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| [[Proto-Talsmic/Themsaran|Themsármai: '''Gávthir tálsmymir''']]
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| The '''Talsmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the Zachydic language family; with [[Raxic]] they form the [[Raxo-Talsmic languages|Raxo-Talsmic]] subfamily. They are descended from '''Proto-Talsmic''' ('''PT''' or '''PTal''').
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| ==Characteristics==
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| The historical Talsmic languages have all shared the following characteristics to some extent:
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| *lack of inflectional case
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| *rigidly head-initial word order
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| **verb-initial clauses
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| *heavy grammatical use of pronominal suffixes/enclitics on possessed nouns, verbs and prepositions, that index their dependents
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| **some languages use bare possessum forms.
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| *[[w:Differential object marking|differential]] indexing of the direct object and the possessor, and occasionally the prepositional object
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| *grammatical apophony (tonal, vocalic or consonantal)
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| *word order changes for topicalization and focusing
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| *prominence of tense rather than aspect in verbal TAM, unlike in mainland Zachydic languages.
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|
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| Characteristic phylogenetic innovations vis-à-vis Zachydic include:
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| *Loss of final vowels/case endings.
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| *Rhotacization of /*z/ to /*r/ V_V, and secondary rhotacization (often before consonants, the choice of which depends on the language).
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| *Development of Proto-Zachydic ejective stops into aspirated stops, which often fricativize in daughter languages.
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| *Assibilation of affricates occuring after primary rhotacization (/*cʼ, *c/ > /*s/, /*ʒ/ > /*z/ etc.) greatly reduces the consonant inventory; this also contributes to the fricative-rich flavor of Talsmic.
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| *Also common is the transition of the uvular series into the radical series; uvulars are still found in some phonetically conservative languages and dialects, however.
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|
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| ==Proto-Talsmic phonology==
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| The following is the Proto-Talsmic sound system as reconstructed by Talsmicist Dàžiir pyr Chlìisa.
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|
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| ===Consonant inventory===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="9"|Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Uvular
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | *m
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| | *n
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | *p
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| | *t
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| | *c
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| | *k
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| | *q
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| | *ʔ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *b
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| | *d
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| | *ɟ
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| | *g
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| |-
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | *pʰ
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| | *tʰ
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| | *cʰ
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| | *kʰ
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| | *qʰ
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | *s
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| | *ç
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| | *h
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *z
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| | *ƶ
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| |rowspan="2"| *ʁ
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | *w
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| | *j
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|
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Trill
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| | *r
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Lateral app.
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| | *l
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| |}
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|
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| /qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].
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|
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| ===Vocalic inventory===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | *i *ī
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| | *u *ū
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | *e *ē
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| | *o *ō
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | *a *ā
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| |}
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|
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| The maximal syllable structure was CCGVCC, where G was a glide.
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|
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| CC- could be comprised of:
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| *[not glide][liquid/glide]
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| *[voiceless obstruent][voiceless obstruent]
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| *[voiced obstruent][voiced obstruent]
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|
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| -CC could maximally be sonorant + obstruent or obstruent + obstruent. -CC was only permitted word-finally.
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|
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| ==Proto-Talsmic grammar==
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| ===Nominal morphology===
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| Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talsmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.
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|
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| [Genitive is partitive > indefinite?]
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 550px; text-align: center;"
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| |+'''Declension'''
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| !scope="col"|
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*çúma=ʔ'' 'air'
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|''*méisar'' 'segment'
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Gender →
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|Masculine
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| ! colspan="6" scope="col"|Feminine
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Case ↓
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Singular
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Dual
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| !colspan="2" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Nominative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúma''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōr''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmū''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisar''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoir''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisāne''
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Accusative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmeç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmōç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmūt''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisaç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisoiç''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisina''
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Genitive/Prepositional
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmu''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmār''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmakʰe''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méiset''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisair''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méis(in)ir''
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Ablative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmenʔ''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisanʔ''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Allative
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|?
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|?
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| |-
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| !scope="col"|Instrumental
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*çúmīl''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|''*méisai''
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |colspan="2" scope="col"|
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| |}
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|
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| The essive case (''*-ēri'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix).
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|
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| Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.
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|
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| ===Pronominal morphology===
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| Proto-Talsmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.
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| ====Full personal pronouns====
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|
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| ====Possessive suffixes====
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|
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| ===Verbal morphology===
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| ====Thematic suffixes====
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| Proto-Talsmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talsmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others.
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| *''*-īn'': basic verbs
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| *''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs
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| *''*-e-īn'': dynamic or reflexive verbs
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|
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| ====TAM/subject affix paradigm====
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| Todo: rederive past tense from perfective... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes.
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|
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Subject affixes
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Imperative
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''-ʁsi''
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| |''-nsi''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-h''
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| |''-rsi''
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| |''-lsi''
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Present
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn''
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| |''-dir''
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| |''-mī''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''-ʁsē''
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| |''-nsē''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-r''
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| |''-rsē''
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| |''-lsē''
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| |-
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| !|3.m
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| |''-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|''-iri-''
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| |''-ʁēj''
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| |-
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| !|3.f
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| |''-isi''
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| |''-tēj''
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Simple past
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-ʔne''
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| |''-sid''
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| |''-mā''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''-ʁʔā'', ''-tar''
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| |''-nʔā'', ''-taq''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-rʔe''
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| |''-rʔā''
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| |''-lʔā''
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| |-
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| !|3.m
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| |''-ā(-m)''
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| |rowspan="2"|''-ā-ri''
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| |''-ā-ʁēj''
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| |-
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| !|3.f
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| |''-ā-isi'', ''-ā-r''
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| |''-ā-tēj''
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Prospective
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-he-īn''
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| |''-he-dir''
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| |''-he-mī''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''-he-ʁsē''
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| |''-he-nsē''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-he-r''
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| |''-he-rsē''
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| |''-he-lsē''
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| |-
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| !|3.m
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| |''-he-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|''-he-iri-''
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| |''-he-ʁēj''
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| |-
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| !|3.f
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| |''-he-isi''
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| |''-he-tēj''
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Volitional
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn-ʔi''
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| |''-dir-ʔi''
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| |''-mī-ʔi''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''-ʁsē-ʔi''
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| |''-nsē-ʔi''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-r-ʔi''
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| |''-rsē-ʔi''
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| |''-lsē-ʔi''
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| |-
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| !|3.m
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| |''-m-ʔi''
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| |rowspan="2"|''-iri-ʔ''
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| |''-ʁēj-ʔi''
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| |-
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| !|3.f
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| |''-isi-ʔi''
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| |''-tēj-ʔi''
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Jussive
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn-ti''
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| |''-dir-ti''
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| |''-mī-ti''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''-ʁti''
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| |''-nti''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-rti''
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| |''-rti''
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| |''-lti''
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| |-
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| !|3.m
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| |''-m-ti''
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| |rowspan="2"|''-iri-ti''
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| |''-ʁēj-ti''
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| |-
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| !|3.f
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| |''-isi-ti''
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| |''-tēj-ti''
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | Optative
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 125px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn-aʔ''
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| |''-dir-aʔ''
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| |''-mī-aʔ''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''-ʁsē-aʔ''
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| |''-nsē-aʔ''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-r-aʔ''
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| |''-rsē-aʔ''
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| |''-lsē-aʔ''
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| |-
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| !|3.m
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| |''-m-aʔ''
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| |rowspan="2"|''-ir-aʔ''
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| |''-ʁ-aʔ''
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| |-
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| !|3.f
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| |''-is-aʔ''
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| |''-t-aʔ''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Other verbal affixes===
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| Other reconstructible affixes include:
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|
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| *''*-va-'' passive suffix.
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| *the ''*-ska-'' causative.
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| *''*az-'', "towards" directional prefix.
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| *the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''.
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|
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| ==Syntax==
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| Basic word order was most likely SVO.
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| ==Sound changes to Proto-Talsmic==
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| *<nowiki>*</nowiki>wj
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| **> *j / #_
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| **> *w / otherwise
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| */ř/ > */r/ _V, */l/ otherwise
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| */*ɢ/ > /*ʁ/
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| *C[+ejective]
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| **> C[+aspirated] (the pathway may have been /*kʼ/ > /*kˀ/ > /*k<sup>ʡ</sup>/ > /*kᴴ/ > /*kʰ/)
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| **> C[-aspirated] / _C
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| **> /*ʔ/ / _#
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| *C[-ejective]
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| **> C[-aspirated]
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| **> C[+aspirated] / _C
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| */*z/ > /*r/ / V_V, V_#
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| */*c *ʒ *cʰ/ > /*s *z *s/, /*cc *ʒʒ *ccʰ/ > /*ts *dz *ts/
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| */*nr/ > /*mr/
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|
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| ==Sound changes from Proto-Talsmic==
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
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| |-
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| |+ '''Talsmic consonant correspondences'''
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| ! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]]
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| |-
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| | '''*m''' || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/
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| |-
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| | '''*p''' || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| || || /p/
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| |-
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| | '''*b''' || ''b'' || /b/ || || || /b/
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| |-
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| | '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ || || || /p/
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| |-
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| | '''*n''' || ''n'' || /n/ || || || /n/
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| |-
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| | '''*t''' || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ || || || /t/
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| |-
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| | '''*d''' || ''d'' || /j/ || || || /d/
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| |-
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| | '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/ || /t/
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| |-
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| | '''*s''' || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ || || /s/ || /s/
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| |-
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| | '''*z''' || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ || || /z/ || /z/
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| |-
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| | '''*ç''' || ''th'', ''ch'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
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| |-
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| | '''*ƶ''' || ''ð'', ''ch'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || /j/
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| |-
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| | '''*c''' || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/ || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/ || /ts/
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| |-
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| | '''*ɟ''' || ''ł'' || /j/ || /j/, /ɧ/ || /dʒ/ || /dz/
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| |-
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| | '''*k''' || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/ || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/
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| |-
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| | '''*g''' || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*q''' || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /ʕ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ʁ''' || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ħ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ || || || /l/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ || || /ʁ/ || /r/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ || || /f/ || /b/, /w/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ || || || /j/
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ || || || Ø
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''*ʔ''' || Ø || Ø || || || Ø
| |
| |}
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| <!--
| |
| ===to Snaħħian===
| |
| <nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/
| |
|
| |
| /ts dz/ > /st zd/
| |
|
| |
| /ʁ/ > /ʁ/
| |
|
| |
| /h/ > /ʔ/
| |
|
| |
| /ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/
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|
| |
| /k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front]
| |
|
| |
| /b d g/
| |
| *> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_#
| |
| *> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_
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|
| |
| /p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_
| |
|
| |
| /pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/
| |
|
| |
| [ð ɣ]
| |
| *> /j/ / _V[+front], _#
| |
| *> [ɦ] / _V[-front]
| |
|
| |
| [β]
| |
| *> [ɦ] / _V[+front]
| |
| *> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _#
| |
|
| |
| <nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *dž
| |
|
| |
| /l/ > /w/ / _C
| |
| -->
| |
| ===to Tizian===
| |
| */w/ > /v/
| |
| */ʁ/
| |
| **> /w/ _C[-velar],
| |
| **> /ʕ/ otherwise
| |
| */n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide]
| |
| */l/ > /r/ _C[-glide]
| |
| */z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
| |
| */sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/
| |
| *Stress accent develops from initial stress.
| |
| */aː/ > /o/
| |
| */eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo>
| |
| */iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially.
| |
| */ai ei/ > /ei i/
| |
| */ç ʝ/
| |
| **> /ʃ ʒ/
| |
| */p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
| |
| **_V[+high tone]
| |
| **_C[+fricative]#
| |
|
| |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| ===ʔ===
| |
| *''*ʔāzda'': ‘great, big’ > Thm. ''ā́rd'' ‘ibid.’
| |
| *''*ʔáʔmar=ʔ'': ‘fist’ > Thm. ''ámmái'' ‘grip, handle’
| |
| *''*ʔā́cʰa'': ‘god, heaven’ > Thm. ''ā́thym'' ‘holy’
| |
| *''*ʔikta'': > Thm. ''ícht'' ‘jar, jug’
| |
| *''*ʔina'': ‘I’ (1sg pronoun) > Thm. ''ná'' 'ibid.'
| |
| *''*ʔinh-'': ‘lie, to settle down’ > Thm. ''inthī́'' ‘let me lie’, ''insé'' ‘city, town’
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Language families|T]][[Category:Talsmic languages]]
| |