Linguifex

Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Psammead (talk | contribs)
843 edits
Psammead (talk | contribs)
843 edits
 
(5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 13: Line 13:
* Loss of vowel quantity
* Loss of vowel quantity
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! B !! C !! D !! F !! G !! J !! L !! M !! N !! P !! R !! S !! T !! V
|-
| bj || tts || jj > (d)d͡ʒ || fj || colspan="2;" | jj > (d)d͡ʒ || ʎʎ || mj || ɲɲ || pj || rj || sj || tts || j
|}
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' > /ts, j > d͡ʒ/ before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''


===Old Pulqer Changes===
===Old Pulqer Changes===
Line 22: Line 28:
** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur adjacent to a resonant).
** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
** ''d > t > th''
** ''d > t > th''
Line 29: Line 35:
*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe''
*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe''
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Palatal resonants /ʎ, ɲ/ are depalatalised > /lj, nj/ > /lt͡ʃ, nt͡ʃ/.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''
Line 35: Line 42:
** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''
** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss''
* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''
* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella''
* Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > khalthathe''
* Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > khaltathe''
* Syllable-initial C''l'' > C''r'', e.g. ''clarus > khraru''
* C''l'' > C''r'', e.g. ''clarus > kralu''
** There is occasional metathesis where ''r'' and ''l'' occur in a word.


The following are later developments within OP.  
The following are later developments within OP.  
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > khalthaethe''
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''khaltathe > khaltaethe''
** ''a > ae'' /ae > ɛː/
** ''a > ae'' /aː > ae/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛː > ɛi/
** ''i > ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''i > ie'' /iː > iə/  
** ''ą > au'' /ɑə > ɑː/
** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/
** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''ą > au'' /ɑː > ao/, merging with L. ''au''.  
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/; short ''ą'' merges with ''a''.  
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakhṛmentu''
* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakṛmentu''


===Middle Pulqer Changes===
===Middle Pulqer Changes===
* Diphthongs are simplified:
** ''ae'' /ae > ɛː/
** ''ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''au'' /ɑə > ɑː/
*** NB ''ei'' /ɛi/ remains
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,   
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre,   
Line 56: Line 69:
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath''
* Initial ''kh, ph, th'' merge with ''k, p, t''.
* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''.
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > kath''
* Medial ''kh, ph, th'' are lenited to fricatives ''ḥ, f, z'' /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. ''kath > kaz''.
* Final ''-tr'' becomes ''-tl''


===Modern Pulqer Changes===
===Modern Pulqer Changes===
Line 67: Line 82:
** ''au > a''
** ''au > a''
** ''ue > u''
** ''ue > u''
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muer > muar''
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muel > mual''
* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''.
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''
* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu''
* sC > ş
* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).
* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives).


Line 114: Line 129:
! style="width: 100px;" | CL !! style="width: 100px;" | VL !! style="width: 100px;" | OP !! style="width: 100px;" | OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" | ModP
! style="width: 100px;" | CL !! style="width: 100px;" | VL !! style="width: 100px;" | OP !! style="width: 100px;" | OP > MP !! style="width: 100px;" | ModP
|-
|-
| rowspan="?;" | p || p || colspan="2;" | ph || p
| rowspan="4;" | p || p || colspan="2;" | ph || p
|-
| pl || colspan="2;" | pr || pr
|-
| -pj- || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś
|-
| -pt- || colspan="2;" | tth || t
|-
|-
| pl || phr || pr
| rowspan="4;" | b || b- || colspan="2;" | p || p
|-
|-
| pj || tś
| -v- || f || h || -
|-
|-
| b
| bj || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś
|-
|-
| bj || tś
| -br- || vr || fr || r
|-
|-
| v
| rowspan="2;" | v || v || f || h || h-
|-
|-
| vj || tś
| vj || fi || hi || i
|-
|-
| t
| rowspan="2;" | t || t || colspan="2;" | th || t
|-
|-
| tj || ts
| tj || colspan="2;" | ts || ts
|-
|-
| d
| rowspan="2;" | d || d || colspan="2;" | t || t
|-
|-
| dj || tś
| dj || colspan="2;" | tś || tś
|-
|-
| c
| rowspan="2;" | c || c || colspan="2;" | kh || k
|-
|-
| cj || ts
| cj || ts ||
|-
|-
| ci || ts
| ci || ts
|-
|-
| cr || khl
| cr || kr
|-
|-
| g
| g
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Pulqer/History"