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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
{{list subpages}}
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Old]]
 
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]], [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = Ntzog Schlaub
|nativename = Wug Schlaub
|pronunciation=  /ⁿz̪o&#804;˧ ɬəʊ˥/
|pronunciation=  /wu&#804;˧ ɬəʊ˥/
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Bjeheond
|region =  
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|script=Hlou abugida
|fam2=Hlouic
|script=Hlou featural script (''Schräd Schlaub'')
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh''; natively: ''Ntzog Schlaub'' /ⁿtsʰo&#804;˧ ɬəu˥/; [[Windermere]]: ''brits Ław'') is a [[Bjeheond]]ian tonal language, inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the Hlou-Shum languages.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' or '''Hlou''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh'' or homophonous with "hello"; natively: ''Wug Schlaub'' /wu&#804;˧ ɬəu˥/ 'Hlou speech' or 'Hlou thing') is a tonal language inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the [[Hlou-Shum languages]] and the official language of the people of Mpfa Schlaub, a country in Mpfa Wieb.


Hlou liberally uses Easter eggs.
Schlaub liberally uses Easter eggs.


==Background==
==Background==
==Todo==
need polysyllabic words that are written as one word (Hmong has some)
Fill Mpfa Schlaub with Jabberwocky/Alice in Wonderland refs: Schleid Zeib, Wäb
On Beyond Zebra reference in forbidden syllables (syllables that do not correspond to any Schlaub word): Jus, Wub, Schwub, Mpfuh, Flud, Glig, Nuh, Schnie, Wön, Ntzad, Flub, Tzäs, Jog, Flön, Ieß, Jäg, Schnruß, Hie


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
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''*ẽ'' > ''ä''; ''*ẽj'' > ''ei''; ''*ẽʔ'' > ''äh''
''*ẽ'' > ''ä''; ''*ẽj'' > ''ei''; ''*ẽʔ'' > ''äh''
Hlou had a vowel shift from the Proto-Hlouic ten vowel system: /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ/ by merging /ã ĩ ũ/ with their non-nasalized counterparts, and after that /ɛ̃/ shifted to /ã/


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels.
Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels.


a e i ie o u ä ö = /a e i ɨ o u ã~ɛ̃ õ/
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ i ɨ ɔ u ã~ɛ̃ õ/


ah eh ih oh uh äh öh = /aʔ eʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]
ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/


ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
Standard Hlou has about 65 initials.
Standard Hlou has 70 initials.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''Hlou initials'''
|+ '''Hlou initials'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schm''' m̥
|  
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|  
|  
| '''schn''' n̥
| '''schn''' n̥
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| '''nr''' ɳ
| '''nr''' ɳ


|  
| '''nrl''' ɳˡ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
|  
| '''ntrl''' ᶯʈˡʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
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{{PAGENAME}} has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography.
{{PAGENAME}} has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{|class="wikitable"
! Orthography
! Orthography
! Tone
! Tone
! Example
! Example
! Suggested approximation
|-
|-
| ∅
| ∅
| mid level / high checked (33~32)
| mid level (33) / high checked (5)
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
| Vietnamese ''ngang'' / checked ''sắc''
|-
|-
| '''-n'''
| '''-n'''
| low level / low checked (21~11)
| low falling (21) / low checked (1)
| ''laun'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
| ''laun'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
| Vietnamese ''huyền'' / checked ''nặng''
|-
|-
| '''-b'''
| '''-b'''
| high level / high falling (55~53)
| high level / high falling (55~53)
| ''Laub'' /ləu˥˧/ 'leaf'
| ''Laub'' /ləu˥˥/ 'leaf'
| Cantonese tone 1
|-
|-
| '''-d'''
| '''-d'''
| dipping / low falling (313~31)
| dipping / mid falling (313~311)
| ''Laud'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
| ''Laud'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''hỏi''
|-
|-
| '''-g'''
| '''-g'''
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| ''laug'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
| ''laug'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
|
|-
|-
| '''-s'''
| '''-s'''
| rising (24)
| rising (24)
| ''laus'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
| ''laus'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
| Hanoi Vietnamese non-checked ''sắc''
|-
|-
| '''-ß'''
| '''-ß'''
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| ''Lauß'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
| ''Lauß'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''ngã''
|}
|}


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The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou.
The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou.
====Vowels====
====Vowels====
a e i o u ä ë ö = /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ɔ̃/
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ ɪ i ɔ ʊ ɛ œ/


ah eh ih oh uh äh ëh öh = /aʔ eʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]
ei au äu = /ai aʊ ɔʏ/


ei ëi au äu = /əi ə̃i əu əũ/
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n, -b tones (the latter written as -hl)]


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''Schlaub Glaß initials'''
|+ '''Schlaub Glaß initials'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schm''' m̥
|  
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|  
|  
| '''schn''' n̥
| '''schn''' n̥
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|  
|  
| '''n''' n
| '''n''' n
| '''nl''' nˡ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| '''k''' kʰ
| '''k''' kʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
|  
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''l''' l
| '''l''' l, '''ł''' ɫ
|  
|  
| '''j''' j
| '''j''' j
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===Traditional logography===
===Traditional logography===
===Abugida===
===Abugida===
===Schngellstein's alphabet===
===''Hrảm Hlóu'' (''Schräd La-Tin Schlaub'')===
The key feature of Schngellstein's orthography (used in this article) is using final consonant letters for tones, making words easier to learn by using photographic memory.
 
===''Hrảm Hlóu'' (''Schräd Schlaub'')===
This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography.
This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography.
====Initials====
====Initials====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+  
|+  
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
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! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''hm''' m̥
| '''hm''' m̥
|  
| '''hml''' m̥ˡ
|  
|  
| '''hn''' n̥
| '''hn''' n̥
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''hnr''' ɳ̊
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| '''hr''' ʂ
| '''hr''' ʂ
|  
|  
| '''sw''' ɧ
| '''sg''' ɧ
|  
|  
| '''hw''' ʍ
| '''hw''' ʍ
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ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/
ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/


====Tones====
===Featural script===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! Orthography
[[File:SchrogHahn_v1.0.png|200px|thumb|right|[[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|Cole]]'s featural script for Schlaub.]]
! Tone
! Example
|-
| '''a'''
| mid level / mid checked (33~32)
| ''lou'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
|-
| '''à'''
| low level / low checked (21~11)
| ''lòu'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
|-
| '''á'''
| high level / high falling (53~55)
| ''lóu'' /ləu˥˩/ 'spring (season)'
|-
| '''ả'''
| dipping / low falling (313~31)
| ''lỏu'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
|-
| '''ah'''
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| ''louh'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
|-
| '''ä'''
| rising (24)
| ''löu'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
|-
| '''ã'''
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| ''lõu'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Hlou is a member of the Bjeheondian sprachbund with Modern [[Windermere]], [[Gwnax]] and other languages, so these languages share many grammatical similarities.
Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial:
Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial:
:'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.'''''
:'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.'''''
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:''A wug is drinking water.''
:''A wug is drinking water.''


:'''''Xan flog Dsied bis Tu Mäb.'''''
:'''''Xan schwei Ntxuhn bis Tu Mäb.'''''
:/ʃa˨˩ flo̤˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥˩/
:/ʃa˨˩ ʍəi˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥/
:1SG have home in Tumhan
:1SG have home in Tumhan
:''I live in Tumhan.''
:''I live in Tumhan.''


:'''''Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schnos.'''''
:'''''Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schrös.'''''
:/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˦˥ we&#804;˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/
:/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˥ we&#804;˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/
:1PL speak about VN love and VN hate
:1PL speak about VN love and VN hate
:''We speak about love and hate.''
:''We speak about love and hate.''


:'''''Dahn mpfein so, ab dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.'''''
:'''''Dahn mpfein so, mplei dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.'''''
:1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG
:1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.''
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.''
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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
====Personal====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
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!Impersonal
!Impersonal
|colspan=3| es
|colspan=3| es
|-
!Reflexive
|colspan=3| schwe
|}
|}


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====Demonstrative====
====Demonstrative====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlatives
|+ Correlatives
|-
|-
! !! What !! This !! That !! Any
! !! What !! This !! That !! Yon !! Any
|-
|-
! Pronominal
! Pronominal
|| nab || naus || nein, nin || nan
|| nab || naus || nein || nin || nan
|-
|-
! Place
! Place
|| drab || draus || drein, drin || dran
|| drab || draus || drein || drin || dran
|-
|-
! Manner/Extent
! Manner/Extent
|| rab || raus || rein, rin || ran
|| rab || raus || rein || rin || ran
|}
|}
Other correlatives are formed by using these words with nouns.


Hlou is wh-in-situ:  
Hlou is wh-in-situ:  


*''Naus dzah nab?'' = What is this?  
*''Naus dzah nab?'' (this COP what) = What is this?  
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' = Who is this?
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' (person this COP what) = Who is this?
*''Zied be drab sein?'' (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going?
*''Zied be drab sein?'' (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going?
* ''dla rab?'' 'Why?', ''dla rein'' 'that's why' (Calquing vì sao, vì vậy)
* ''dlä rab nahn schluß...'' 'how to...' (lit. Do how in order to)
* ''dlä rab?'' 'What to do?'


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*be = to
*be = to; to go
*bis = in, at
*bis = in, at
*nre = on
*gan = without
*gan = without
*gen = with
* sä = with; to have
*in = of
*in = of
*je = from
*je = from
*nun = for
*dla = for; because of
*ob = vocative
*ob = vocative
*weg = about
*weg = about
*wi = away from
*wi = away from
*schon = ago
*schon = ago
*jaud = between
*tzig = across
*ös = over
*tud = under
*was = perhaps
*des = now
*wag = again
*treib = before


===Auxiliaries===
===Auxiliaries===
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*eh = tag question
*eh = tag question
*da = exclamatory
*da = exclamatory
*eh = negative
*nreh = negative
*doh = prohibitive
*doh = prohibitive
*los = inchoative
*los = inchoative
*man = emphatic
*man = emphatic
*wein = (literary) alas!, woe is...
*wein = (literary) alas!, woe is...
*tag = comparative
*nad = superlative
*zu = verb to noun


===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*an = and
*an = and
*schaub = or (Finnish tai)
*tei = or
*schweis = or (Finnish vai)
*vei = exclusive or
*leid = but
*leid = but
*von = relative clause
*von = relative clause
*tun = complement clause
*tun = complement clause
*daß = if
*daß = if
*ab = then, so, therefore
*schluß = then, so, therefore
*schluß = so that, in order to
*nahn schluß = so that, in order to
*dsäus = because (lit. reason)
*dsäus = because (lit. reason)


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
ein = definite article
ein = definite article (proper nouns such as ''Wug Schlaub'' do not take it)


wie = specific article
wie = specific article
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die = indefinite article
die = indefinite article


Words may be pluralized by reduplication: ''Ndob Ndob'' = people. Only animates are pluralized consistently.
Words may be pluralized by reduplication: ''Ndob Ndob'' = people. Uncountable nouns have no plural form.


Polysyllabic words have a null plural:
Polysyllabic words also have a null plural:


:'''''Schniß, ob Blieb-Blas!'''''
:'''''Nkaub, ob Blieb-Blas!'''''
:fly VOC butterfly
:fly VOC butterfly
:''Fly, butterflies!''
:''Fly, butterflies!''
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===Classifiers===
===Classifiers===
{{PAGENAME}} does not use classifiers, unlike other languages in the region.


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
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100: ''trleh''
100: ''trleh''


1000: ''schöd''
10000: ''schöd''


Numerals come before nouns:
Numerals come before nouns:
Line 883: Line 880:
:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age
:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age
:He is 20 years old.
:He is 20 years old.
==="The more... the more..."===
==="The more... the more..."===
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's."
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's."


:'''''Xan eh zaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.'''''
:'''''Xan eh schlaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.'''''
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat.
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat.
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.''
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.''


==="Schm-reduplication"===
==="Schm-reduplication"===
Hloh uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated.
Schlaub uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated.


"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL
"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL
Line 907: Line 905:


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native. Many words can't be related to words in other Hlou-Shum languages, however.
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native.


===Four-character phrases===
===Chengyu===
Hlou, like Chinese, has "4-character phrases". They sometimes extend to 6-character phrases by using the Burns stanza.
Hlou, like Chinese, has chengyu or "4-character phrases". They sometimes extend to 6-character phrases by using the Burns stanza.
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schrau Ndob (schnäub hös)'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men (aft gang agley)' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man often fail)
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schrau Ndob (schnäub hös)'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men (aft gang agley)' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man often fail)
*''Ndleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice)
*''Nleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice)
*''Schwas kö Schwas sihn'' 'reap what you sow' (lit. [If] rice sprouts, rice results)
**riff on Quacumquasit Pond


==Poetry==
==Poetry==
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.]
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.]
===Rhyme===
===Rhyme===
In addition to having the same rime, two words must rhyme in tone class in order to be considered to rhyme. -Ø, -b, -d are "flat" (''mla'') tones; -g, -d, -s, -ß and checked tones are "sharp" (''dzäß'') tones.
In addition to having the same rime, two words must rhyme in tone class in order to be considered to rhyme. -Ø, -b, -n are "flat" (''mla'') tones; -g, -d, -s, -ß and checked tones are "sharp" (''dzäß'') tones.


===Virelai===
===Virelai===
The virelai (Hlou: ???) is a traditional Hlou poetic form.
The virelai (Hlou: ''Traun Ntzob'') is a traditional Hlou poetic form. Although it is called the ''virelai'' in English, it borrows elements (like the rhyme scheme) from the Vietnamese ''lục bát''.


Example [the poem is gibberish]:
Example [the poem is gibberish]:


<poem>
<poem>
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsub,''
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlin.''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmin,''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xin taub tlub.''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''


''Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,''
''Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,''
''blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlaß,''
''blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlag,''
''klaub wie raug Mlob weis schraß zied Glub.''
''klaub wie raug Mlob weis schrah zied Glu.''


''Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,''
''Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,''
''Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nrein,''
''Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nreib,''
''Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlein raus Schmub.''
''Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlei raus Schmub.''


''Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlag,''
''Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlas,''
''An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Waud,''
''An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Wauß,''
''schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaud,''
''schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaug,''
''klöh xan haud wie Trob, haud nun Tsub.''
''klöh xan haud wie Trob, haus nun Tsun.''


''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsub,''
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlin.''
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmin,''
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xin taub tlub.''
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''
</poem>
</poem>


===Burns stanza===
===Burns stanza===
A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter.
A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter. This excerpt is from a poem by Schweid Täu-Rein.


<poem>
<poem>
Line 956: Line 956:
''Xan schnuh zied nraug,''
''Xan schnuh zied nraug,''
''Xob Ndzäu beis schraus –''
''Xob Ndzäu beis schraus –''
''Jed Vug –''
''Ihn Vug –''
''Ngiß Tsahn we Jaud''
''Ngiß Tsahn we jaud''
''schrieb mbug.''
''schrieb mbug.''
</poem>
</poem>
Line 971: Line 971:


===Holorime===
===Holorime===
Two lines with the same syllables but with different tones


==Sample text==
== Phrasebook ==
===Tower of Babel===
# 'I love you': ''Xan lub zied.'' /ʃa˨˩ lu˥˥ s̪ɨ˧˩˧/
:''Bis Ndreib nin dzeb ein Xab flog die Ntzog an die zu Wes meib hin.''
:LOC time that whole DEF world have INDEF language CONJ INDEF VN speak common PAST
:Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.


:''Leid [bis Glied] zu Ndxub in ein Ndob Ndob be Schnähn zug raug die Schwiß bis Xi-Na an [nlub man] drein hin.''
==Sample texts==
:but [as] VN move GEN DEF human human PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] there PAST
=== A poem ===
:As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there.
<poem>
 
Au xäub xäub
:''An ein Ndob Ndob tlau be veß hin, "Ob bus aus dahn Ngu an nlaß zug [schlög schlög]."''
Ihn taub taub
:CONJ DEF human human say PREP one_another PST, VOC make SUBJ 1SG brick CONJ fire_ceramic 3PL [throughly]
Zied an xan
:They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly."
Bluß Ndob Schlaub
 
</poem>
:''Zug [raug Mlob] Ngu [bis rohn] Pfaub an Schräh [bis rohn] [Kis Mbeh] hin.''
===1 John 3:15===
:3PL use brick instead_of stone and tar instead_of mortar PAST
<poem>
:They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar.
Daß Ndob nan schrös ein Nleis schwe, schluß so dzah die Ndob schwad Ndob, an schlag sab tun die Ndob schwad Ndob eh schwei ein Jun mbug bis schwe.
 
</poem>
:''An zug tlau hin, "Ob ntsaus aus dahn die Mbih nun dahn an bis ja die Nkloh von Schmauß [raug man] Ntse.''
:and 3PL say PST, VOC build SUBJ 1SG INDEF city for 1PL and in it a tower REL top reach DEF sky
:And they said: "Come, let's build a city for ourselves and a tower in it, whose top would reach the sky.
 
:''Rein dahn xau Ntrob nun dahn bei. Schaub dzas es hab mpeib dahn [dsei dsei] bis dzeb ein Xab bei."''
:that_way 1SG grow name for 1SG bei. or fall IMPERS cause scatter 1PL all_over whole LOC DEF world FUT.
:That way we will make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the whole world."
 
:''Leid ein Schwed mpfau ba hin, schluß bleb ein Mbih an ein Nkloh von ein Ndob-Ndob ntsaus sein.''
:but DEF god descend come PST, PURP see DEF city and DEF tower REL DEF human human build PROG
:But the {{sc|Lord}} came down to see the city and the tower the people were building.
 
:''Ein Schwed tlau hin, "Daß die Lad wes Ntzog meib tei dlä nin, ab dxah nan zug schlab txoh hau eh gan Tzuß bei.''
:DEF god say PST, if one people speak language common have start do this, then thing whatever they plan accomplish NEG without possibility FUT
:The {{sc|Lord}} said, "If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
 
:''"Ob mpfau nros aus dahn an hab schmeiß ndäu ein Ntzog zug, schluß zug drlin eh tug veß bei."''
:VOC descend go SBJ 1SG and cause confuse hit DEF language 3PL COHORT, in_order_that 3PL hear not understand each_other FUT
:"Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.”
 
:''An ein Schwed mpeib zug je drein [dsei dsei] bis dzeb ein Xab hin, an zug vus ntsaus ein Mbih hin.''
:and DEF god scatter 3PL from there all_over LOC whole DEF world PST, and 3PL stop build DEF city PST
:So the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city.
 
:''An nun nein ja flog Ntrob Mba-Mbä — dsäus drein ein Schwed hab schmeiß ndäu ein Ntzog in dzeb ein Xab hin.''
:and for that 3SG.I have name Babel — reason DEF god cause confuse hit DEF language of whole DEF world PST
:That is why it was called Babel — because there the {{sc|Lord}} confused the language of the whole world.
 
:''Je drein ein Schwed hab mpeib zug [dsei dsei] bis dzeb ein Xab hin.''
:from there DEF god cause scatter 3PL all_over LOC whole DEF world PST
:From there the {{sc|Lord}} scattered them over the face of the whole earth.
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]]
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
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