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| '''Modern Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית מאדערנית}}, ''ivris modernis'' or ), also known as '''Israeli Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית ישראלית}} ''ivris yisre'eilis''), was revived based on the [[w:Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi pronunciation]].
| | == Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) == |
| | <poem> |
| | דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת |
| | וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת |
| | נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת |
| | שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת |
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| ==Phonology==
| | דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי |
| ===Consonants===
| | וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי |
| The Hebrew word for consonants is ''‘itzurį́'' ({{heb|עיצורים}}). The following table lists the Hebrew consonants and their pronunciation in [[IPA]] transcription:
| | נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי |
| | שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה |
| |+Consonants
| | וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה |
| |-
| | נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה |
| !
| | שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא |
| ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| |
| ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| |
| ![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
| |
| ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
| |
| ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
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| !colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
| |
| ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
| |
| |-align=center
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| ![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
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| | {{IPA|m}}
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| | {{IPA|n}}
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| |colspan=2|
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
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| |{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}
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| |{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}
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| |{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}
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| | colspan=2|
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| | {{IPA|ʔ}}
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
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| | {{IPA|ts}}
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| | {{IPA|tʃ}} {{IPA|dʒ}}
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| |colspan=2|
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
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| | {{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}
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| | {{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}
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| | {{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}}
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| | {{IPA|χ}} || rowspan=2|{{IPA|ʁ}}
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| | {{IPA|h}}
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| |-align=center
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| ![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
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| |{{IPA|l}}
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| |{{IPA|j}}
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| |{{IPA|w}}
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
| | אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר |
| Israeli Hebrew has 7 oral vowels and 6 nasal vowels, one of the largest vowel inventories to occur in any Semitic language and one of the few ones with nasal vowels (also cf. [[w:Inor language|Inor]]). Vowels tend to reduce in unstressed syllables.
| | הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר |
| | וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר |
| | שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר |
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| {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
| | הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא |
| ![[Phoneme]]
| | בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה |
| ! colspan=3|Example
| | וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה |
| |-
| | לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה |
| |{{IPA|/ɐ/}}
| |
| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐˈdø̃/}}</span>
| |
| | {{heb|אדון}}
| |
| |'lord, sir'
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{IPA|/ɐ̃/}}
| |
| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɐ̃ˈtsi/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אמציא}}
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| |'I will invent'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔɛvẽ/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אבן}}
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| |'stone'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/e/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔezɛʁ/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|עזר}}
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| |'aid'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ẽ/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔẽ/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אין}}
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| |'there is no'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/i/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔiʃ/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|איש}}
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| |'man'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ɪ̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɪ̃/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אם}}
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| |'if'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/o/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔov/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אב}}
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| |'father'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ɔ̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔɔ̃/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|עם}}
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| |'people, nation'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ø/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔøʁ/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אור}}
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| |'light'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ø̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔoˈsø̃/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אתון}}
| |
| |'jenny'
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/u/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔäduˈmo/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אדומה}}
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| |'red' (f. sg.)
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| |-
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| |{{IPA|/ʊ̃/}}
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| | <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔʊ̃ˈnɔ̃/}}</span>
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| | {{heb|אומנם}}
| |
| |'indeed'
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| |}
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| ==Grammar== | | דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ |
| Modern Hebrew no longer observes the distinction between masculine plural and feminine plural pronouns, phonetically or orthographically (an edge case remains in the numeral + pronoun complexes שנינו/שתינו ''šnếnu/štếnu'' 'we two (m/f)', שניכם/שתיכם ''šnếchę/štếchę'' 'you two (m/f)' and שניהם/שתיהם ''šnếhę/štếhę'' 'they two (m/f)'). Gender in plural remains almost exclusively in nouns, adjectives, and the (participial) present tense, and numerals. Hence הלכתם (''holáchtę'' 'y'all went'); אתם הולכים\הולכות (''atę hølchį/hølchøs'' 'y'all go' (mp/fp)).
| | וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ |
| | נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ |
| | שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ |
| | </poem> |
| | |
| | == East Asian readings == |
| | Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops |
| | === Mandarin Hebrew === |
| | === Korean Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/ |
| | |
| | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/ |
| | |
| | Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte |
| | |
| | === Japanese Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}] |
| | |
| | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/ |