Tevrés: Difference between revisions

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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés'''''<br><span style=font-size:18px;">'''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''</span>

| '''Genealogical classification:'''

| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- [[Aeranir]]<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''''- Tevrés'''''

|-

| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]

| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional

| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment

| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''

| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020<br/>Status: In Progress

|}

'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria.  It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]].  It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA.  Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in.  Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.

The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled.  The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''.  The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead.  The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.

===Vowels===

 

=== Dialects ===

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}

! ł, łł*

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}

| ''łana'' ('flower')

| ''corezos'' ('counties')

! ł**

| ''veła'' ('life')

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}

* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.

* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.

 

Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: <small>Northern</small> {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, <small>Southern</small> {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: <small>Northern</small> {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, <small>Southern</small> {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}).  This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.

==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====

 

Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme.  The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones.  In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.

 

 

Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés. Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing.  This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker.  In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').

| uy cueres llavas

| ul as pruviós llo gotejo

| uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel

| tego uy res sevol nen ma

| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma

| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres''<br>the count's law

| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres''<br>the law which governs the count

| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres''<br> the law the count creates

| llo soriejo a-hego zi garinos

| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL

|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}

 

| avron en-canta llan zellan lla yumas

 

The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms.  It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument.  In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb. In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor.  Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.

 

| lla cossa cañiólam tantos

| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL

 

| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG

| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'

}}

| cosso cantiólam muzrina

| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG

| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'

}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes

| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG

! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive

| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''

| rowspan="4" | ''ula''

| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''

| ''ulo''

| ''ulon''

| ''ulan''

| ''ten''

| ''ula''

| ''ulos''

| ''ulas''

| łanan zaste llos rieles ma

| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo

| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG

| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}  

| ul as zava avro lla zella

 

 

 

 

 

 

| vejarten serquió zi garina

| vejarten serquiol zi garina

| vejarten serquiós zi garino

| ''-ás''<br>''-ís''<br>''-és''

| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''

| ''-ol''<br>''-iol''<br>''-iol''

| ''-olas''<br>''-iolas''<br>''-iolas''

| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''

| ''-om''<br>''-iom''<br>''-iom''

| ''-od''<br>''-iod''<br>''-iod''

| ''-ólam''<br>''-iólam''<br>''-iólam''

| ''-ólad''<br>''-iólad''<br>''-iólad''

| ''-ón''<br>''-ión''<br>''-ión''

| ''-és''

| ''-ás''<br>''-ís''<br>''-és''

| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''

| ''-ós''<br>''-iós''<br>''-iós''

| ''-om''<br>''-iom''<br>''-iom''

| ''-od''<br>''-iod''<br>''-iod''

| ''-ón''<br>''-ión''<br>''-ión''

| ''-és''

Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument.  There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''

| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''