Eadlan/Older draft: Difference between revisions

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|creator = [[User:IlL]]

|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}

|nativename = ~~Năhtuovin~~

|nativename = Năhtuıyin

|pronunciation=

|familycolor=dodellic

|fam1=[[~~Shalaic~~]]

|fam1=[[Idavic]]

|setting = [[Verse:~~AETHER~~]]

|fam2=[[Netagic]]

|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]

|iso3=

|notice=

}}

'''Netagin''' (''~~Năhtuovin~~'') is a Sami, ~~Romanian~~ and [[Windermere]]-inspired ~~Shalaic~~ language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative.

'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Idavic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the ''c̦''-series in Netagin.

Netagin ~~has notably developed Uralic-style consonant gradation~~. ~~It also has~~ non-rhoticity ~~as a historical sound change~~, ~~a sprachbund feature it shares~~ with ~~[[Shalaian]].~~

Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:

*Preglottalization

*Large vowel system

*Historical non-rhoticity

*Verb-initial syntax

*Split-ergativity

==Todo==

Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)?

yubmă = aroma

Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?)

==About==

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This is the sixth reincarnation of Netagin (my past Hebrew-inspired conlangs).

I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic ~~this time~~ and ~~see what sticks. I'm probably still going to take some aesthetic~~ influence ~~from [[Windermere]] and [[Skellan]]~~.

I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (mainly Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic and make the Hebrew influence much more subtle (at least phonologically).

===Internal history===

Netagin~~, like~~ its relative [[Shalaian]], is ~~also~~ inspired by Hebrew and ~~Philadelphia English but Netagin is more [[~~Judeo-Gaelic]] and ~~___-inspired than~~ [[~~Shalaian~~]].

Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]).

Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.

===Internal² history===

~~Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Shalaic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:~~

*Preglottalization

*A large vowel system but no front rounded vowels

*Historical non-rhoticity

*Verb-initial syntax

*Split-ergativity

~~Unlike Shalaian, Netagin is a "satem" language, i.e. labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become palatalized.~~

==Phonology==

"Sami but more ~~Judeo-Gaelic~~ and ~~Windermere~~"

"Northern + Skolt Sami but more Windermere and Tíogall"

===Vowels===

~~/i ɨ u ɛ ɔ ə a iə uə eə oə ai əi əu/ ''i ĭ u e o ă a ie uo ea oa ai ăi ău''~~

Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a uo e/ea i/ie ~~o/oa~~ u/uo ĭ/ă

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Central

! rowspan="2" |Back

|-

! style="width: 45px; " |unrounded

! style="width: 45px; " |rounded

|-

! style="" |Close

| '''iı, ĭı''' /i/

| '''ĭ, ăı''' /ɨ/

| '''uı''' /ʉ/

| '''u''' /u/

|-

! style="" |Close-mid

| '''i, eı''' /e/

| '''ă''' /ə/

| '''oı''' /ɵ/

| '''o''' /o/

|-

! style="" |Open-mid

| '''e''' /ɛ/

|

|-

! style="" |Open

| '''aı, äı''' /æ/

|

| '''ä''' /a/

| '''a''' /ɒ/

|}

The diphthongs are '''ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''' /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/.

====Umlaut====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!normal

|| i || u || e || o || ă || ĭ || ä || á || ia || ua || ea || oa || ĭa

|-

!umlauted

|| iı || uı || eı || oı || ăı || ĭı || äı || áı || ieı || ueı || eaı || oeı || ĭeı

|}

Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa

TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement

===Consonants===

*Nasals: m bm hm n dn hn /~~m pm m̥ː~~ n tn n̥ː/

*Nasals:

**m bm bmm hm hmm /m pm bːm m̥ː m̥ːː/

**n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/

*Stops:

**p hp b hb ƀ /pʰ ʔpʰ p~b hp v/

**p pp hp hpp b bb hb hbb f /pʰ pːʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b pː hp hːp v~f/

**t ht d hd đ /tʰ ʔtʰ t~d ht ð/

**t tt ht htt d dd hd hdd th /tʰ tːʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d tː ht hːt ð~θ/

**~~c hc~~ z ~~hz ƶ~~ /tsʰ ʔtsʰ ts~dz hts z/

**ț țț hț hțț ḑ ḑḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ tsːʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz tsː hts hːts z/

**~~č hč~~ j ~~hj ɉ~~ /tʃʰ ʔtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ htʃ ʒ/

**c̦ c̦c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ ģģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ tʃːʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ tʃː htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/

**ξ hξ λ hλ ƛ /tɬʰ ʔtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ htɬ l/

**ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/

**~~k hk~~ g hg /kʰ ʔkʰ k~g hk/

**c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/

**q hq /~~qʰ ʔqʰ~~/

*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/

*Other resonants:

**l ll hl /ʟ ~~q χ~~/

**l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː ɢː χː χːː/

**r rr hr /~~r tr r̥~~/

**r rr drr hr hrr /ɾ tɾ dːɾ r̥ː r̥ːː/

**y yy hy /j cː ç/

**y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː ɟː çː çːː/

**w ww hw /w ~~kw xwː~~/

**w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/

**~~s ss š šš σ σσ h hh /s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː h xː/~~

The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto-Idavic *l, *ʕ, and often *q.

===Stress===

Stress is always initial, ~~except some~~ derivational prefixes.

Stress is always initial, ignoring derivational prefixes.

===Gradation===

~~Clusters~~ are ~~similar~~ to ~~Shalaian~~ clusters, ~~but some assimilate into geminates~~

There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'' and ''strong''. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.

====Simple consonants====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Weak

||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Strong

|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''<!--

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong

|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr'' || ''gyy'' || ''gww''-->

|}

====Historical geminates====

Geminates historically arose from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes, before gradation became morphologically significant. In Modern Netagin geminates almost always turned to preaspirated or preglottalized stops, except after resonants.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Weak

|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Strong

|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''

|}

====Clusters with resonants====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Cluster type

|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/)

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Weak

|| PIRI || RIRI || FIRI || RIXI || lXI

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Strong

|| PIIRI || RIRII || FItRI|| RIX: || qXI<!--

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong

|| PIIIRI || RIRIII || FIIRI || RIX: || llXI-->

|}

*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/

*X = obstruent

*P = stop

*F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/

*CI, CII, CIII = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade

*C: = geminate counterpart of an obstruent

====Stop-obstruent clusters====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Weak

|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Strong

|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../ || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../<!--

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong

|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg'' /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../-->

|}

====Sibilant-stop clusters====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Weak

|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ || ''łp, łt, łc'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/

|-

!style="width: 100px;"|Strong

|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/

|}

===Phonotactics===

Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.

==Morphology==

===Nouns===

Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers. ~~Grammatical gender~~ is ~~animate vs inanimate~~.

Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.

Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.

~~Todo~~: ~~Even and odd nouns~~

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"

|-

|+ Soft-stem noun: ''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale'

|-

! case

! singular !! plural

|-

!nominative

|''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ || ''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/

|-

!accusative

|''reawt'' /reəxʷtʰ/ || ''reawtă'' /reəxʷtʰə/

|-

!genitive

|''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ || ''reaıwtĭg'' /riexʷtʰɨk/

|}

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"

|-

|+ Hard-stem noun: ''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone'

|-

! case

! singular !! plural

|-

!nominative

|''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ || ''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/

|-

!accusative

|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmă'' /ʃuəɾəmə/

|-

!genitive

|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmăg'' /ʃuəɾəmək/

|}

===Declension===

====Possessive markers====

Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.

*''~~c̦uoll~~'' = a house (nominative singular)

*''c̦uall'' = a house (nominative singular)

*1s ''~~c̦uolăl~~''

*1s ''c̦ualăl''

*2s ''~~c̦uolădh~~''

*2s ''c̦ualăth''

*3s ''~~c̦uolla~~'' (a); ''~~c̦uolli~~'' (i)

*3s ''c̦ualla'' (a); ''c̦ualli'' (i)

*1d ''~~c̦uolăjăv~~''

*1d ''c̦ualăjăf''

*2d ''~~c̦uolniv~~''

*2d ''c̦uallănif''

*3d ''~~c̦uolăv~~''

*3d ''c̦uallăf''

*1p ''~~c̦uolăģ~~''

*1p ''c̦ualăģ''

*2p ''~~c̦uolni~~''

*2p ''c̦ualni''

*3p ''~~c̦uolăs~~''

*3p ''c̦uallăs''

*''~~c̦uol~~'' = a house (genitive singular)

*''c̦ual'' = a house (genitive singular)

*1s ''~~c̦uolăggăl~~''

*1s ''c̦ualăhcăl''

*2s ''~~c̦uolăggădh~~''

*2s ''c̦ualăhcăth''

*3s ''~~c̦uolăgg~~'' (a); ''~~c̦uoluy~~'' (i)

*3s ''c̦ualăg'' (a); ''c̦ualuy'' (i)

*1d ''~~c̦uolăggăjăv~~''

*1d ''c̦ualăhcăjăf''

*2d ''~~c̦uolăggăniv~~''

*2d ''c̦ualăgănif''

*3d ''~~c̦uolăggăv~~''

*3d ''c̦ualăgăf''

*1p ''~~c̦uolăggăģ~~''

*1p ''c̦ualăhcăģ''

*2p ''~~c̦uolăggni~~''

*2p ''c̦ualăgăni''

*3p ''~~c̦uolăggăs~~''

*3p ''c̦ualăgăs''

*''~~c̦uolădd~~'' = two houses (nominative dual) [dual ~~possessed~~ forms ~~don't depend on case]~~

*''c̦ualăhd'' = two houses (nominative dual); to form the dual genitive, attach the suffix -id to all these forms

*1s ''~~c̦uolăddăl~~''

*1s ''c̦ualăhdăl''

*2s ''~~c̦uolăddădh~~''

*2s ''c̦ualăhdăth''

*3s ''~~c̦uolăddud~~'' (a); ''~~c̦uolădduģ~~'' (i)

*3s ''c̦ualăhdud'' (a); ''c̦ualăhduģ'' (i)

*1d ''~~c̦uolăddăjăv~~''

*1d ''c̦ualăhdăjăf''

*2d ''~~c̦uolăddăniv~~''

*2d ''c̦ualăthănif''

*3d ''~~c̦uolăddăv~~''

*3d ''c̦ualăthăf''

*1p ''~~c̦uolăddăģ~~''

*1p ''c̦ualăhdăģ''

*2p ''~~c̦uolăddni~~''

*2p ''c̦ualăthăni''

*3p ''~~c̦uolăddăs~~''

*3p ''c̦ualăthăs''

*''~~c̦uollu~~'' = houses (nom pl)

*''c̦uallu'' = houses (nom pl)

*1s ''~~c̦uolul~~''

*1s ''c̦ualul''

*2s ''~~c̦uoludh~~''

*2s ''c̦ualuth''

*3s ''~~c̦uollud~~'' (a); ''~~c̦uolluģ~~'' (i)

*3s ''c̦uallud'' (a); ''c̦ualluģ'' (i)

*1d ''~~c̦uolujăv~~''

*1d ''c̦ualujăf''

*2d ''~~c̦uoluniv~~''

*2d ''c̦uallunif''

*3d ''~~c̦uoluv~~''

*3d ''c̦ualluf''

*1p ''~~c̦uoluģ~~''

*1p ''c̦ualuģ''

*2p ''~~c̦uoluni~~''

*2p ''c̦ualluni''

*3p ''~~c̦uolus~~''

*3p ''c̦uallus''

*''~~c̦uoluk~~'' = houses (gen pl)

*''c̦ualu'' = houses (gen pl)

*1s ''~~c̦uolugăl~~''

*1s ''c̦ualugăl''

*2s ''~~c̦uolugădh~~''

*2s ''c̦ualugăth''

*3s ''~~c̦uolugg~~'' (a); ''~~c̦uolluy~~'' (i)

*3s ''c̦ualuhc'' (a); ''c̦ualluy'' (i)

*1d ''~~c̦uolugăjăv~~''

*1d ''c̦ualugăjăf''

*2d ''~~c̦uolugăniv~~''

*2d ''c̦ualuhcănif''

*3d ''~~c̦uolugăv~~''

*3d ''c̦ualuhcăf''

*1p ''~~c̦uolugăģ~~''

*1p ''c̦ualugăģ''

*2p ''~~c̦uolugni~~''

*2p ''c̦ualuhcăni''

*3p ''~~c̦uolugăs~~''

*3p ''c̦ualuhcăs''

===Adjectives===

animate:

*nominative: ~~qoahđbi~~ /~~qʰoəθːpi~~/, ~~qoađbidd~~ /~~qʰoəðbidːt~~/, ~~qoađbun~~ /~~qʰoəðbun~~/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan

*nominative: qoeıdb /ˈqʰoetp/, qoeıthbehd /ˈqʰoəðbɪht/, qoathbun /ˈqʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan

*genitive: ~~qoađbăt~~ /~~qʰoəðbət~~/, ~~qoahđbinid~~ /~~qʰoəθ:pinid~~/, ~~qoahđbă~~ /~~qʰoəθ:pə~~/ <- *~~qũdbat~~, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii

*genitive: qoathbă /ˈqʰoəðbə/, qoeıthbehdid /ˈqʰoəðbɪhtɪt/, qoadbă /ˈqʰoətpə/ <- *qũdbak, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii

inanimate

*nominative: ~~qoahđb~~, ~~qoađbădd~~, ~~qoahđbu~~ <- *~~qũdbu~~, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa

*nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- *qũdbi, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa

*genitive: ~~qoađb~~, ~~qoahđbinid~~, ~~qoađbuk~~ <- *~~qũdbuk~~, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak

*genitive: qoathb, qoathbăhdid, qoathbu <- *qũdbik, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak

===Pronouns===

====Independent pronouns====

*1s ''hweal''

====Pronominal suffixes====

*2s ''hwead''

===Prepositions===

*1d ''hweażab''

As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in

*2d ''hweanib''

*1p ''hweaż''

Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative.

*2p ''hweani''

===Verbs===

====Suffixes and stem changes====

====Class 1====

====Class 2====

====Class 3====

==Syntax==

Line 156:

Line 324:

==Vocabulary==

Shalaian as major loan source?

[[Category:Idavic languages]]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |creator = [[User:IlL]]
 |name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
-|nativename = Năhtuovin
+|nativename = Năhtuıyin
 |pronunciation=
 |familycolor=dodellic
-|fam1=[[Shalaic]]
+|fam1=[[Idavic]]
-|setting = [[Verse:AETHER]]
+|fam2=[[Netagic]]
+|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
 |iso3=
 |notice=
 }}
-'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuovin'') is a Sami, Romanian and [[Windermere]]-inspired Shalaic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative.
+'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Idavic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the ''c̦''-series in Netagin.
-Netagin has notably developed Uralic-style consonant gradation. It also has non-rhoticity as a historical sound change, a sprachbund feature it shares with [[Shalaian]].
+Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
+*Preglottalization
+*Large vowel system
+*Historical non-rhoticity
+*Verb-initial syntax
+*Split-ergativity
+==Todo==
+Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)?
+yubmă = aroma
+Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?)
 ==About==
@@ Line 21: / Line 33: @@
 This is the sixth reincarnation of Netagin (my past Hebrew-inspired conlangs).
-I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic this time and see what sticks. I'm probably still going to take some aesthetic influence from [[Windermere]] and [[Skellan]].
+I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (mainly Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic and make the Hebrew influence much more subtle (at least phonologically).
 ===Internal history===
-Netagin, like its relative [[Shalaian]], is also inspired by Hebrew and Philadelphia English but Netagin is more [[Judeo-Gaelic]] and ___-inspired than [[Shalaian]].
+Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]).
+Both Netagin and Shalaian are used  as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.
 ===Internal² history===
-Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Shalaic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
-*Preglottalization
-*A large vowel system but no front rounded vowels
-*Historical non-rhoticity
-*Verb-initial syntax
-*Split-ergativity
-Unlike Shalaian, Netagin is a "satem" language, i.e. labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become palatalized.
 ==Phonology==
-"Sami but more Judeo-Gaelic and Windermere"
+"Northern + Skolt Sami but more Windermere and Tíogall"
 ===Vowels===
-/i ɨ u ɛ ɔ ə a iə uə eə oə ai əi əu/ ''i ĭ u e o ă a ie uo ea oa ai ăi ău''
-Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a uo e/ea i/ie o/oa u/uo ĭ/ă
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |
+! rowspan="2" |Front
+! colspan="2" |Central
+! rowspan="2" |Back
+|-
+! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
+! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
+|-
+! style="" |Close
+| '''iı, ĭı''' /i/
+| '''ĭ, ăı''' /ɨ/
+| '''uı''' /ʉ/
+| '''u''' /u/
+|-
+! style="" |Close-mid
+| '''i, eı''' /e/
+| '''ă''' /ə/
+| '''oı''' /ɵ/
+| '''o''' /o/
+|-
+! style="" |Open-mid
+| '''e''' /ɛ/
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+! style="" |Open
+| '''aı, äı''' /æ/
+|
+| '''ä''' /a/
+| '''a''' /ɒ/
+|}
+The diphthongs are '''ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''' /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/.
+====Umlaut====
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
+|-
+!normal
+|| i || u || e || o || ă || ĭ || ä || á || ia || ua || ea || oa || ĭa
+|-
+!umlauted
+|| iı || uı || eı || oı || ăı || ĭı || äı || áı || ieı || ueı || eaı || oeı || ĭeı
+|}
+Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa
+TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement
 ===Consonants===
-*Nasals: m bm hm n dn hn /m pm m̥ː n tn n̥ː/
+*Nasals:
+**m bm bmm hm hmm /m pm bːm m̥ː m̥ːː/
+**n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/
 *Stops:
-**p hp b hb ƀ /pʰ ʔpʰ p~b hp v/
+**p pp hp hpp b bb hb hbb f /pʰ pːʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b pː hp hːp v~f/
-**t ht d hd đ /tʰ ʔtʰ t~d ht ð/
+**t tt ht htt d dd hd hdd th /tʰ tːʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d tː ht hːt ð~θ/
-**c hc z hz ƶ /tsʰ ʔtsʰ ts~dz hts z/
+**ț țț hț hțț ḑ ḑḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ tsːʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz tsː hts hːts z/
-**č hč j hj ɉ /tʃʰ ʔtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ htʃ ʒ/
+**c̦ c̦c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ ģģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ tʃːʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ tʃː htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/
-**ξ hξ λ hλ ƛ /tɬʰ ʔtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ htɬ l/
+**ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/
-**k hk g hg /kʰ ʔkʰ k~g hk/
+**c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/
-**q hq /qʰ ʔqʰ/
+*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/
 *Other resonants:
-**l ll hl /ʟ q χ/
+**l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː ɢː χː χːː/
-**r rr hr /r tr r̥/
+**r rr drr hr hrr /ɾ tɾ dːɾ r̥ː r̥ːː/
-**y yy hy /j cː ç/
+**y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː ɟː çː çːː/
-**w ww hw /w kw xwː/
+**w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/
-**s ss š šš σ σσ h hh /s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː h xː/
+The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto-Idavic *l, *ʕ, and often *q.
 ===Stress===
-Stress is always initial, except some derivational prefixes.
+Stress is always initial, ignoring derivational prefixes.
 ===Gradation===
-Clusters are similar to Shalaian clusters, but some assimilate into geminates
+There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'' and ''strong''. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
+====Simple consonants====
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
+||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
+|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''<!--
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
+|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr''  || ''gyy'' || ''gww''-->
+|}
+====Historical geminates====
+Geminates historically arose from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes, before gradation became morphologically significant. In Modern Netagin geminates almost always turned to preaspirated or preglottalized stops, except after resonants.
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
+|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Strong<!-- = Overlong-->
+|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
+|}
+====Clusters with resonants====
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Cluster type
+|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/)
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
+|| P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub>
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
+|| P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub><!--
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
+|| P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub>-->
+|}
+*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
+*X = obstruent
+*P = stop
+*F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
+*C<sub>I</sub>, C<sub>II</sub>, C<sub>III</sub> = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
+*C: = geminate counterpart of an obstruent
+====Stop-obstruent clusters====
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
+|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
+|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../  || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../<!--
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
+|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg''  /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../-->
+|}
+====Sibilant-stop clusters====
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
+|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ || ''łp, łt, łc'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/
+|-
+!style="width: 100px;"|Strong <!--= Overlong-->
+|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/
+|}
+===Phonotactics===
+Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.
 ==Morphology==
 ===Nouns===
-Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers. Grammatical gender is animate vs inanimate.
+Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.
+Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.
-Todo: Even and odd nouns
+{{col-begin}}
+{{col-break}}
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
+|-
+|+ Soft-stem noun: ''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale'
+|-
+! case
+! singular !! plural
+|-
+!nominative
+|''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ || ''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/
+|-
+!accusative
+|''reawt'' /reəxʷtʰ/ || ''reawtă'' /reəxʷtʰə/
+|-
+!genitive
+|''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ || ''reaıwtĭg'' /riexʷtʰɨk/
+|}
+{{col-break}}
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
+|-
+|+ Hard-stem noun: ''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone'
+|-
+! case
+! singular !! plural
+|-
+!nominative
+|''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ || ''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/
+|-
+!accusative
+|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmă'' /ʃuəɾəmə/
+|-
+!genitive
+|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmăg'' /ʃuəɾəmək/
+|}
+{{col-end}}
+===Declension===
 ====Possessive markers====
 Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.
 {{col-begin}}
 {{col-break}}
-*''c̦uoll'' = a house (nominative singular)
+*''c̦uall'' = a house (nominative singular)
-*1s ''c̦uolăl''
+*1s ''c̦ualăl''
-*2s ''c̦uolădh''
+*2s ''c̦ualăth''
-*3s ''c̦uolla'' (a); ''c̦uolli'' (i)
+*3s ''c̦ualla'' (a); ''c̦ualli'' (i)
-*1d ''c̦uolăjăv''
+*1d ''c̦ualăjăf''
-*2d ''c̦uolniv''
+*2d ''c̦uallănif''
-*3d ''c̦uolăv''
+*3d ''c̦uallăf''
-*1p ''c̦uolăģ''
+*1p ''c̦ualăģ''
-*2p ''c̦uolni''
+*2p ''c̦ualni''
-*3p ''c̦uolăs''
+*3p ''c̦uallăs''
 {{col-break}}
-*''c̦uol'' = a house (genitive singular)
+*''c̦ual'' = a house (genitive singular)
-*1s ''c̦uolăggăl''
+*1s ''c̦ualăhcăl''
-*2s ''c̦uolăggădh''
+*2s ''c̦ualăhcăth''
-*3s ''c̦uolăgg'' (a); ''c̦uoluy'' (i)
+*3s ''c̦ualăg'' (a); ''c̦ualuy'' (i)
-*1d ''c̦uolăggăjăv''
+*1d ''c̦ualăhcăjăf''
-*2d ''c̦uolăggăniv''
+*2d ''c̦ualăgănif''
-*3d ''c̦uolăggăv''
+*3d ''c̦ualăgăf''
-*1p ''c̦uolăggăģ''
+*1p ''c̦ualăhcăģ''
-*2p ''c̦uolăggni''
+*2p ''c̦ualăgăni''
-*3p ''c̦uolăggăs''
+*3p ''c̦ualăgăs''
 {{col-break}}
-*''c̦uolădd'' = two houses (nominative dual) [dual possessed forms don't depend on case]
+*''c̦ualăhd'' = two houses (nominative dual); to form the dual genitive, attach the suffix -id to all these forms
-*1s ''c̦uolăddăl''
+*1s ''c̦ualăhdăl''
-*2s ''c̦uolăddădh''
+*2s ''c̦ualăhdăth''
-*3s ''c̦uolăddud'' (a); ''c̦uolădduģ'' (i)
+*3s ''c̦ualăhdud'' (a); ''c̦ualăhduģ'' (i)
-*1d ''c̦uolăddăjăv''
+*1d ''c̦ualăhdăjăf''
-*2d ''c̦uolăddăniv''
+*2d ''c̦ualăthănif''
-*3d ''c̦uolăddăv''
+*3d ''c̦ualăthăf''
-*1p ''c̦uolăddăģ''
+*1p ''c̦ualăhdăģ''
-*2p ''c̦uolăddni''
+*2p ''c̦ualăthăni''
-*3p ''c̦uolăddăs''
+*3p ''c̦ualăthăs''
 {{col-break}}
-*''c̦uollu'' = houses (nom pl)
+*''c̦uallu'' = houses (nom pl)
-*1s ''c̦uolul''
+*1s ''c̦ualul''
-*2s ''c̦uoludh''
+*2s ''c̦ualuth''
-*3s ''c̦uollud'' (a); ''c̦uolluģ'' (i)
+*3s ''c̦uallud'' (a); ''c̦ualluģ'' (i)
-*1d ''c̦uolujăv''
+*1d ''c̦ualujăf''
-*2d ''c̦uoluniv''
+*2d ''c̦uallunif''
-*3d ''c̦uoluv''
+*3d ''c̦ualluf''
-*1p ''c̦uoluģ''
+*1p ''c̦ualuģ''
-*2p ''c̦uoluni''
+*2p ''c̦ualluni''
-*3p ''c̦uolus''
+*3p ''c̦uallus''
 {{col-break}}
-*''c̦uoluk'' = houses (gen pl)
+*''c̦ualu'' = houses (gen pl)
-*1s ''c̦uolugăl''
+*1s ''c̦ualugăl''
-*2s ''c̦uolugădh''
+*2s ''c̦ualugăth''
-*3s ''c̦uolugg'' (a); ''c̦uolluy'' (i)
+*3s ''c̦ualuhc'' (a); ''c̦ualluy'' (i)
-*1d ''c̦uolugăjăv''
+*1d ''c̦ualugăjăf''
-*2d ''c̦uolugăniv''
+*2d ''c̦ualuhcănif''
-*3d ''c̦uolugăv''
+*3d ''c̦ualuhcăf''
-*1p ''c̦uolugăģ''
+*1p ''c̦ualugăģ''
-*2p ''c̦uolugni''
+*2p ''c̦ualuhcăni''
-*3p ''c̦uolugăs''
+*3p ''c̦ualuhcăs''
 {{col-end}}
 ===Adjectives===
 animate:
-*nominative: qoahđbi /qʰoəθːpi/, qoađbidd /qʰoəðbidːt/,  qoađbun /qʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
+*nominative: qoeıdb /ˈqʰoetp/, qoeıthbehd /ˈqʰoəðbɪht/,  qoathbun /ˈqʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
-*genitive: qoađbăt /qʰoəðbət/, qoahđbinid /qʰoəθ:pinid/,  qoahđbă /qʰoəθ:pə/ <- *qũdbat, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
+*genitive: qoathbă /ˈqʰoəðbə/, qoeıthbehdid /ˈqʰoəðbɪhtɪt/,  qoadbă /ˈqʰoətpə/ <- *qũdbak, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
 inanimate
-*nominative: qoahđb, qoađbădd, qoahđbu <- *qũdbu, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
+*nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- *qũdbi, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
-*genitive: qoađb, qoahđbinid, qoađbuk <- *qũdbuk, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak
+*genitive: qoathb, qoathbăhdid, qoathbu <- *qũdbik, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak
 ===Pronouns===
 ====Independent pronouns====
-*1s ''hweal''
+====Pronominal suffixes====
-*2s ''hwead''
+===Prepositions===
-*1d ''hweażab''
+As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in
-*2d ''hweanib''
-*1p ''hweaż''
+Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative.
-*2p ''hweani''
+===Verbs===
+====Suffixes and stem changes====
+====Class 1====
+====Class 2====
+====Class 3====
 ==Syntax==
@@ Line 156: / Line 324: @@
 ==Vocabulary==
 Shalaian as major loan source?
+[[Category:Idavic languages]]