Undernederlandsk: Difference between revisions

(8 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)

Line 44:

==Classification==

Undernederlandsk is most often considered a North Germanic language, and thereunder listed as East Scandinavian. It thus belongs under the same classification as [[w:Danish language|Danish]], [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[w:Dalecarlian|Dalecarlian]] and [[w:Gutnish|Gutnish]]. The language has also been greatly influenced by [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:German language|German]] and, to a lesser extent, [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Examples of Dutch influence are, for instance, the words ''øy'' "onion", [œy̯] and ''òjevær'' "stork" ([ˈujˀʋæ:ˀ]) (''ui'' [œy̯] and ''ooievaar'' [ˈoi̯əfa:(r)] in Dutch); examples of German influence are, for instance, the words ''krænk'' "ill/sick", [kʀæŋk] and ''kreis'' "district", [kʀɛy̯s] (''krank'' [kʀɑŋk] and ''Kreis'' [kʀai̯s] in German; examples of Icelandic are the words ''eija'' "island", [ˈɛy̯j:ɐ] and ''ást'' "love", [ˈau̯sʈ] (''eyja'' [ˈɛi̯jɑ] and ''ást'' [au̯st] in Icelandic).

Undernederlandsk is most often considered a North Germanic language, and thereunder listed as East Scandinavian. It thus belongs under the same classification as [[w:Danish language|Danish]], [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[w:Dalecarlian|Dalecarlian]] and [[w:Gutnish|Gutnish]]. The language has also been greatly influenced by [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:German language|German]] and, to a lesser extent, [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Examples of Dutch influence are, for instance, the words ''øy'' "onion", [œy̯] and ''òjevær'' "stork" ([ˈujˀʋæ:ˀ]) (''ui'' [œy̯] and ''ooievaar'' [ˈoi̯əfa:(r)] in Dutch); examples of German influence are, for instance, the words ''krænk'' "ill/sick", [kʀæŋk] and ''kreis'' "district", [kʀɛy̯s] (''krank'' [kʀɑŋk] and ''Kreis'' [kʀai̯s] in German); examples of Icelandic are the words ''eija'' "island", [ˈɛy̯j:ɐ] and ''ást'' "love", [ˈau̯sʈ] (''eyja'' [ˈɛi̯jɑ] and ''ást'' [au̯st] in Icelandic).

Local dialects tend to lean more towards the local language variant. The five Dutch dialects tend to be more influenced towards Lower Saxon, whilst the Berlin dialect leans more towards High German. The Fyn dialect tends to lean a lot more towards Danish, however.

Line 778:

| grå'''t''' höj'''t''' döpp'''t''' '''ö'''n'''t''' || grå'''et''' höj'''t''' döpp'''et''' '''ö'''n'''t'''|| grå'''ta''' höj'''ta''' d'''y'''pp'''te''' '''ø'''nd'''t''' || grå höj'''a''' d'''y'''pp '''ø'''nd'''ta'''|| "grey" "high" "deep" "evil"

|}

===Verbs===

Undernederlandsk verbs have four moods: indicative, imperative, conditional and subjunctive. As with most inflected languages, the verb governs the case of the subsequent nouns, pronouns and adjectives of a sentence. For example, the word ''giva'', "to give", governs the accusative case:

:'''Jag give honom presentet''' — ''I give him/her the present''

whilst ''sækka'', "to miss", governs the genitive case:

:'''Jag sække þinna''' — ''I miss you'' (literally: ''I miss of you'').

====Infinitive====

As a rule, all Undernederlandsk infinitives, in written form, end on "-a". This may or may not be the case depending on the dialect and the speaker's preferences, however, in written language it always ends on "-a".

====Indicative====

Verbs are conjugated in accordance with the grammatical number and pronoun. In general, with the few exceptions of the irregular verbs ''vesa'', ''hava'' and ''sea'', the the rule stands that for for the first person singular the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''e'''''; for the second person singular, the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(a)d'''''; for third person singular and first and second person plural the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(e)r'''''; finally, for the third person plural the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(a)'''''. Letters between brackets indicate that these are dropped when the stem ends on a vowel, for example in ''ståa'', "to stand", and ''lya'', "to lie".

In the table below, the conjugations for regular verbs, the three irregular verbs, and regular verbs ending on a vowel are given:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural

|-

! Person

! width="100px"| jag

! width="100px"| þu

! width="100px"| han/hun/þætt

! width="100px"| vi

! width="100px"| þu (plural)

! width="100px"| þej

|-

! width="70px"| löppa ''to walk''

| löpp'''e''' || löpp'''ad''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''a'''

|-

! width="70px"| vesa ''to be''

| äre || ärad || ärer || ærer || ærer || æra

|-

! width="70px"| hava ''to have''

| här || härad || härer || hærer || hærer || hæra

|-

! width="70px"| sea ''to see''

| se || sad || ser || ser || ser || sa

|-

! width="70px"| ståa ''to stand''

| stå'''e''' || stå'''d''' || stå'''r''' || stå'''r''' || stå'''r''' || stå

|}

====Imperative====

Imperative verbs are normally formed by ''stem+'''t''''' combinations. Imperative verbs can only exist in present and future form, not in the past form. The future form is formed by ''vyrd'''t''' + infinitive''. An umlaut exists with certain vowels in the stems, namely: [o] -> [ø], [ɛ] -> [ɪ], [o̞] -> [y] and [o:] -> [œy̯].

{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"

|- align="center"

|

{|class=wikitable

|-

! Verb

! Present

! Future

|-

| '''löppa''' '''''to walk'''''

| löpp'''t'''!

| vyrdt löppa!

|-

| '''vesa''' '''''to be'''''

| vés!

| vyrdt vesa!

|-

| '''hava''' '''''to have'''''

| hævt!

| vyrdt hava!

|-

| '''holla''' '''''to hold'''''

| h'''ö'''ll'''t'''!

| vyrdt h'''ö'''lla!

|-

| '''nemna''' '''''to take'''''

| n'''i'''mn'''t'''!

| vyrdt n'''i'''mna!

|-

| '''ståa''' '''''to stand'''''

| st'''y'''!

| vyrdt st'''y'''a!

|-

| '''lófa''' '''''to believe'''''

| l'''øy'''f'''t'''!

| vyrdt l'''øy'''fa!

|}

====Conditional====

The conditional mood is formed by placing the subjunctive form of ''skylla'', "shall" in front of the infinitive. Thus,

:'''jag skylle sjynga''' — ''I will sing''

indicates that the subject will sing at some time in the future, whilst

:'''jag skyllo sjynga''' — ''I would sing''

indicates that the subject will only sing if some or more conditions are met. Compare for example:

:'''jag skylle med honom med gåa till sitt hus''' — ''I will go to his/her home''

versus

:'''jag skyllo med honom med gåa till sitt hus allenalig när hun ville mig þär''' — ''I would go with her to her home only if she wants me to''.

==Morphology==

Line 840:

Line 943:

[tʰl̩ˀ ˌmɪn:ˈau̯sʈ ˌkʊmˈtʰɪlˀbɒkɐ tʰɪlˀ mɪj].

[[Category:~~Conlangs~~]]

[[Category:Languages]]

[[Category:North Germanic languages]]

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 ==Classification==
-Undernederlandsk is most often considered a North Germanic language, and thereunder listed as East Scandinavian. It thus belongs under the same classification as [[w:Danish language|Danish]], [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[w:Dalecarlian|Dalecarlian]] and [[w:Gutnish|Gutnish]]. The language has also been greatly influenced by [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:German language|German]] and, to a lesser extent, [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Examples of Dutch influence are, for instance, the words ''øy'' "onion", [œy̯] and ''òjevær'' "stork" ([ˈujˀʋæ:ˀ]) (''ui'' [œy̯] and ''ooievaar'' [ˈoi̯əfa:(r)] in Dutch); examples of German influence are, for instance, the words ''krænk'' "ill/sick", [kʀæŋk] and ''kreis'' "district", [kʀɛy̯s] (''krank'' [kʀɑŋk] and ''Kreis'' [kʀai̯s] in German; examples of Icelandic are the words ''eija'' "island", [ˈɛy̯j:ɐ] and ''ást'' "love", [ˈau̯sʈ] (''eyja'' [ˈɛi̯jɑ] and ''ást'' [au̯st] in Icelandic).
+Undernederlandsk is most often considered a North Germanic language, and thereunder listed as East Scandinavian. It thus belongs under the same classification as [[w:Danish language|Danish]], [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[w:Dalecarlian|Dalecarlian]] and [[w:Gutnish|Gutnish]]. The language has also been greatly influenced by [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:German language|German]] and, to a lesser extent, [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Examples of Dutch influence are, for instance, the words ''øy'' "onion", [œy̯] and ''òjevær'' "stork" ([ˈujˀʋæ:ˀ]) (''ui'' [œy̯] and ''ooievaar'' [ˈoi̯əfa:(r)] in Dutch); examples of German influence are, for instance, the words ''krænk'' "ill/sick", [kʀæŋk] and ''kreis'' "district", [kʀɛy̯s] (''krank'' [kʀɑŋk] and ''Kreis'' [kʀai̯s] in German); examples of Icelandic are the words ''eija'' "island", [ˈɛy̯j:ɐ] and ''ást'' "love", [ˈau̯sʈ] (''eyja'' [ˈɛi̯jɑ] and ''ást'' [au̯st] in Icelandic).
 Local dialects tend to lean more towards the local language variant. The five Dutch dialects tend to be more influenced towards Lower Saxon, whilst the Berlin dialect leans more towards High German. The Fyn dialect tends to lean a lot more towards Danish, however.
@@ Line 778: / Line 778: @@
 | grå'''t'''<br>höj'''t'''<br>döpp'''t'''<br>'''ö'''n'''t''' || grå'''et'''<br>höj'''t'''<br>döpp'''et'''<br>'''ö'''n'''t'''|| grå'''ta'''<br>höj'''ta'''<br>d'''y'''pp'''te'''<br>'''ø'''nd'''t''' || grå<br> höj'''a'''<br> d'''y'''pp<br>'''ø'''nd'''ta'''|| "grey"<br> "high"<br> "deep"<br> "evil"
 |}
+===Verbs===
+Undernederlandsk verbs have four moods: indicative, imperative, conditional and subjunctive. As with most inflected languages, the verb governs the case of the subsequent nouns, pronouns and adjectives of a sentence. For example, the word ''giva'', "to give", governs the accusative case:
+:'''Jag give honom presentet''' — ''I give him/her the present''
+whilst ''sækka'', "to miss", governs the genitive case:
+:'''Jag sække þinna''' — ''I miss you'' (literally: ''I miss of you'').
+====Infinitive====
+As a rule, all Undernederlandsk infinitives, in written form, end on "-a". This may or may not be the case depending on the dialect and the speaker's preferences, however, in written language it always ends on "-a".
+====Indicative====
+Verbs are conjugated in accordance with the grammatical number and pronoun. In general, with the few exceptions of the irregular verbs ''vesa'', ''hava'' and ''sea'', the the rule stands that for for the first person singular the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''e'''''; for the second person singular, the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(a)d'''''; for third person singular and first and second person plural the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(e)r'''''; finally, for the third person plural the verb is conjugated as ''stem+'''(a)'''''. Letters between brackets indicate that these are dropped when the stem ends on a vowel, for example in ''ståa'', "to stand", and ''lya'', "to lie".
+In the table below, the conjugations for regular verbs, the three irregular verbs, and regular verbs ending on a vowel are given:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+! Number || colspan=3| Singular || colspan=3| Plural
+|-
+! Person
+! width="100px"| jag
+! width="100px"| þu
+! width="100px"| han/hun/þætt
+! width="100px"| vi
+! width="100px"| þu (plural)
+! width="100px"| þej
+|-
+! width="70px"| löppa<br>''to walk''
+| löpp'''e''' || löpp'''ad''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''er''' || löpp'''a'''
+|-
+! width="70px"| vesa<br>''to be''
+| äre || ärad || ärer || ærer || ærer || æra
+|-
+! width="70px"| hava<br>''to have''
+| här || härad || härer || hærer || hærer || hæra
+|-
+! width="70px"| sea<br>''to see''
+| se || sad || ser || ser || ser || sa
+|-
+! width="70px"| ståa<br>''to stand''
+| stå'''e''' || stå'''d''' || stå'''r''' || stå'''r''' || stå'''r''' || stå
+|}
+====Imperative====
+Imperative verbs are normally formed by ''stem+'''t''''' combinations. Imperative verbs can only exist in present and future form, not in the past form. The future form is formed by ''vyrd'''t''' + infinitive''. An umlaut exists with certain vowels in the stems, namely: [o] -> [ø], [ɛ] -> [ɪ], [o̞] -> [y] and [o:] -> [œy̯].
+{| cellpadding="4" style="padding: 0.5em;"
+|- align="center"
+| <!--COL SEPARATOR ENABLING TABLES BESIDE EACHOTHER-->
+{|class=wikitable
+|-
+! Verb
+! Present
+! Future
+|-
+| '''löppa'''<br> '''''to walk'''''
+| löpp'''t'''!
+| vyrdt löppa!
+|-
+| '''vesa'''<br> '''''to be'''''
+| vés!
+| vyrdt vesa!
+|-
+| '''hava'''<br> '''''to have'''''
+| hævt!
+| vyrdt hava!
+|-
+| '''holla'''<br> '''''to hold'''''
+| h'''ö'''ll'''t'''!
+| vyrdt h'''ö'''lla!
+|-
+| '''nemna'''<br> '''''to take'''''
+| n'''i'''mn'''t'''!
+| vyrdt n'''i'''mna!
+|-
+| '''ståa'''<br> '''''to stand'''''
+| st'''y'''!
+| vyrdt st'''y'''a!
+|-
+| '''lófa'''<br> '''''to believe'''''
+| l'''øy'''f'''t'''!
+| vyrdt l'''øy'''fa!
+|}
+|}
+====Conditional====
+The conditional mood is formed by placing the subjunctive form of ''skylla'', "shall" in front of the infinitive. Thus,
+:'''jag skylle sjynga''' — ''I will sing''
+indicates that the subject will sing at some time in the future, whilst
+:'''jag skyllo sjynga''' — ''I would sing''
+indicates that the subject will only sing if some or more conditions are met. Compare for example:
+:'''jag skylle med honom med gåa till sitt hus''' — ''I will go to his/her home''
+versus
+:'''jag skyllo med honom med gåa till sitt hus allenalig när hun ville mig þär''' — ''I would go with her to her home only if she wants me to''.
 ==Morphology==
@@ Line 840: / Line 943: @@
 [tʰl̩ˀ ˌmɪn:ˈau̯sʈ ˌkʊmˈtʰɪlˀbɒkɐ tʰɪlˀ mɪj].
-[[Category:Conlangs]]
+[[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:North Germanic languages]]