Verse:Irta/Knench/Ancient: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤕
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Druidic Canaanite
|name = Ancient Knench
|pronunciation = /xənaɣ̃ˈniːð/
|pronunciation =  
|region = Cyprus
|region =  
|states =  
|states =  
|speakers =  
|speakers =  
Line 15: Line 14:
|fam2=Semitic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=North Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
|fam5=Canaanite
|fam6=(Pre-Exilic) Biblical Hebrew
}}
}}


'''Druidic Canaanite''' (natively 𐤀𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤀𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤕 ''ʔal-lašón ʔaχ-χanaȝníδ'' /ʔallaˈʃon ʔaxxanaɣ̃ˈniːð/) is the stage of [[Xnánið]] between the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew ca. 6th century BC and ca. 5th century CE. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the liturgical language of Near-East druidism before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Xnánið.  
'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".


Druidic Canaanite developed in isolation from Jewish Hebrew in Cyprus and was influenced by [[Cypriot Celtic]]. It is a separate lineage from the Post-Exilic Jewish reading traditions that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish reading traditions.
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*Long and overlong vowels?
*When should matres lectionis be used?
*When should matres lectionis be used?
*some a-priori roots
*Vowel reduction:
**final originally unstressed long > short


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Religious texts were vocalized but not completely, hence it is reconstructed on the basis of Modern Canaanite and Tiberian Hebrew.
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged:
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/
* /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /ɬ/ and /{{š}}/ into /s{{ret}}/
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)


/m p b f v n t d th θ ð ts~dz s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g kh x ɣ l w j r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w y r''}}
[m f b~>v p{{phar}}˭~>p˭ n t{{den}}{{asp}} d{{den}}~>ð t{{den}}{{phar}}˭~>t{{den}}˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡s{{phar}}˭~>t͡s˭ s{{ret}} ʁ̃ χ k{{asp}} g~>ɣ k{{ret}}˭~>k˭ l{{den}} w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] '''m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h'''


/l/ allophonically velarized before C.
/pˁ/ '''π''' was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic.
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:


*beth /p/ → /b/
Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike '''t k s'''. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways:
*pe /f/ → /v/
* ejective release: [p{{phar}}ʼ t{{den}}{{phar}}ʼ t͡s{{phar}}ʼ k{{ret}}ʼ]
*daleth /t/ → /d/
* aspirated release: [p{{phar}}{{asp}} t{{den}}{{phar}}{{asp}} t͡s{{phar}}{{asp}} k{{ret}}{{asp}}]
*taw /θ/ → /ð/
* voiced release: [b{{phar}} d{{den}}{{phar}} d͡z{{phar}} g{{ret}}]
*gimel /k/ → /g/
* Alternatively, '''π ṭ q''' could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚].
*kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
 
*zayin /ts/ → /dz/
It is thought that Late Ancient Knench '''b d z g''' were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/.
*samekh/sin /s/ → /z/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''a e i o u á é í ó ú''' /a e i o u a: e: i: o: u:/
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' (Seoul Korean ''eo'') > ''ů'' (Seoul Korean ''o''), similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.
 
Long vowels were a result of dropped aleph and he.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress was penultimate for most words.
Stress tends to be final
 
====Intonation====
===Morphophonology===
==Grammar==
Still basically Hebrew (except with penultimate stress), with inflected verbs.
 
Syntax was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic.
===Pronouns===
====Independent====
*1sg: ''ʔáni''
*2sg: ''ʔátta'' (m), ''ʔátte'' (f)
*3sg: ''ʔū'' (m), ''ʔī'' (f)
*1pl: ''ʔáħnu, náħnu''
*2pl: ''ʔattémma'' (m), ''ʔatténna'' (f)
*3pl: ''ʔémma'' (m), ''ʔénna'' (f)
 
===Nouns===
====Inflection====
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔá-''.
 
The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-a'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-a'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-im'' and unstressed ''-oδ'', from Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.
 
Sometimes ''-a'' is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has ''-t'', and vice versa.
 
The construct state was not entirely predictable but not as "hard" as Tiberian Hebrew. Feminine singular nouns in ''-a'' had a construct state in ''-aδ''.
 
Example with ''sus'' 'horse' and ''susa'' 'female horse':
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
! number
!colspan=2| singular
!colspan=2| plural
|-
! gender
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sus'' <br/> /sus/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''susa'' <br/> /ˈsusa/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''susim'' <br/> /ˈsusim/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''susoδ''  <br/> /ˈsusoð/
|-
! def.
| 𐤀𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''ʔas-sus'' <br/> /ʔassus/
| 𐤀𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''ʔas-susa'' <br/> /ʔasˈsusa/
| 𐤀𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''ʔas-susim'' <br/> /ʔasˈsusim/
| 𐤀𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''ʔas-susoδ''  <br/> /ʔasˈsusoð/
|-
! const.
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sus'' <br/> /sus/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''susaδ'' <br/> /ˈsusað/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''suse'' <br/> /ˈsuse/
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''susoδ''  <br/> /ˈsusoð/
|}
 
Possessive suffixes were as follows:
*1sg: ''sus'''i''''' 'my horse', pl. ''sus'''āy''''' 'my horses'
*2sg.m: ''sus'''aγ''''', pl. ''sus'''eγa'''''
*2sg.f: ''sus'''eγ''''', pl. '''suseγe'''''
*3sg.m: ''sus'''o''''', pl. ''sus'''ayo'''''
*3sg.f: ''sus'''ā''''', pl. ''sus'''ayā'''''
*1pl: ''sus'''anu''''', pl. ''sus'''aynu'''''
*2pl: ''sus'''xem/n''', pl. ''sus'''ayγem/n''''' (-m for masculine, -n for feminine)
*3pl: ''sus'''am/n''''', pl. ''sus'''ēm/n''''' (-m for masculine, -n for feminine)
 
===Adjectives===
The most common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix ''ro-'' (borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns.
 
===Verbs===
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use.
 
Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
*Past/Perfect/Stative (from the BH perfect)
*Non-past/Imperfect (from the BH imperfect)
**Energic nun for emphasis or wishes
*Imperative
*Infinitive construct
*Infinitive absolute
*Participle
 
The Biblical Hebrew waw-consecutive and jussive forms were lost.
 
==Derivation==
===Mishkalim===
Todo: new Druidic Hebrew mishkalim
*masculine segolates: CaCəC, CiCəC, CuCəC
*feminine segolates: CaCCa, CiCCa, CuCCa
*CaCaCa
*CaCuCa
 
==Sample texts==
==Lexicon==
===ʔ===
*''ʔilṓ'' (pl. ''ʔilóʔim'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
*''ʔəšéra'' = tree as a spiritual object


===n===
== Morphology ==
*n-ᴛ-f
=== Adjectives ===
**''níᴛfa'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
ṭůb, ṭůbṓ, ṭůbī́m, ṭůbů́t
===ȝ===
*''ȝarába'' = willow
===r===
*''rimmón'' = pomegranate


===š===
===ś===
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 18:04, 6 May 2026

Ancient Knench
*hak-kana3nījō
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Irta
Afro-Asiatic
  • Semitic
    • Central Semitic
      • Canaanite
        • Ancient Knench

Ancient Knench, also called "Punic" in Irta (natively *hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of Knench, first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern Knench. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".

Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.

Todo

  • When should matres lectionis be used?
  • some a-priori roots
  • Vowel reduction:
    • final originally unstressed long > short

Phonology

Orthography

Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions.

Consonants

Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:

  • /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/
  • /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/
  • /ɬ/ and /ʃ/ into /s̠/

[m f b~>v pˁ˭~>p˭ n t̪ʰ d̪~>ð t̪ˁ˭~>t̪˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡sˁ˭~>t͡s˭ s̠ ʁ̃ χ kʰ g~>ɣ k̠˭~>k˭ l̪ w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h

/pˁ/ π was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic.

Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike t k s. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways:

  • ejective release: [pˁʼ t̪ˁʼ t͡sˁʼ k̠ʼ]
  • aspirated release: [pˁʰ t̪ˁʰ t͡sˁʰ k̠ʰ]
  • voiced release: [bˁ d̪ˁ d͡zˁ g̠]
  • Alternatively, π ṭ q could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚].

It is thought that Late Ancient Knench b d z g were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/.

Vowels

Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ā > ō (Seoul Korean eo) > ů (Seoul Korean o), similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ā from compensatory lengthening.

Prosody

Stress

Stress tends to be final

Morphology

Adjectives

ṭůb, ṭůbṓ, ṭůbī́m, ṭůbů́t

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