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| '''Modern Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית מאדערנית}} ''ivris modernis'' /ʔivˈʀis moˈdɛʀnis/), also known as '''Israeli Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית ישראלית}} ''ivris yisre'eilis''), was revived based on the [[w:Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi pronunciation]] of the [[w:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian vocalization]].
| | == Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) == |
| | <poem> |
| | דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת |
| | וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת |
| | נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת |
| | שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת |
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| ==Phonology==
| | דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי |
| ===Consonants===
| | וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי |
| The Hebrew word for consonants is ''‘itzurį́'' ({{heb|עיצורים}}). The following table lists the Hebrew consonants and their pronunciation in [[IPA]] transcription:
| | נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי |
| | שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה |
| |+Consonants
| | וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה |
| |-
| | נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה |
| !
| | שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא |
| ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
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| ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
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| ![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
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| ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
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| ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
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| !colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
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| ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
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| | {{IPA|m}}
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| | {{IPA|n}}
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| |colspan=2|
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
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| |{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
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| |{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
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| |{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
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| | colspan=2|
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| | ({{IPA|ʔ}})
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
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| | {{IPA|ts}}
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| | {{IPA|tʃ}} {{IPA|dʒ}}
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| |colspan=2|
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
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| | {{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}
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| | {{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}
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| | {{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}}
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| | {{IPA|χ}} || rowspan=2|{{IPA|ʁ}}
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| | ({{IPA|h}})
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| |{{IPA|l}}
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| |{{IPA|j}}
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| |{{IPA|w}}
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| |}
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| /ʔ/ and /h/ is often reduced to vowel voice distinctions (creakiness and breathiness respectively) or silenced altogether.
| | אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר |
| | הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר |
| | וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר |
| | שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר |
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| ===Vowels===
| | הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא |
| Israeli Hebrew has 7 oral vowels and 6 nasal vowels, one of the largest vowel inventories to occur in any Semitic language and one of the few ones with nasal vowels (also cf. [[w:Inor language|Inor]]). Nasal vowels arise from historical oral vowels before a nasal coda. Vowels are also nasalized allophonically before nasal consonants.
| | בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה |
| | וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה |
| | לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה |
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| {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
| | דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ |
| ![[Phoneme]]
| | וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ |
| ! colspan=4|Example
| | נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ |
| |-
| | שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ |
| |{{IPA|/ɐ/}}
| | </poem> |
| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐˈdø̃/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼadø̨''
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| | {{heb|אדון}}
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| |'lord, sir'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ɐ̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐ̃ˈtsi/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼątzi''
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| | {{heb|אמציא}}
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| |'I will invent'
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| |{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔɛvẽ/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼévę''
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| | {{heb|אבן}}
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| |'stone'
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| |{{IPA|/e/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔezɛʁ/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼếzer''
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| | {{heb|עזר}}
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| |'aid'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ẽ/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔẽ/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼę''
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| | {{heb|אין}}
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| |'there is no'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/i/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔiʃ/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼiš''
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| | {{heb|איש}}
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| |'man'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ɪ̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɪ̃/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼį''
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| | {{heb|אם}}
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| |'if'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/o/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔov/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼov''
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| | {{heb|אב}}
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| |'father'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɔ̃/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼǫ''
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| | {{heb|עם}}
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| |'people, nation'
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| |{{IPA|/ø/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔøʁ/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼør''
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| | {{heb|אור}}
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| |'light'
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| |{{IPA|/ø̃~ə̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔoˈsø̃/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼosø̨''
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| | {{heb|אתון}}
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| |'jenny'
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| |{{IPA|/u/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔäduˈmo/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼadumo''
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| | {{heb|אדומה}}
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| |'red' (f. sg.)
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ʊ̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔʊ̃ˈnɔ̃/}}</span>
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| | ''ʼųnǫ''
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| | {{heb|אומנם}}
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| |'indeed'
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| |}
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| Vowels tend to reduce in unstressed syllables: /ɛ/ reduces to [ə], /ø/ to [ɵ], /u/ to [ʉ], and /i/ to [ɪ]. | | == East Asian readings == |
| | Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops |
| | === Mandarin Hebrew === |
| | === Korean Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/ |
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| ==Grammar==
| | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/ |
| Modern Hebrew no longer observes the distinction between masculine plural and feminine plural pronouns, phonetically or orthographically (an edge case remains in the numeral + pronoun complexes שנינו/שתינו ''šnếnu/štếnu'' 'we two (m/f)', שניכם/שתיכם ''šnếchę/štếchę'' 'you two (m/f)' and שניהם/שתיהם ''šnếhę/štếhę'' 'they two (m/f)'). Gender in plural remains almost exclusively in nouns, adjectives, and the (participial) present tense, and numerals. Hence הלכתם (''holáchtę'' 'y'all went'); אתם הולכים\הולכות (''atę hølchį/hølchøs'' 'y'all go' (mp/fp)).
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| ==Sample==
| | Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte |
| <p align=right><span dir="rtl">רוח הצפון והשמש נכנסו פעם לויכוח, מי מהם חזקה יותר - והנה בא לקראתם הולך רגל, עטוף במעיל חם. השתים השכימו, שזאת אשר תצליח ראשונה להפשיט את האיש ממעילו, תיחשב כחזקה יותר. אז נשבה הרוח חזק ככל שייך לה - אבל ככל שנשבה יותר, כן התעטף האיש במעילו ביתר שאת, ולבסוף ויתרה הרוח על כל ניסיון נוסף. אז התחילה השמש להפיץ את קרניה החמות, ומיד פשט הולך הרגל את מעילו. וכך נאצלה הרוח להודות, שהשמש הזקה ממנה.</span></p>
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| /ʁʉɐχ hɐt͡sofɔ̃ vɛhɐʃɛmɛʃ niχnɛsʉ pɐʔɐ̃ lɛvikʉɐχ mi mehẽ χɐzoko jøseʁ | vɛˈhine bo likʁɐsɔ̃ høleχ ʁɛgɛl ʔɐtʉf bimʔil χɐ̃ | hɐʃtɐ̃ɪ̃ hiskimʉ ʃɛzøs ʔɐʃɛʁ tɐt͡sliɐχ ʁiʃøno lɛhɐfʃit ʔɛs hoʔiʃ mimʔilø teχɐʃev kɐχɐzɐko jøseʁ | ʔoz noʃvo hoʁʉɐχ χozok kɛχol ʃɐjoχ lo | ʔɐvol kɛχol ʃɛnoʃvo jøseʁ kẽ hisʔɐtef hoʔiʃ bimʔilø bɛjeseʁ sɛʔes | ʔʉlɛvɐsøf vitro hoʁʉɐχ ʔɐl kol nisojø̃ nøsof | ʔoz hisχilo hɐʃɛmɛʃ lɛhofit͡s ʔɛs kɐʁneho hɛχɐmøs | ʔʉmijod poʃɐt høleχ hoʁɛgɛl ʔɛs mɛʔilø | vɛχoχ nɛʔɛt͡slo hoʁʉɐχ lɛhødøs ʃɛhɐʃɛmɛʃ χɐzoko mimeno/ | | === Japanese Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}] |
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| | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/ |