Lebanese: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Old Phoenician had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeals, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly ejective, but this is debated), and in early stages also a lateral fricative /ɬ/, and uvular /χ/ and /ʁ/ sounds. /χ/ and /ʁ/ merged into /ħ/ and /ʕ/ respectively while /ɬ/ merged into /ʃ/. Later in some dialects of Old Phoenician /ʃ/ became indistinguishable from /s/ and /p/, /t/ and /k/ became [[w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [pʰ], [tʰ] and [kʰ], which was represented in Ancient Greek and later in Latin texts. | Old Phoenician had a typical Semitic consonant inventory, with pharyngeals, a series of "emphatic" consonants (possibly ejective, but this is debated), and in early stages also a lateral fricative /ɬ/, and uvular /χ/ and /ʁ/ sounds. /χ/ and /ʁ/ merged into /ħ/ and /ʕ/ respectively while /ɬ/ merged into /ʃ/. Later in some dialects of Old Phoenician /ʃ/ became indistinguishable from /s/ and /p/, /t/ and /k/ became [[w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] [pʰ], [tʰ] and [kʰ], which was represented in Ancient Greek and later in Latin texts. Recent scholarship argues that 𐤔 was originally [s], while 𐤎 was [t͡sʰ], which fits well with 𐤆 being [d͡z], and 𐤑 being [t͡s]. Thus, when the aspirated plosives later changed further into fricatives, 𐤎 also became [s], merging with 𐤔 everywhere. This [[w:Begadkefat|process]] did not involve voiced stops, unlike in Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew (𐤆 also remains an affricate). The vowel system underwent a [[w:Canaanite shift|Canaanite shift]] - the process, partly shared by Biblical Hebrew, but going further in Phoenician (for example: 𐤓𐤅𐤔 ''rūs'', "head", Tiberian Hebrew ''rōš'', ראש). | ||
A special reading tradition, called the "religious reading" (𐤒𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤅𐤔𐤕 ''qirīyoth qodūsoth''), has been preserved in liturgical use. In it the emphatic consonants are usually realized as pharyngealized, 𐤒 may sometimes be a uvular [q], though usually it's still [k], 𐤏 is always pronounced clearly (as [ʕ]), 𐤔 is [ʃ] (the latter is not compulsory, however). Nowadays this tradition is slowly dying out, especially among the Catholics, who now always use a regular pronunciation. | A special reading tradition, called the "religious reading" (𐤒𐤓𐤉𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤅𐤔𐤕 ''qirīyoth qodūsoth''), has been preserved in liturgical use. In it the emphatic consonants are usually realized as pharyngealized, 𐤒 may sometimes be a uvular [q], though usually it's still [k], 𐤏 is always pronounced clearly (as [ʕ]), 𐤔 is [ʃ] (the latter is not compulsory, however). Nowadays this tradition is slowly dying out, especially among the Catholics, who now always use a regular pronunciation. | ||
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! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | ! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} | ||
| (β)<ref group=note>Allophone of /b/ before other consonants.</ref> | | (β)<ref group=note>Allophone of /b/ before other consonants.</ref> | ||
| colspan="2" | (z)<ref group=note>Allophone of /d͡z/ usually in foreign words only. Some speakers tend to pronounce 𐤆 as [z] word-initially.</ref> | | colspan="2" | (z)<ref group=note>Allophone of /d͡z/ usually in foreign words only, also before some consonants. Some speakers tend to pronounce 𐤆 as [z] word-initially as well.</ref> | ||
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! Pronunciation | ! Pronunciation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 𐤊 | | 𐤊 kōph || kʰ || x | ||
| la'''kh'''ūn "it might be" | | la'''kh'''ūn "it might be" | ||
| [la.ˈxuːn] | | [la.ˈxuːn] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 𐤐 pī || pʰ || f | | 𐤐 pī || pʰ || f | ||
| tsi''' | | tsi'''ph'''er "zero" | ||
| [ˈt͡sɪ.fer] | | [ˈt͡sɪ.fer] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Historically, 𐤎 was likely involved in this process too, being [t͡sʰ] and leniting to [s]. Later the remaining [t͡sʰ] also lenited to [s], thus merging with 𐤔 completely. | |||
Lenition is not marked. If the consonant doesn't lenite in a typical position, a line (similar to a macron) is placed above it ( ̄ ). Sometimes a dot ( ̇ ) is placed instead, both are equally correct and the different use is due to artistic preferences. | Lenition is not marked. If the consonant doesn't lenite in a typical position, a line (similar to a macron) is placed above it ( ̄ ). Sometimes a dot ( ̇ ) is placed instead, both are equally correct and the different use is due to artistic preferences. | ||
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Komū sissūlḥīm komū is naḥnū liḥūṭīm lonū. | Komū sissūlḥīm komū is naḥnū liḥūṭīm lonū. | ||
Wa‘al nasōnū liyidê pittūnoth, | Wa‘al nasōnū liyidê pittūnoth, | ||
wu’aph lilitsenū min harraʿi. | |||
Kī likha hammimlakhathka | Kī likha hammimlakhathka wuhattiqūphoth wuha’addirt | ||
Līʿūlmê ʿūlōmīm. | Līʿūlmê ʿūlōmīm. | ||
Ōmēn. | Ōmēn. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
===had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī | |||
*''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom | ===had'Deklaratsiya ʿūlomī dzikhiyuth-ʿamīm (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)=== | ||
*''Kil adamīm nūladū ḥurīn wusuwīn bikkorūmathom wibiddzikhiyūthom. Ḥūnenū kilom it tibīnoth wi it ittawigdīn wilippeʿīlū habbirruḥ aḥuwoth.'' | |||
*'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | *'''Translation''': All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | ||
===Nidirath liMarīyom (Ave Maria)=== | |||
<center> | |||
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" | |||
! Lebanese (romanized) | |||
! English | |||
|- style="vertical-align: top;" | |||
|<poem> | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom, ḥised mil’ath, | |||
Marīyom, ḥised mil’ath, | |||
Marīyom, ḥised mil’ath, | |||
Solūm, solūm liBaʿal. | |||
Baʿal ethakhī. | |||
Birīkhoth atti bi’isathūth, wu barīkh, | |||
Barīkh pirī boṭnothkī, | |||
Riḥemkī, Yesūʿ. | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom! | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom, Am Illīm, | |||
Tsalū ʿaltênū ḥūṭi’īm, | |||
Tsalū, tsalū ʿaltênū, | |||
Tsalū, tsalū ʿaltênū ḥūṭi’īm, | |||
Keʿan wu-biʿith mūthnū, | |||
Biʿith mūthnū, | |||
Biʿith mūthnū. | |||
Ḥawū, Marīyom. | |||
</poem> | |||
| <poem> | |||
Live, Mary, full of grace, | |||
Mary, full of grace, | |||
Mary, full of grace, | |||
Hail, Hail, the Lord. | |||
The Lord is with thee. | |||
Blessed art thou among women, and blessed, | |||
Blessed is the fruit of thy womb, | |||
Thy womb, Jesus. | |||
Live, Mary! | |||
Live, Mary, Mother of God, | |||
Pray for us sinners, | |||
Pray, pray for us; | |||
Pray, pray for us sinners, | |||
Now and at the hour of our death, | |||
The hour of our death, | |||
The hour of our death. | |||
Live, Mary.</poem> | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
</center> | |||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] | ||