Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages: Difference between revisions

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'''Verthanic''' (''hə taŋʷas vərθanak'' /hə ˈtaŋʷas vəɾˈθanak/; from *berxtolandākā, lit. Brightlandic) is a Celtic language spoken in Verthan (''vərθan''), located in North Africa. It was an important vehicle for transmitting A-Arabic loans to English. It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.
{{list subpages}}
== Diachronics ==
=== Consonants ===
* p' -> PEK mˁ
* t' -> PEK tˁ
* k' -> PEK q
* PIr l -> PEK ć
* PIr y/g/hiatus breaker -> PEK y
* PIr k -> PEK ç
* PIr ng, r -> lengthens preceding vowel if before C, PEK 0 otherwise
* PIr s -> PEK χ
* PIr b/w -> PEK β
* PIr d -> ð (r in retroflexing environments)
* final nasal -> {{ng}}
* Non-final nasals stay put (n in PIr /rVn/ retroflexes)
* p, t stay put (t in PIr /rVt/ retroflexes)


''xʷilid'' = cat (from Latin)
=== Vowels ===
PIr ă -> ə


''vārəy ðax'' = good morning
urV, orV, arV -> orV, arV, erV -> oV aV eV


tl > θ, CeCe- -> CəCi- (kenetlom → čədiθ 'trend')
ira iro iru -> iwa iwo iwu


əyn, ðəw, trī, kʷətur, kʷiʔč, wəks, šəxt, uxt, daw, ðəč
Same-vowel weakening rule: e.g. PI sumur is treated as if it were sămur


bakʷ = son; hə makʷ = the son
== Family tree ==
* Erno-Kawenic
** [[Verse:Mwail/Kawenic languages|Kawenic]]
** [[Verse:Mwail/Ernic languages|Ernic]]


bərk = daughter; hə mərk (no mut) = the daughter
== Phonology ==
Proto-Erno-Kawenic is characterized by unusual sound changes from Proto-Irenesian.
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable
|-
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| Labial
!rowspan=2| Denti-alveolar
!rowspan=2| Retroflex
!rowspan=2| Palatal
!rowspan=2| Uvular
|-
!|plain
!|pharyngealized
|-
!|Nasal
|| '''m''' /m/ || '''mˁ''' /mˁ/ || '''n''' /n̪/ || '''ṇ''' /ɳ/ || ||
|-
!|Stop
|| '''p''' /p/ || '''pˁ''' /pˁ/ || '''t''' /t̪/ || '''ṭ''' /ʈ/ || '''ć''' /tɕ/ || '''q''' /q/
|-
!|Fricative
|| || || || '''ṣ''' /ʂ/ || '''ç''' /ç/ || '''x''' /χ/
|-
!|Continuant
|| '''β''' /β/ || || '''δ''' /ð/ || '''r''' /ɻ/ || '''y''' /j/ ||
|}


Sdābt hə həysk viw id uðənč = The living fish swims in water
=== Vowels ===
Short i e a o u ə


gemination → preglottalization
Long ī ē ā ō ū


Chain shifts:
Nasal iñ eñ añ oñ uñ əñ


mm, mb > m > b > v
Coloring effects


nn, nd > n > d > ð
== Grammar ==
I have to have a solid idea of how nouns work in PEK; I'm probably gonna cliticize classifiers after nouns


ng > ŋ, g > x, gʷ > xʷ, w- > gʷ-, y- > dz-
So the classifier is almost a suffix, maybe fully a suffix by PEK


e o > ə, ke ge → tʃə dʒə
That may affect the Ernish I have now, which I'm willing to accept. In that case Ernish should probably choose one form, probably the PEK genitive plural for most nouns.


vowels: i u ə a iː uː aː aj aw əj əw
Ensuring that Quququqquq genitives always end in a vowel is easy


==Morphology==
Genitive should be -some vowel + (ng) in PI
===Nouns===
nasal mutation of v > b > m, ð > d > n, x > ŋ


Genders: common (no mut) and neuter (nasal mut)
Some nouns, like proper nouns, family terms and body parts, shouldn't have classifiers


Plural: ''-s'' or ''-əs'', no gender distinction
=== Classifiers ===
{| class="wikitable"
!| PEK classifier || Domain || Etymology
|-
|| sg. ''=nuć'', pl. ''=çe''
|| generic inanimate
|-
|| sg. ''=pće'', pl. ''=mut''
|| inanimate (pejorative)
|-
|| sg. ''=hoi'', pl. ''=au''
|| human
|-
|| sg. ''=qβe'', pl. ''=poyap''
|| human (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=upi''
|| generic animal
|-
|| ''=tiβo''
|| livestock
|-
|| ''=toyu''
|| animate (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=mˁō''
|| animate (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=pˁat''
|| flat sheets
|-
|| ''=əmço''
|| flat sheets (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=çeoñ''
|| trees and bushes; streams, rivers
|-
|| ''=uox''
|| herbaceous plants
|-
|| ''=epçi''
|| any plant (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=βuδ''
|| flowers, bunches of fruit
|-
|| ''=tia''
|| paths, ways
|-
|| ''=uhiç''
|| long thin objects
|-
|| ''=uyop''
|| fruits, spheres
|-
|| ''=tuć''
|| circles, rings
|-
|| ''=ex''
|| buildings
|-
|| ''=mˁəδañ''
|| vehicles
|-
|| ''=xəβuq''
|| man-made things (pejorative)
|-
|| ''=ćep''
|| marks, like written characters, wounds, ...
|-
|| ''=uñqe''
|| important places and events
|}


''hə'' (from *sindos) is ''hən'' before vowels
=== Sandbox ===
PI urim 'rose apple' (bare) -> PEK oiŋ 'apple (is-a form); Apple (name form)' -> Ernish oi 'ibid.'


===Verbs===
PI urim uop -> PEK oiŋ=uyop 'the apple' -> Ernish oinguzop 'apple (singular)'
present tense: ''sdāb-u, sdāb-s, sdāb-t, sdāb-əbs, sdāb-sxʷi, sdāb-tər'' (1sg, 2sg, 3, 1pl, 2pl, imps)


past tense: get split-ergativity with past participle: ''sdāb-təw, sdāb-tis, sdāb-tit, sdāb-tibs, sdāb-taysxʷi, sdāb-taytər'' 'I swam, ...' (these forms agree with the subject but nouns take ergative marking with the ergative particle ''am'' from *ambi)
PI **urim bawăd -> PEK oiŋ bawəd -> oimbaud 'apples (plural)'


future tense (formed by reduplicating present): ''də-sdāb-u, də-sdāb-s, də-sdāb-t, də-sdāb-əbs, də-sdāb-sxʷi, də-sdāb-tər''
PI tiroŋ 'head' -> PEK tiwo: -> Ernish tiwo
 
(body parts don't take classifiers)
the old 3rd person singular is used with both singular and plural (plurality is marked on the subject)
 
Conjugation classes:
*verbs from o/e verbs: more irregularities here
**sdāb-u, sdāb-s, sdāb-t, sdāb-əbs, sdāb-sxʷi, sdāb-tər
**sdāb-təw, sdāb-tis, sdāb-tit, sdāb-tibs, sdāb-taysxʷi, sdāb-taytər
*a-verbs (from PCel *-āti)
**''bāraw, bāras, bārat, bārabs, bārāsxʷi, bārātər'' 'to enlarge'
**''bāra-təw, bāra-tis, bāra-tit, bāra-tibs, bāra-taysxʷi, bāra-taytər
*i-verbs (from PCel *-yeti, *-īti)
**''liʔkʷəw, liʔkʷis, liʔkʷit, liʔkʷibs, liʔkʷīsxʷi, liʔkʷītər'' 'to leave'
**''liʔkʷi-təw, liʔkʷi-tis, liʔkʷi-tit, liʔkʷi-tibs, liʔkʷi-taysxʷi, liʔkʷi-taytər''

Latest revision as of 12:02, 29 June 2025

In this versespace:

Verse talk:

Diachronics

Consonants

  • p' -> PEK mˁ
  • t' -> PEK tˁ
  • k' -> PEK q
  • PIr l -> PEK ć
  • PIr y/g/hiatus breaker -> PEK y
  • PIr k -> PEK ç
  • PIr ng, r -> lengthens preceding vowel if before C, PEK 0 otherwise
  • PIr s -> PEK χ
  • PIr b/w -> PEK β
  • PIr d -> ð (r in retroflexing environments)
  • final nasal -> ŋ
  • Non-final nasals stay put (n in PIr /rVn/ retroflexes)
  • p, t stay put (t in PIr /rVt/ retroflexes)

Vowels

PIr ă -> ə

urV, orV, arV -> orV, arV, erV -> oV aV eV

ira iro iru -> iwa iwo iwu

Same-vowel weakening rule: e.g. PI sumur is treated as if it were sămur

Family tree

Phonology

Proto-Erno-Kawenic is characterized by unusual sound changes from Proto-Irenesian.

Consonants

Labial Denti-alveolar Retroflex Palatal Uvular
plain pharyngealized
Nasal m /m/ mˁ /mˁ/ n /n̪/ ṇ /ɳ/
Stop p /p/ pˁ /pˁ/ t /t̪/ ṭ /ʈ/ ć /tɕ/ q /q/
Fricative ṣ /ʂ/ ç /ç/ x /χ/
Continuant β /β/ δ /ð/ r /ɻ/ y /j/

Vowels

Short i e a o u ə

Long ī ē ā ō ū

Nasal iñ eñ añ oñ uñ əñ

Coloring effects

Grammar

I have to have a solid idea of how nouns work in PEK; I'm probably gonna cliticize classifiers after nouns

So the classifier is almost a suffix, maybe fully a suffix by PEK

That may affect the Ernish I have now, which I'm willing to accept. In that case Ernish should probably choose one form, probably the PEK genitive plural for most nouns.

Ensuring that Quququqquq genitives always end in a vowel is easy

Genitive should be -some vowel + (ng) in PI

Some nouns, like proper nouns, family terms and body parts, shouldn't have classifiers

Classifiers

PEK classifier Domain Etymology
sg. =nuć, pl. =çe generic inanimate
sg. =pće, pl. =mut inanimate (pejorative)
sg. =hoi, pl. =au human
sg. =qβe, pl. =poyap human (pejorative)
=upi generic animal
=tiβo livestock
=toyu animate (pejorative)
=mˁō animate (pejorative)
=pˁat flat sheets
=əmço flat sheets (pejorative)
=çeoñ trees and bushes; streams, rivers
=uox herbaceous plants
=epçi any plant (pejorative)
=βuδ flowers, bunches of fruit
=tia paths, ways
=uhiç long thin objects
=uyop fruits, spheres
=tuć circles, rings
=ex buildings
=mˁəδañ vehicles
=xəβuq man-made things (pejorative)
=ćep marks, like written characters, wounds, ...
=uñqe important places and events

Sandbox

PI urim 'rose apple' (bare) -> PEK oiŋ 'apple (is-a form); Apple (name form)' -> Ernish oi 'ibid.'

PI urim uop -> PEK oiŋ=uyop 'the apple' -> Ernish oinguzop 'apple (singular)'

PI **urim bawăd -> PEK oiŋ bawəd -> oimbaud 'apples (plural)'

PI tiroŋ 'head' -> PEK tiwo: -> Ernish tiwo (body parts don't take classifiers)

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