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| ==Sprachbünde== | | =Arabic orthography for Thedish= |
| ===Levant===
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| ===Eastern Europe===
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| ===British===
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| *Phonological features inspired by Proto-Inuit -> Greenlandic sound changes
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| *Evidentiality
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| *(Split) ergativity
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| ===Indus=== | | =American Hmong= |
| ===Paleo-Iranian===
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| Retroflex consonants
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| ===South India and Southeast Asia===
| | Lõisian orthography for American Hmong dialects |
| No retroflexes? Pandoga and Palkhan would be typologically unusual
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| ===South Africa===
| | ogoneks for nasal vowels |
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| ==Ethio-IE and Ethio-Semitic==
| | Hmong w: written <ü> |
| '''Habesīnan''' is an Indo-European language, spoken in Ethiopia in [[Lõis]]. In modern times it's mostly used as a liturgical and classical language, with the majority of the population speaking [[Togarmite]].
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| ==Paḷkhan== | | tones: |
| | *no marker = no tone letter |
| | *´ = b |
| | *` = s |
| | *double vowel with the second getting ´ = v |
| | *double vowel with the second getting ` = j |
| | *h = g |
| | *´' = d |
| | *`' = m |
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| Inspired by Kannada and Marathi
| | Orthography: b d dr j g qg p t tr ch k q = RPA p t r c k q ph th rh ch kh qh |
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| Some nativized (''tadbhava'') Sanskrit words
| | f v sh zh s hy h = RPA f v s z x xy h |
| *ṇnima [ɽ̃n̪imɐ] "full moon" <- *puṇnima <- Sanskrit pūrṇimā
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| *pyaḷda "forest" <- ati-vṛddha "overgrown"
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| *mhoṇa "monk" <- śramaṇa
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| Proto-Palkhan -> Palkhan has an almost consistent stress shift to the second syllable causing the first syllable to get elided; this creates the retroflex-dental clusters and wreaks havoc with the morphology if there happen to be prefixes
| | =German Turkish?= |
| | Turkish orthography in Lõis's Germany |
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| separate words for numbers from 1 to 99
| | Bütün Insanlar hür, Hajsijet we Haklar bakymyndan eszit doġarlar. Akyl we Wiz̀dana sahibtirler we birbirlerine karszy Kardeszlig Zihnijeti ile Hareket etmelidirler. |
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| Palkhan borrows more from Sanskrit (even some derivational affixes) than Pandoga
| | French words are spelled etymologically |
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| ==Indian grammatical tradition== | | =Vinnish= |
| Includes historical linguistics? they may study the relationship between Greek and Sanskrit and develop a deep orthography that fits both (that could be Panini's claim to fame in Lõis!)
| | "Vinskt mâl" |
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| ==Polish Azalic==
| | zh for r from PGmc z? both r and zh can sound like the Greenlandic r |
| Inspired by Scots and Yiddish
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| ==Another IE branch==
| | q found in Inuit loans and random changes in Norse? |
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| t d dh -> tʰ d t
| | þ -> t change can be complete as in Faroese; đ sometimes becomes l |
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| spoken in Albania?
| | preserves and standardizes verb conjugations with clitic pronouns like -tu/-u for 2sg and -k for 1sg; officially VSO from insular Celtic influence? |
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| PIE: h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
| | Mainland Scandinavian-style nominal declension levelling but weird -- some nouns pluralize in m or with u-umlaut and no suffix? |
| *Proto-Mixolydian (tentative name): avī yasmī wilnō ne estʰ, sa ečʰwąs derčitʰ. sa girrų wačą wečetʰ, sa mēǰą parą; sa manį āčʰu peretʰ.
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| **Nomadic Mixolydian (with Grimm): avī yasmī wilnō ne est, sa ešwąs deršiθ. sa girrų wačą wečeθ, sa mēǰą parą; sa manį āšu pereθ.
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| ***Levantine Mixolydian: contributed some words to English
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| **Classical Mixolydian: avyō, kʰō vilnōm ne tare, etʰvās vaide. mą girrų vaθą veθei, mą mēðą perą veθei; tʰu mą nērą kʰirsvą perei. ''Greek transcription'': αϝιώ, χώ ϝιλνώμ νε ταρε, εθϝάς ϝαιδε. μαν γιρρυν ϝαϸαν ϝεϸει, μαν μέζαν περαν ϝεϸει, θυ μαν νέραν χιρσϝαν περει.
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| ===Declension=== | | =Esperanto= |
| *wilkʰas (wolf), wilkʰą, wilkʰasya, wilkʰai, wilkʰāt, wilkʰai; wilkʰās, wilkʰās, wilkʰą̄, wilkʰamas, wilkʰamis, wilkʰasu | | |
| | Some differences between Esperanto as we know it and Lõisian Esperanto: |
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| | * Pronouns are mi, ci, ri, ni, vi, ili, oni |
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| | * Transitive verbs in transitive-intransitive pairs are always marked with a causative; the passive for these verbs is used for changes of state. |
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| | * -icho is standard for specifically masculine nouns. |
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| | * more noun cases (ergative at least) |