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| {{Infobox language | | {{Infobox language |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| |nativename = κubrījā | | |nativename = *hak-kana3nījō |
| |image = | | |image = |
| |setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]] | | |setting = [[Verse:Irta]] |
| |name = Ancient Cubrite | | |name = Ancient Knench |
| |pronunciation = /'kʰubri:ja:/ | | |pronunciation = |
| |region = Cyprus | | |region = |
| |states = | | |states = |
| |speakers = | | |speakers = |
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| |fam2=Semitic | | |fam2=Semitic |
| |fam3=Central Semitic | | |fam3=Central Semitic |
| |fam4=Togarmo-Canaanite | | |fam4=Canaanite |
| |fam5=Canaanite
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| }} | | }} |
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| '''Ancient Cubrite''' (natively 𐤄𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤄𐤒𐤁𐤓𐤉𐤀 ''hal-lasōn haκ-κubrījā'' 'the Cubrite language' /ʔal'lasoːn ʔak'kʰubri:ja:/ or ''hal-lasōn hat-turūdījā'' 'the Druidic language') is the stage of [[Cubrite]] after the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the language of Near-East druidism, a form of Celtic druidism incorporating Semitic pagan elements, before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Cubrite. | | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". |
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| Ancient Cubrite developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Galatian. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Lõis. | | Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. |
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| Surviving literature in Ancient Cubrite includes bardic poetry; one Beowulf-length heroic epic, ''Tabarē Harδūr'' (Tales of Arthur); incantations; and instructions for various rituals.
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
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| *Vowel reduction: | | *Vowel reduction: |
| **final originally unstressed long > short | | **final originally unstressed long > short |
| *ā > ō > ū > ȳ?
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Orthography=== | | ===Orthography=== |
| Ancient Cubrite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | | Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions. |
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| Since Ancient Cubrite merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Cubrite merged: | | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: |
| * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/ |
| * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/ |
| * /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
| | * /ɬ/ and /{{š}}/ into /s{{ret}}/ |
| * /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | |
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| On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see [[Ancient Cubrite#Mutations|#Mutations]]).
| | [m f b~>v p{{phar}}˭~>p˭ n t{{den}}{{asp}} d{{den}}~>ð t{{den}}{{phar}}˭~>t{{den}}˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡s{{phar}}˭~>t͡s˭ s{{ret}} ʁ̃ χ k{{asp}} g~>ɣ k{{ret}}˭~>k˭ l{{den}} w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] '''m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h''' |
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| /m p b f v n t d tʰ θ ð ts s tsʰ ɬ ɣ̃ ħ k g kʰ x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ x γ l w y r h''}} | | /pˁ/ '''π''' was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic. |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike '''t k s'''. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways: |
| Ancient Cubrite retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels.
| | * ejective release: [p{{phar}}ʼ t{{den}}{{phar}}ʼ t͡s{{phar}}ʼ k{{ret}}ʼ] |
| | * aspirated release: [p{{phar}}{{asp}} t{{den}}{{phar}}{{asp}} t͡s{{phar}}{{asp}} k{{ret}}{{asp}}] |
| | * voiced release: [b{{phar}} d{{den}}{{phar}} d͡z{{phar}} g{{ret}}] |
| | * Alternatively, '''π ṭ q''' could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚]. |
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| '''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː aːː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | | It is thought that Late Ancient Knench '''b d z g''' were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/. |
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| Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' (Seoul Korean ''eo'') > ''ů'' (Seoul Korean ''o''), similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. |
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| ===Prosody=== | | ===Prosody=== |
| ====Stress==== | | ====Stress==== |
| There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Hebrew to Ancient Cubrite, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
| | Stress tends to be final |
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| # Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ā'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ā''.
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| # By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ōδ''.
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| # Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article ''haC-'', prepositions ''ka-'' 'and', ''li-'' 'dative', ''bi-'' 'locative/instrumental', ''miC-'' 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.
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| ====Intonation====
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| Finnish-like or Hungarian-like
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| ==Morphophonology==
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| ===Mutations===
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| Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:
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| *beth /p/ → /b/
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| *pe /f/ → /v/
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| *daleth /t/ → /d/
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| *taw /θ/ → /ð/
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| *gimel /k/ → /g/
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| *kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
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| *zayin /ts/ → /dz/
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| *samekh /s/ → /z/
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ====Independent====
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| *1sg: ''hani, ni''
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| *2sg: ''haθθa, θa'' (m); ''haθθe, θe'' (f)
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| *3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
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| *1pl: ''haħnu''
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| *2pl: ''haθθemma, θemma'' (m); ''haθθenna, θenna'' (f)
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| *3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)
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| ===Nouns===
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| ====Inflection====
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| The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔā-''.
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| Unstressed ''-ā'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́''. Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.
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| Often ''-ā'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
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| The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
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| Example with ''sūs'' 'horse' and ''sūsā'' 'female horse':
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Noun declension'''
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| ! number
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| !colspan=2| singular
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| !colspan=2| plural
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| |-
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| ! gender
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| ! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
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| |-
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| ! indef.
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sūs'' <br/> /suːs/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sūsā'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 ''sūsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sūsōδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! def.
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sūs'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːs/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sūsā'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 ''has-sūsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/
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| | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''has-sūsōδ'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! const.
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sūs'' <br/> /suːs/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sūsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sūsōδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/
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| |-
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| ! "my"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sūsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsai/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sūsuδajj'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðai/
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| |-
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| ! "thy" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sūsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sūsuδēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/
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| |-
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| ! "thy" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sūsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sūsuδēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/
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| |-
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| ! "his"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sūsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sūsaδō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅 ''sūsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅 ''sūsuδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/
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| |-
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| ! "her"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sūsâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sūsaδâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sūseyâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsejaːː/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sūsuδēyâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːjaːː/
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| |-
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| ! "our"
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sūsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sūsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍 ''sūsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍 ''sūsuδēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/
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| |-
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| ! "y'all's" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌 ''sūsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sūsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sūsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sūsuδēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/
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| |-
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| ! "y'all's" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sūsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sūsuδēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/
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| |-
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| ! "their" (m)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sūsām(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sūsaδām(u)'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ''sūsêm, sūsēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ''sūsuδêm, sūsuδēmu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/
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| |-
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| ! "their" (f)
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sūsān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sūsaδān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sūsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/
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| | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sūsuδên'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/
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| |}
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| TODO: Principal parts for segolates and other specific patterns
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| ====Other inflections====
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| The directive he reflects as ''-a''.
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hā́bā'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick').
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| A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix ''rō-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).
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| ===Verbs===
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| todo: get rid of 3fp forms
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| Ancient Cubrite used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''pôlêl'' and ''pôlal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Cubrite.
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| Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
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| *preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
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| *present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
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| *preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
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| *present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
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| *imperative
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| *cohortative ''-a''
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| *infinitive construct
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| *participles
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| The following verb forms lost their productivity:
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| *emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
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| *jussive (only survives in ''hayā'' 'to be')
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| *infinitive absolute
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| The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lō'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''xī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ Independent vs. dependent forms: example
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| ! || independent || dependent
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| |-
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| ! preterite
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| | waw-preterite: ''wayyōγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lō haγal''<br/>'he did not eat'
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| |-
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| ! present
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| | waw-stative: ''wāhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lō yōγal''<br/>'he does not eat'
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| |}
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| ====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ ''samar'' 'he kept'
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| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=2|preterite
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| ! <small>indep.</small>
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| | ''wêsmur''
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| | ''waθθesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmurī''
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| | ''wayyesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmur''
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| | ''wannesmur''
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| | ''waθθesmurū''
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| | ''waθθesmurna''
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| | ''wayyesmurū''
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| | ''waθθesmurna''
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| |-
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| ! <small>dep.</small>
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| | ''samarθi''
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| | ''samarθa''
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| | ''samarθe''
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| | ''samar''
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| | ''samarā''
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| | ''samarnu''
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| | ''samarθem''
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| | ''samarθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''samarū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|present
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wassamarθi''
| |
| | ''wassamarθa''
| |
| | ''wassamarθe''
| |
| | ''wassamar''
| |
| | ''wassamarā''
| |
| | ''wassamarnu''
| |
| | ''wassamarθem''
| |
| | ''wassamarθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wassamarū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurī''
| |
| | ''yesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''nesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| | ''yesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simur!''
| |
| | ''simurī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simurū!''
| |
| | ''simurna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|active participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''sōmḗr''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|passive participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''samū́r''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''simṓr''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|preterite
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wêxxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''wayyixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''wannixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''wayyixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''nixθabθi''
| |
| | ''nixθabθa''
| |
| | ''nixθabθe''
| |
| | ''nixθab''
| |
| | ''nixθabā''
| |
| | ''nixθabnu''
| |
| | ''nixθabθem''
| |
| | ''nixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''nixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|present
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wannixθabθi''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθa''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθe''
| |
| | ''wannixθab''
| |
| | ''wannixθabā''
| |
| | ''wannixθabnu''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθem''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wannixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''yixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''nixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''yixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδib!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibū!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''nixθāb''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hixxaδib''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''kittil'' 'he grew (sth)'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| preterite
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wâgattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilī''
| |
| | ''wayyagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''wannagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| | ''wayyagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''kittelθi''
| |
| | ''kittelθa''
| |
| | ''kittelθe''
| |
| | ''kittil''
| |
| | ''kittilā''
| |
| | ''kittelnu''
| |
| | ''kittelθem''
| |
| | ''kittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''kittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| present
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wakkittelθi''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθa''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθe''
| |
| | ''wakkittil''
| |
| | ''wakkittilā''
| |
| | ''wakkittelnu''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθem''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wakkittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''hagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilī''
| |
| | ''yagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''nagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| | ''yagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattil!''
| |
| | ''kattilī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattilū!''
| |
| | ''kattelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mugattil''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''kattil''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wâbdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīlī''
| |
| | ''wayyabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīl''
| |
| | ''wannabdīl''
| |
| | ''waθθabdīlū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| | ''wayyabdīlū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hibdelθi''
| |
| | ''hibdelθa''
| |
| | ''hibdelθe''
| |
| | ''hibdīl''
| |
| | ''hibdīlā''
| |
| | ''hibdelnu''
| |
| | ''hibdelθem''
| |
| | ''hibdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hibdīlū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêbdelθi''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθa''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθe''
| |
| | ''wêbdel''
| |
| | ''wêbdelā''
| |
| | ''wêbdelnu''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθem''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêbdelū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''habdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīlī''
| |
| | ''yabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīl''
| |
| | ''nabdīl''
| |
| | ''θabdīlū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| | ''yabdīlū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdel!''
| |
| | ''habdelī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdelū!''
| |
| | ''habdelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mabdīl''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''habdīl''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' 'he resented'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wâθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''wayyiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''wayyiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimā''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋimā''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''haθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''yiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimū!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''muθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Object suffixes====
| |
| *1sg: -ni
| |
| *2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
| |
| *3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ū), -ō (after C) (m); -â, -hâ (f)
| |
| *1pl: -nu
| |
| *2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
| |
| *3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)
| |
| | |
| ====Gzarot====
| |
| :''Main article: [[Ancient Cubrite/Gzarot]]''
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| *yōδ = direct object marker
| |
| *li- = to, for, of
| |
| *pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
| |
| *xamu- = like, as
| |
| *miC- = from
| |
| *ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
| |
| *wēn = without
| |
| *ya3n = because of
| |
| | |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| *xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
| |
| *ya3n = because
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Ancient Cubrite syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew, but more systematic and streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
| |
| | |
| ===Tense constructions===
| |
| Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
| |
| *Pluperfect: ''hayā'' or ''wayyê'' + perfect
| |
| *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
| |
| *Past imperfect: ''hayā'' or ''wayyê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
| |
| *Present: imperfect or waw-stative
| |
| *Future imperfective: ''yî'' or ''wāyā'' + imperfect
| |
| *Future perfective: ''wāyā'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahayā'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
| |
| *As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.
| |
| | |
| ===Uses of the infinitive construct===
| |
| Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
| |
| #la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
| |
| #there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
| |
| #ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
| |
| #more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lō jōʕīl hiwwasivō laθ-θessuᴋā'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
| |
| | |
| ===Narratives===
| |
| As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).
| |
| | |
| Hypothetical example:
| |
| :'''''wayyê vaȝm waθθê lāħamā, pōdīγā smâ. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋā, hinni hajāδā rō-ħōljaδ hābā.'''''
| |
| :''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
| |
| | |
| ===Wishes===
| |
| Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
| |
| :'''''ħajjōδ hā-hasirōδ wa jagallū niᴛavōδ ham-mumallihōδ bā-harc xullâ wa baθ-θōruκā bâ.'''''
| |
| :''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
| |
| | |
| A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Ancient Cubrite vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
| |
| ===Derivation===
| |
| ====Mishkalim====
| |
| *ᴋaᴛāl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛōl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīlā = noun pattern
| |
| *masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīm (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
| |
| *feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlā, ᴋiᴛlā, ᴋuᴛlā, pl. ᴋVᴛalōδ
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalā (''paraγā'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛilā
| |
| *ᴋaᴛulā (''kadulā'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħā'' 'radiance')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ā) = diminutive
| |
| *meᴋᴛal(ā) = often place
| |
| *maᴋᴛel(ā) = instrument
| |
| *meᴋᴛōl
| |
| *meᴋᴛul(ā)
| |
| *θaᴋᴛilā, θeᴋᴛulā
| |
| *ᴋaᴛlōn
| |
| *ᴋiᴛᴛalōn
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛal(ā) = agentive
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛelā = disease
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛulā
| |
| *θaᴋᴛelā
| |
| *θeᴋᴛulā = system of, art of, study of
| |
| | |
| ====Affixes====
| |
| *''-î'' (feminine ''-īyā''): adjective-forming affix
| |
| *''-ūδ'': abstract noun suffix
| |
| *''hī-'': un-, non-
| |
| | |
| ===Examples of Celtic vocabulary===
| |
| | |
| ==Sample texts==
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| ===An incantation===
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| The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Cubrite poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
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| [...]
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| ===A ritual===
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| ===An excerpt===
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| ==Modern uses==
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| Modern adaptations of Proto-Azalic and Ancient Cubrite are used in certain New Age spiritual communities in Lõis, with ad hoc and often divergent pronunciation systems, as modern Levantine sprachbund languages do not have the phonation distinctions of the ancient languages.
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| ==Lexicon==
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| ===h===
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| *''hā́bā'' = love
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| *''hilô'' (pl. ''hilṓhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
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| *''hasírā'' = the spirit of a tree
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| *''hinni'' = but
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| ===p===
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| *''pēδ'' = house
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| ===k===
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| ===t===
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| ===w===
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| ===z===
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| *''zadā'' = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
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| *''zīdā'' = wrongness, injustice
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| *''zaruħā'' = radiance
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| ===ħ===
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| *''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
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| *''ħabaK'' = to hug, to embrace
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| ===ᴛ===
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| ===j===
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| ===x===
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| *x-p-t
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| **''xabed'' 'liver'
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| **''xabid'' 'heavy'
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| **''xabōd'' 'honor'
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| **''xippid'' 'to honor'
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| **''xabudā'' 'esteemed position'
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| ***''hax-xabudā'' 'sir, ma'am'
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| **''maxped'' 'scale, balance'
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| *''xin'' 'and'
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| ===l=== | | == Morphology == |
| ===m=== | | === Adjectives === |
| ===n===
| | ṭůb, ṭůbṓ, ṭůbī́m, ṭůbů́t |
| *n-ᴛ-f
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| **''níᴛfā'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
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| ===s===
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| ===ȝ===
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| *''ȝarábā'' = willow
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| ===f===
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| *''fárrā'' = cow
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| ===c===
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| ===ᴋ===
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| ===r===
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| *''rimmṓn'' = pomegranate
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| ===θ===
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | | [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] |