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Buerkaans: Difference between revisions

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|name = Buerkantch
|name = Buerkantch
|nativename = Buerkaans
|nativename = Buerkaans
|pronunciation = [bu:ɾ'kaːns]
|pronunciation = bu:ɾ'kaːns
|setting = Dï Huïlands
|speakers = No Census Data
|speakers = No Census Data
|date = 2014
|date = 2014
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic_languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Low_Franconian_Languages|Low Franconian?]]
|fam3 = [[w:Low_Franconian_Languages|Low Franconian?]]
|map          = buerkáns.png
|map          = buerkáns.png
|mapcaption    = ''Dï Huïlands' flág''  
|mapcaption    = ''Dï Huïlands' fläg''  
|iso1 = bu
|script1        = Latn
|iso2 = bue
|creator = User:Darthme
|iso3 = bue
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}


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==Phonology==  
==Phonology==  


Buerkaans has a large phonology, similar to that of Dutch or Afrikaans, mixed slightly with Danish, with a large vowel inventory of 14 distinct vowel quantities and a typical Germanic consonant inventory with the exception of /d͡ʒ/.
Buerkaans has a large phonology, similar to that of Dutch or Afrikaans, mixed slightly with Danish, with a large vowel inventory of 14 distinct vowel quantities and a typical Germanic consonant inventory.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 89: Line 87:
!'''Glottal'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
|-
!'''Stop'''
!'''Plosive'''
|p b
|p b
|
|
Line 101: Line 99:
|
|
|
|
|
|t͡s
|d͡ʒ
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
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|}
|}


* It is important to know that /ç/ can be velarized to /x/ in fast speech, or after certain consonants, where a speaker cannot pull their tongue back fast enough to produce a full /x/.
* It is important to know that /x/ can be palatinized to /ç/ in fast speech, or after certain consonants, where a speaker cannot pull their tongue back fast enough to produce a full /x/.


===Stress & Phonotactics===
===Stress & Phonotactics===
Line 153: Line 151:


* ''hoebstedsmetroelyn'' /'ho:b.stɛdz.mɛtɾo:.ləi̯n/ - capital city's metro line (CVVC.CCVCC.CVCCV.CVC)
* ''hoebstedsmetroelyn'' /'ho:b.stɛdz.mɛtɾo:.ləi̯n/ - capital city's metro line (CVVC.CCVCC.CVCCV.CVC)
* ''straade'' /'ʃtɾa:dʌ/ - street (CCCVVCV)
* ''straade'' /'stɾa:dʌ/ - street (CCCVVCV)
* ''regtíg'' /'ɾɛχ.ti:ç/ - correct (CVCVC)
* ''regtig'' /'ɾɛx.tɪç/ - correct (CVCVC)
* ''de'' /dʌ/ - the (CV)
* ''de'' /dʌ/ - the (CV)
* ''älg'' /ælχ/ - interjection, similar to 'ew' (VC)
* ''älg'' /ælx/ - interjection, similar to 'ew' (VC)
* ''appel'' /'ap.əl/ - apple (VCCVC)
* ''appel'' /'ab.əl/ - apple (VCCVC)


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Vowels with diacritics over them are not indicative of stress, nor do they signify a long version of the unmarked vowel.  They are letters in their own right, seperate from vowels without an accent.  All letters with ''´'' are inherently long, and have no short version.  In order to make the unmarked vowels long, one simply doubles them:


Vowels
Vowels
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* ''ui'' - /y/
* ''ui'' - /y/
* ''y'' - /əi̯/
* ''y'' - /əi̯/
Note: ''¨'' is used to differentiate between ''ën'' - ''a'', and ''en'' - ''and''. 




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* ''v'' - /v/
* ''v'' - /v/
* ''w'' - /w/  
* ''w'' - /w/  
* ''x'' - /ʤ/
* ''z'' - /ʦ/
* ''z'' - /ʦ/


Note: ''` '' is used to differentiate between ''èn'' - ''a'', and ''en'' - ''and''. 
 




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|head
|head
|-
|-
|bebége
|bebeege
|/bə'be:.xə/
|/bə'be:.xə/
|at bevæge
|at bevæge
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|-
|-
|graabe
|graabe
|/'xræ:.bɘ/
|/'xra:.bɘ/
|at grave
|at grave
|/graʊ̯.ʋɛ
|/graʊ̯.ʋɛ
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|/'wa.dʌɾ/
|/'wa.dʌɾ/
|wasser
|wasser
|/'was.ɛr/
|/'vas.ɛr/
|water
|water
|-
|-
|te vyde
|te vyde
|/''tɛ 'vəi:.dʌ/
|/''tɛ 'vəi:.dʌ/
|weißen
|veißen
|/'wei:s.ɛn/
|/'wei:s.ɛn/
|to know, have knowledge of
|to know, have knowledge of
Line 309: Line 306:
|-
|-
|}
|}
Additionally, the German suffix ''-isch'' has been changed to ''-is''. 
* die Germanische Sprache --> dï Germänise spraaks - The Germanic languages.
Dutch  "/u:/ and /au/" to Buerkaans "OEW" /o:(w)/
"Broer" --> "Broewr"
"Houd" --> "Hoewd"
"Goud" --> "Goewd"


===Sandhi===
===Sandhi===


There is a small Sandhi factor to Buerkaans which occurs with the voicing of the last letter of a word in relationship to the phoneme that begins the word after it.  This only occurs when a Stop is the last letter of a word, and is followed by an near, mid, or fully-open vowel quality in the next word.  If the Stop is not already voiced, it becomes so.  In Buerkáns, this means that the letters ''P~B'', ''T~D'', and ''K'' are all affected when the next word starts with a single ''A'', ''Á'', ''E'', or ''O''. (This rule does not apply to di/trigraphs)  The only sound excepted from this function is /ʌ/, which only occurs after ''R'' and ''D'', and therefore cannot appear on its own.
There is a small Sandhi factor to Buerkaans which occurs with the voicing of the last letter of a word in relationship to the phoneme that begins the word after it.  This only occurs when a Stop is the last letter of a word, and is followed by an near, mid, or fully-open vowel quality in the next word.  If the Stop is not already voiced, it becomes so.  In Buerkaans, this means that the letters ''P~B'', ''T~D'', and ''K'' are all affected when the next word starts with an  ''A'', ''E'', or ''O''. (This rule does not apply to di/trigraphs)  The only sound excepted from this function is /ʌ/, which only occurs after ''R'' and ''D'', and therefore cannot appear on its own.


This does not change the already voiced stops, but means that there must always be a voiced stop before an open vowel between words:
This does not change the already voiced stops, but means that there must always be a voiced stop before an open vowel between words:
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = jep, oemkí anaars is hyr
| phrase = jep, oemkï anaars is hyr
| IPA = /'jɛ'''b'''‿'''ˈo:'''m.ki: 'an.a:rs 'ɨs 'həi̯r/
| IPA = /'jɛ'''b'''‿'''ˈo:'''m.ki: 'an.a:rs 'ɨs 'həi̯r/
| translation = yep, uncle Ánaars is here
| translation = yep, uncle Ánaars is here
}}
}}


==Morphology==
==Grammar==




Buerkaans morphology is rather simple, and lies somewhere between German and Danish.  There are two genders, Common and Neutral, and verbs do not conjugate for person.  There are however, three cases for noun declension.  Unlike German, Buerkaans is a very regular language.   
Buerkaans' grammar is rather simple, and lies somewhere between German and Danish.  There are two genders, Common and Neutral, verbs conjugate for person, and there are two genders and three cases for adjective declension.  Unlike German, Buerkaans is a very regular language.   


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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| colspan="4" | '''''common:'''''
| colspan="4" | '''''common:'''''
|-
|-
|èn meetj
|ën meetj
|meetjes
|meetjes
|de meetj
|de meetj
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| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
|-
|-
|èn knaag
|ën knaag
|knaags
|knaags
|de knaag
|de knaag
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| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
|-
|-
|èn hoond
|ën hoond
|hoonde
|hoonde
|de hoond
|de hoond
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| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
|-
|-
|èn ruiksak
|ën ruiksak
|ruiksakke
|ruiksakke
|de ruiksak
|de ruiksak
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| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
| colspan="4" | ''''' '''''
|-
|-
|et ár
|et är
|ár
|är
|de ár
|de är
|dï ár
|dï är
|-
|-
|a year
|a year
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This happens for all plosive consonants:
This happens for all plosive consonants:


The common-gender indefinite article, ''èn'', is pronounced /ən/, but is shortened to just /n/ in almost all cases.
The common-gender indefinite article, ''ën'', is pronounced /ən/, but is sometimes shortened to just /n/.
 
Consonant doubling for:
Consonant doubling for:
* ''ruiksak''  -  ''ruiksakke''  -  backpacks
* ''ruiksak''  -  ''ruiksakke''  -  backpacks
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* ''uer''  -  ''uere''  -  clocks
* ''uer''  -  ''uere''  -  clocks


There are also a few special words which cannot be put into plural form, analagous to 'information' in English.  An example is given in the table above with the word ''ár'' - 'year'.  The ony way to tell if the word is being used plurally is in when it is definite. There can one see the definite plural article ''dï''.
There are also a few special words which cannot be put into plural form, analagous to 'information' in English.  An example is given in the table above with the word ''är'' - 'year'.  The ony way to tell if the word is being used plurally is in when it is definite. There can one see the definite plural article ''dï''.


====Diminutives====
====Diminutives====
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|sy
|sy
|det
|det
|dïe
|dï
|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
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|-
|-
|1
|1
|én
|een
|vauirs
|vauirs
|-
|-
|2
|2
|tvy
|tvy
|ánen
|änen
|-
|-
|3
|3
Line 651: Line 657:
|-
|-
|21
|21
|énantvytï
|eenentvytï
|énantvytïte
|eenentvytïte
|-
|-
|22
|22
|tvyantvytï
|tvyentvytï
|tvyantvytïte
|tvyentvytïte
|-
|-
|30
|30
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|-
|-
|31
|31
|énantrytï
|eenentrytï
|tryantrytïte
|eenentrytïte
|-
|-
|40
|40
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|}
|}


Numbers have a very regular structure in Buerkaans, with the exception of numbers 1 and 2, which are irregular.  The ordinal ending for numbers 3 to 20 is simply ''d''. The ordinal ending for all numbers after 20 is ''te''.   
Numbers have a very regular structure in Buerkaans, with the exception of numbers 1 and 2, which are irregular.  The ordinal ending for numbers 3 to 20 is simply ''-d''. The ordinal ending for all numbers after 20 is ''-te''.   


Double-digit numbers are produced as in German.  To make the number 21, one must say ''énantvytï'', literally 'one-and-twenty'.
Double-digit numbers are produced as in German.  To make the number 21, one must say ''eenentvytï'', literally 'one-and-twenty'.


===Verbs===
===Verbs - UNDER REVAMP===


Verbs are only conjugated for tense in Buerkaans, not number/person.  Beyond this, all conjugations of a given verb are usually regular according to other verbs in their category. There is only one irregular verb, each verb class has a distinct conjugation pattern.  Every verb conjugates the same in Present Tense, and verbs are kept in the infinitive if they are not the primary verb in the sentence.  However, this functions more like English and the Scandinavian languages in that two verbs can follow each other directly, as opposed to German where and secondary verbs must be at the end of a sentence or phrase.
Verbs are only conjugated for tense and person in Buerkaans.  Beyond this, all conjugations of a given verb are usually regular in accordance with other verbs. There are only a few irregular verbs.  Most verbs conjugate the same in Present Tense, and verbs are kept in the infinitive if they are not the primary verb in the sentence.  However, this functions more like English and the Scandinavian languages in that two verbs can follow each other directly, as opposed to German where and secondary verbs must be at the end of a sentence or phrase.




====Irregular Verbs====
====Irregular Verbs====


There is only one irregular verbs in Buerkáns:  to be
One major irregular verbs in Buerkaans:  to be


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 716: Line 722:
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!'''te syne'''
!'''te zyne'''
|is
|is
|wus
|wus
|heet gesynd
|heet gezynd
|heette gesynd
|heette gezynd
|to be
|to be
|-
|-
|}
|}


====Regular Verbs====
Regular verbs conjugate as follows.  The past tense is formed by vowel changes, in this case /u/ to /ɔ/. The word ''te'' is used in infinitive constructions, and cannot be excluded from the infinitive version of a verb.


====Regular Verbs====
Here is a full conjugation table for ''te sjuede'' - to shoot


With the exception of modal verbs, all verbs conjugate in the present tense with ''-r'' or ''-er'', depending if the word has a word-final vowel or not.  This is a clear adoption from the Scandinavian langauges over a more complicated Dutch, German, or English system.  The word ''te'' is used in infinitive constructions, and cannot be excluded from the infinitive version of a verb.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Verb'''
!rowspan="2"|''' '''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular - Ik'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural - Vy'''
|-
!'''Present'''
|colspan=2|sjued
|colspan="2"|sjueden
|-
!'''Past'''
|colspan="2"|sjod
|colspan="2"|sjoden
|-
!'''Perfect'''
|colspan="2"|heet gisjod
|colspan="2"|heeten gisjod
|-
!rowspan="2"|''' '''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular - Ju'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural - Jul'''
|-
!'''Present'''
!'''Present'''
!'''Meaning'''
|colspan="2"|sjuedt
|colspan="2"|sjuedet
|-
!'''Past'''
|colspan="2"|sjodt
|colspan="2"|sjodet
|-
!'''Perfect'''
|colspan="2"|heet gisjod
|colspan="2"|heeten gisjod
|-
!rowspan="2"|''' '''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
|-
!'''te gaae'''
!colspan="2"|'''Singular - Hy/Sy/Det'''
|gaar
!colspan="2"|'''Plural - Dï'''
|to go, walk
|-
|-
!'''te eede'''
!'''Present'''
|eeder
|colspan="2"|sjuedt
|to eat
|colspan="2"|sjueden
|-
|-
!'''te loobe'''
!'''Past'''
|loober
|colspan="2"|sjodt
|to run
|colspan="2"|sjodet
|-
|-
!'''Perfect'''
|colspan="2"|heet gisjod
|colspan="2"|heeten gisjod
|}


|}


Here is a full conjugation table
One can see that, for the most part, verbs in Buerkaans do not have different perfect forms.  The only real difference is the conjugation of ''heeten'' is added to indicate the number.  Future tense can be made with either ''muet'' - must, ''sjuet'' - should, must, or ''vil'' - will, depending upon the situation.
 
===Adjectives===
 
Adjectives are declined for gender and case.  The table below shows the different forms of the definite articles, based on case and gender. 




{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Verb'''
!'''Case'''
!'''Present'''
!'''Common'''
!'''Past'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Past Participle'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Pluperfect'''
!'''Future'''
!'''Passive'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|-
!'''te gaae'''
!'''Nominative'''
|gaar
|de
|gaan
|det
|heet gigaan
|dï
|heette gigaan
|sjuet gaae
|gaaes
|to be
|-
|-
!'''te sjuede'''
!'''Accusative'''
|sjueder
|den
|sjod
|det
|heet gisjod
|dï
|heette gisjod
|sjuet sjuede
|sjuedes
|to shoot
|-
|-
!'''te hore'''
!'''Dative'''
|horer
|der
|hort
|det
|heet gihort
|dïen
|heette gihort
|sjuet hore
|hores
|to hear
|-
|-
|}
|}


One can see that, for the most part, verbs in Buerkaans do not have different past and perfect/pluperfect forms.  The only real difference is that the prefix ''gi'' is added to indicate the tense, as well as the use of ''heet'' and ''heette''.  Future tense can be made with either ''muet'' - must, ''sjuet'' - should, must, or ''vil'' - will, depending upon the situation.
Examples:


===Adjectives===
* ''De män gebt der ball te den meetj'' - The.NOM man gives the.DAT ball to the.ACC woman


===Nouns===
===Nouns===


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Buerkaans follows the standard Germanic SVO word order, but it can become muddled when more than one verb is involved.  Word order is not as free as in German, due to the lack of case-marking, but sentences can still be switched around in a few cases. 
===The V2 Rule===
A sentence in Buerkaans always follows the V2-rule, which dictates that the verb must always come after the subject of the sentence.
* Correct:  ''Hy gaar te de maarkt'' - He goes to the market
* Incorrect: ''Hy te de maarkt gaar'' - He to the market goes
The only instance when this rule is ignored is when a phrase is made into a question.
* Correct:  ''Gaar hy te de maarkt?'' - Is he going to the market? (lit. Goes he to the market?)
* Incorect:  ''Hy gaar te de maarkt?'' - He goes to the market?
===Multiple Verbs===
To express a complex idea, more than one verb needs to be used.  The first, or main verb, will always follow the V2 rule as shown above.  And verbs after the Main verb (Auxiliary verbs), may come directly after or be placed at the end of the sentence, depening on the tense the verb is in.
* ''Hei, ik is Darthme, en ik heet de germanise gimaktspraak gimakt!''  -  Hello, I'm Darthme, and I have made the Germanic conlang Buerkaans!


==Samples==
==Samples==
Line 811: Line 863:
ask the blind man; he saw it too. <br />
ask the blind man; he saw it too. <br />


''Én lues daag, in de midnaagt,'' <br />
''Ën lues daag, in de midnaagt,'' <br />
''tvy toede knaags stued op om te sjloeës.'' <br />
''tvy toede knaags stued op om te sjloeës.'' <br />
''Ruig geeën ruig konfrontïrt dïe damander,'' <br />
''Ruig geeën ruig konfrontïrt dïe damander,'' <br />
Line 820: Line 872:
''frag énmaal de blinde män; hy saa et aukso.'' <br />
''frag énmaal de blinde män; hy saa et aukso.'' <br />


'''Stromae's Bâtard - First Verse'''
''From French to English to Buerkaans'' <br />
Nï de eene or de änen, ik is, ik wus, en ik hoede myn self<br />
Is ju te regts or te links? <br />
Is ju buer or een Pariser? <br />
Ju's1 end een or de änen <br />
Ju's een män, or ju sjteerfe <br />
Kulturd or patetis <br />
Feminis or hued muend! <br />
End is ju macho or homo <br />
Mar fobis or sexuël <br />
boeswïg or terroristis <br />
Ju's langhaard or bebeerted <br />
Konspirisjionister, Illuminati <br />
Muistiker or uitverkoepd <br />
Nïs or onmiddellyk <br />
Radikal or besluetloes <br />
Ha, ju sjifter gedakts, idiot? <br />
Mar ju's Hutu or Tutsi? <br />
Vlemmer or Waloen? <br />
Heet ju hängende arme or is ju influiende? <br />
As leeste is ju racistis! <br />
Mar ju's wit or anders svart, eeh? <br />
Nï de eene or de änen Bastard: ju is, ju wus, en ju blïbe <br />
Nï de eene or de änen, ik is, ik wus, en ik hoede myn self (x4) <br />
1 ju's - Contraction of ju is, = you are. <br />






[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Germanic languages]]
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