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'''Druidic Hebrew''' is the stage of [[Xnánið]] after the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew ca. 7th-6th century BC and before 9th century CE. It was used as a literary language during this period.
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Ancient Knench
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
}}


It was the liturgical language of Anatolian and Cypriot druidism before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias.
'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".
 
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.
 
==Todo==
*When should matres lectionis be used?
*some a-priori roots
*Vowel reduction:
**final originally unstressed long > short


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Druidic Hebrew was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Religious texts were vocalized but not completely, hence it is reconstructed on the basis of Modern Canaanite and Tiberian Hebrew.
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
/m p b f v n t d th θ ð ts dz s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g kh x ɣ h l w j r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s ts' š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ h l w y r''}}
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/
* /ɬ/ and /{{š}}/ into /s{{ret}}/


/l/ allophonically velarized before C.
[m f b~>v p{{phar}}˭~>p˭ n t{{den}}{{asp}} d{{den}}~>ð t{{den}}{{phar}}˭~>t{{den}}˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡s{{phar}}˭~>t͡s˭ s{{ret}} ʁ̃ χ k{{asp}} g~>ɣ k{{ret}}˭~>k˭ l{{den}} w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] '''m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h'''
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew.


===Vowels===
/pˁ/ '''π''' was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic.
Old Knánith had a rather simple vowel system:
 
Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike '''t k s'''. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways:
* ejective release: [p{{phar}}ʼ t{{den}}{{phar}}ʼ t͡s{{phar}}ʼ k{{ret}}ʼ]
* aspirated release: [p{{phar}}{{asp}} t{{den}}{{phar}}{{asp}} t͡s{{phar}}{{asp}} k{{ret}}{{asp}}]
* voiced release: [b{{phar}} d{{den}}{{phar}} d͡z{{phar}} g{{ret}}]
* Alternatively, '''π ṭ q''' could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚].


'''a e i o u ø á é í ó ú''' /a e i o u ə a: e: i: o: u:/
It is thought that Late Ancient Knench '''b d z g''' were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/.


/ə/ was a result of vowel reduction.
===Vowels===
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ů'', similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress was penultimate for most words.
====Intonation====
===Morphophonology===
==Grammar==
Still basically Hebrew (except with penultimate stress), with inflected verbs.
Syntax was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic.
===Nouns===
====Inflection====
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔā-''.
The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-a'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-a'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs).
The construct state was not as "hard" as Tiberian Hebrew.
===Verbs===
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use.


Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
*Past/Perfect/Stative (from the BH perfect)
*Non-past/Imperfect (from the BH imperfect)
**Energic nun for emphasis or wishes
*Imperative
*Infinitive construct
*Infinitive absolute
*Participle


The Biblical Hebrew waw-consecutive and jussive forms were lost.
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]

Latest revision as of 21:25, 30 April 2026

Ancient Knench
*hak-kana3nījō
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Irta
Afro-Asiatic
  • Semitic
    • Central Semitic
      • Canaanite
        • Ancient Knench

Ancient Knench, also called "Punic" in Irta (natively *hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of Knench, first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern Knench. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".

Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.

Todo

  • When should matres lectionis be used?
  • some a-priori roots
  • Vowel reduction:
    • final originally unstressed long > short

Phonology

Orthography

Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions.

Consonants

Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:

  • /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/
  • /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/
  • /ɬ/ and /ʃ/ into /s̠/

[m f b~>v pˁ˭~>p˭ n t̪ʰ d̪~>ð t̪ˁ˭~>t̪˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡sˁ˭~>t͡s˭ s̠ ʁ̃ χ kʰ g~>ɣ k̠˭~>k˭ l̪ w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h

/pˁ/ π was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic.

Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike t k s. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways:

  • ejective release: [pˁʼ t̪ˁʼ t͡sˁʼ k̠ʼ]
  • aspirated release: [pˁʰ t̪ˁʰ t͡sˁʰ k̠ʰ]
  • voiced release: [bˁ d̪ˁ d͡zˁ g̠]
  • Alternatively, π ṭ q could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚].

It is thought that Late Ancient Knench b d z g were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/.

Vowels

Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ā > ō > ů, similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ā from compensatory lengthening.

Prosody

Stress

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