō.'''''
| |
| :''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
| |
|
| |
| ===Wishes===
| |
| Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
| |
| :'''''ħajjūδ hō-hasirūδ wa jagallȳ niᴛavūδ ham-mumallihūδ bō-harc xullô wa baθ-θūruκō bô.'''''
| |
| :''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
| |
|
| |
| A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
| |
|
| |
| One can also simply use the present dependent.
| |
|
| |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Ancient Crannish vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
| |
| ===Derivation===
| |
| ====Mishkalim====
| |
| *ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
| |
| *masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīm (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
| |
| *feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛilō
| |
| *ᴋaᴛulō (''kadulō'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħō'' 'radiance')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive
| |
| *meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place
| |
| *maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument
| |
| *meᴋᴛūl
| |
| *meᴋᴛul(ō)
| |
| *θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō
| |
| *ᴋaᴛlūn
| |
| *ᴋiᴛᴛalūn
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| *ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive
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| *ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease
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| *ᴋaᴛᴛulō
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| *θaᴋᴛelō
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| *θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of
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|
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| ====Affixes====
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| *''-î'' (feminine ''-īyō''): adjective-forming affix
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| *''-ȳδ'': abstract noun suffix
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| *''hī-'': un-, non-
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|
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| ===Examples of Celtic vocabulary===
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|
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| ==Sample texts==
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| ===Ha'azinu (from the Bible)===
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| Ancient Crannish
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|
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| ''hāzīnū, has-samēm, pi-dappirī; sumȝī, hā-harc, jūδ millūlē fî.''
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| [ˈhaːz̪iːnuː as̺ˈs̺ameːm pɪˈdapːɪriː, s̺umʁ̃ˁiː aːˈharˀts juːð ˈmɪlluːleː fiːː]
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| ''θesᴛuv θūraδī tum lam-maᴛar, θezzal himraδī tum laᴛ-ᴛal,''
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| [ˈθɛs̺tʰʊv θuːraðiː tʊm lamˈmaˀtʰar, ˈθɛs̪s̪al ˈhimraðiː tʊm laˀtˈtʰal]
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| ''tum la-naδz ȝalē dās, χa dum la-rū·neᴛīvō ȝalē ȝiśp.''
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| [tʊm laˈnaðz̪ ˈʁ̃ˁaleː daːs̺, xa dʊm laˈruːˈnɛˀtʰiːvɔː ˈʁ̃ˁaleː ʁ̃ˁeɬp]
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| ''jaȝn sim jāwē ze hiᴋrō; hūdū jūδ kadulaδ hilūhēnu,''
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| [jɑ̃ʁ̃ˁn s̺ɪm ˈjaːweː z̪ɛ ˈheˀkʰrɔː, ˈhuːduː juːð ˈkadʊlað ˈɪluːheːnuː]
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| ''hac-cūr hār muδūmam fuȝlū, jaȝn mesfaᴛ taraχaw χullōn,''
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| [aˀˈtsːuːr aːr ˈmʊðuːmam ˈfõʁ̃ˁluː, jɑ̃ʁ̃ˁn ˈmɛs̺faˀtʰ ˈtaraxaw ˈxʊlːɔːn]
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| ''hilû hamin wēn zadō; cattīᴋ χa jasar hū.''
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| [ˈhiluːː ˈhamɪn weːn s̪adɔː, ˈtsattiːˀk xa ˈjas̺ar huː]
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| </poem>
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| Masoretic Text, L-Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation
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|
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| הַאֲזִינוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם, וַאֲדַבֵּרָה; וְתִשְׁמַע הָאָרֶץ, אִמְרֵי-פִי.
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| [haːʔaˈziːnuː haʃʃɔːˈmaːjim vaːʔaðabˈbeːɻɔː vaθiʃˈmaːːʕ hɔːˈʔɔːɻɛtsʼ ʔimˈɻeːˈfiː]
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| יַעֲרֹף כַּמָּטָר לִקְחִי, תִּזַּל כַּטַּל אִמְרָתִי,
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| [jaːʕaˈɻoːːf kʰammaːˈtʼɑːːɻ ɭikʼˈħiː tʰizˈzaːːl kʰɑtˈtʼɑːːl ʔimɻɔːˈθiː]
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| כִּשְׂעִירִם עֲלֵי-דֶשֶׁא, וְכִרְבִיבִים עֲלֵי-עֵשֶׂב.
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| [kʰisʕiːˈɻiːːm ʕaleːˈðɛːʃɛː vaχɪɻviːˈviːːm ʕaleːˈʕeːsɛv]
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| כִּי שֵׁם יְהוָה, אֶקְרָא: הָבוּ גֹדֶל, לֵאלֹהֵינוּ.
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| [kʰiː ʃeːemʔaðoːˈnɔːːj ʔɛkʼˈɹɔː hɔːˈvuː ˈʁoːðɛl leːloːˈheːnuː]
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| תָּמִים פָּעֳלוֹ, כִּי כָל-דְּרָכָיו מִשְׁפָּט:
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| [hɑtˈtsʼuːːr tʰɔːˈmiːːm pʰɔːʕɔˈloː kʰiːχɔldɑɹɒːˈχɔːːv miʃˈpʰɒːːtʼ]
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| אֵל אֱמוּנָה וְאֵין עָוֶל, צַדִּיק וְיָשָׁר הוּא.
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| [ˈʔeːːl ʔɛmuːˈnɔː veˈʔeːːn ˈʕɔːvɛl tsʼɑdˈdiːːkʼ vijɔːˈʃɔːːɻ ˈhuː]
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| </poem>
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|
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| English (tr. A. Z. Foreman)
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|
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| Heavens give ear as I speak! Let Earth hear words from my lips,
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| And my teachings drop like rain, my sayings run like dew
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| As a shower over grass, as a downpour over plants
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| For I herald the name of Yahweh. Hail greatness in our god,
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| The Rock whose work is perfect, for His every way is justice,
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| A steadfast god of no wrong, right and upright He is.
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| <!--His degenerate sons wronged Him, a sick and crooked lot.
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| Is THIS how you repay Yahweh? You people, depraved and stupid.
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| Is He not your Father who made you? Who ordered you, shaped you, sustained you? -->
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| </poem>
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| {{col-end}}
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|
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| ===An incantation===
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| The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Crannish poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
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|
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| [...]
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|
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| ===A ritual===
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| ===An excerpt===
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|
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| ==Lexicon==
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| ===h===
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| *''hōbō'' = love
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| *''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
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| *''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree
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| *''hinni'' = but
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|
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| ===p===
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| *''pēδ'' = house
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|
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| ===k===
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| ===t===
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| ===w===
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| ===z===
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| *''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
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| *''zaruħō'' = radiance
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|
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| ===ħ===
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| *''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
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| *''ħabaK'' = to hug, to embrace
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|
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| ===ᴛ===
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| ===j===
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| ===x===
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| *x-p-t
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| **''xabed'' 'liver'
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| **''xabid'' 'heavy'
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| **''xabūd'' 'honor'
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| **''xippid'' 'to honor'
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| **''xabudō'' 'esteemed position'
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| ***''hax-xabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
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| **''maxped'' 'scale, balance'
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| *''xin'' 'and'
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|
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| ===l===
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| ===m===
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| ===n===
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| *n-ᴛ-f
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| **''níᴛfō'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
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| ===s===
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| ===ȝ===
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| *''ȝarábō'' = willow
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| ===f===
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| *''fárrō'' = cow
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|
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|
| ===c===
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| ===ᴋ===
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| ===r===
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| *''rimmūn'' = pomegranate
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|
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|
| ===θ===
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | | [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] |