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[[Ngiwrith/Lexicon]]
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


[[Ngiwrith/Swadesh list]]
The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity


l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters


{{Infobox language
Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = Knánith
|pronunciation = /knaːniθ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=North Semitic
}}


'''Knánith''' is a divergent descendant of Biblical Hebrew. It preserves many forms and words of Biblical Hebrew compared to our Modern Hebrew, but its grammar has been restructured. (todo: less Rabbinical Hebrew)
/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr


Numbers:
samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/
0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), hnay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszang, ngaxør


11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszaŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural


40: stay ngaxre
Heth and he merge


60: hlusz ngaxre
pronouns:  
* 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
* 2sg /tʰə/
* 3sg m /hʏ/
* 3sg f /hɪ/
* 1pl /nʏ/
* 2pl /tʰəm/
* 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/


...
Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style


120: merkø
/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'


14400: rúø
h-g-y 'to savor'


before: kkorm
ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'


<!--  
k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')


==Introduction==
== Phonology ==
*Swadesh list
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
=== Vowels ===
*''Ni bø løhabiw ngiwrith, khozuth ni bø lødhabir akh ttipøth ngiwrith.''
=== Consonants ===
**I like Hebrew, but I only know a little Hebrew.
==== Phones ====
*''tiwdith'' = [[Thedish]]
==== Underlying consonants ====
*''Am yagį li...'' = May I...
* |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
*''szą sze...'' = when...
* |b| from Old Knench /b/
*Many adverbs are from infinitive absolute
* |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
*''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called)
* |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
*''midhborø'' = conference
* |h| from Old Knench /h/
*נא becomes a focus particle ''no''
* |w| from Old Knench /w/
* |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |j| from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
* |l| from Old Knench /l/
* |m| from Old Knench /m/
* |n| from Old Knench /n/
* |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| from Old Knench /p/
* |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |r| from Old Knench /r/
* |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/


==Phonology==
==== Vocalizables ====
===Orthography===
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.
===Consonants===
/m pʰ b f v w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}


Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
=== Mutation ===


====Mutations====
== Morphology ==
Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
=== Verbs ===
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)


p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
 
"Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
 
===Vowels===
/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə: ã/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ ą}}
 
Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress is always penultimate.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Morphology==
Knánith has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Biblical Hebrew.
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
 
-->
===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
 
Cretan has lost grammatical gender.
 
*The regular "feminine" singular suffix is -ø or -th.
*The regular "masculine" plural suffix is -in or ''-e''.
*The regular "feminine" plural is -uth.
*However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. ''benusz, blenusz'' = human
 
''køfor, køforin'' = village, villages
 
''bagbøg, bagbøgin'' = bottle, bottles
 
''i, iin'' = island, islands
 
''kkiszø, kkiszuth'' = squash, squashes
 
''gøfø, gøfuth'' = corpse, corpses
 
''tagrith, tagriyuth'' = incident, incidents
 
Cretan has lost grammatical gender and the construct state. The only remnant of the construct state is the -th- interfix used in possessive constructions between two nouns that end and begin with a vowel, respectively: e.g.
*''hadhør-mittø'' 'bedroom'
*''ngønove-th-anf'' 'the grapes of wrath'
*''nøszomø-th-ahwø'' 'spirit of brotherhood'
 
Degree markers:
*Suffective: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X
*Excessive: ''ro-'' = too (from Celtic)
*Comparative: ''ther-'' = more X; comparandum takes ''broth'' 'than' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*birʔōṫī ʔeṫ'' 'when I see ACC')
*Superlative: ''khi-'' = most X
 
===Pronouns===
Knánith has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
====Auxiliaries====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Various auxiliaries in Knánith
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
! | Non-pronominal
|-
! Affirmative
| ''ni, i''
| ''to''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''hi''
| ''nanu, onu, nu''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
| ''re, r' ''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''am ni, am i''
| ''am to''
| ''am te''
| ''am u''
| ''am hi''
| ''am nu''
| ''am tem''
| ''am em''
| ''am''
|-
! Negative
| ''en ni, en i''
| ''en to''
| ''en te''
| ''en u''
| ''en hi''
| ''en nu''
| ''en tem''
| ''en em''
| ''en''
|-
! Past
| ''si ni, sit i, sit ni''
| ''sit to''
| ''sit te''
| ''so u''
| ''sto hi''
| ''sin nu''
| ''sit tem''
| ''su'm''
| ''so/sto/su''
|-
! Passive present
| ''ur ni, ur i''
| ''tur to''
| ''tri te''
| ''yur u''
| ''tur hi''
| ''nur nu''
| ''tru tem''
| ''ru'm''
| ''yur/tur/ru''
|-
! Passive past
| ''var ni, var i, vart i''
| ''vart to''
| ''vart te''
| ''var u''
| ''vro hi''
| ''var nu''
| ''vart tem''
| ''vru'm''
| ''var/vro/vru''
|-
! Subjunctive
| ''ąs i''
| ''tąs to''
| ''tąs te''
| ''yąs u''
| ''tąs hi''
| ''nąs nu''
| ''tąsu tem''
| ''yąsu'm''
| ''yąs/tąs/yąsu''
|-
! Future
| ''lekh i''
| ''tlekh to''
| ''tlekh te''
| ''lekh u''
| ''tlekh hi''
| ''lekh nu''
| ''tlekhu tem''
| ''lekhu'm''
| ''lekh/tlekh/lekhu''
|-
! "May"
| ''kkekh i''
| ''tkkekh to''
| ''tkkekh te''
| ''kkekh u''
| ''tkkekh hi''
| ''kkekh nu''
| ''tkkekhu tem''
| ''kkekhu'm''
| ''kkekh/tkkekh/kkekhu''
|}
 
===Prepositions===
Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
 
example of a knánith inflected preposition: lø "for"
*1sg: li, li ni
*2sg.m: lakh to
*2sg.f: lakh te
*3sg.m: lu hu, lú hu
*3sg.f: lo hi, loy hi
*1pl. lon nu, lonu
*2pl. lém tem
*3pl. lam em
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
 
:'''''R'iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.'''''
:''The man is eating the apple.''
 
:'''''Re beth-u bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.'''''
:''His house is as big as a whale.''
 
:'''''Sto hi lásuth halgbeth-i bø muødh múhør.'''''
:''She did her homework very late.''
 
===Noun phrase===
The definite article is a clitic:
*Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
*Plural: -il
Examples:
*''hadhør'' = a room
*''hadhraz'' = the room
*''hadhri'' = rooms
*''hadhril'' = the rooms
*''hadhør grul'' = a big room
*''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''hah-hadhər hag-gâdhol haz-ze'')
*''botin grulin'' = big houses
*''botin grulil'' = the big houses
 
*''tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u'' = The apple, the man eats it
 
There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''szem-malkaz'' = the king's name.
 
To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az szom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze szom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
 
The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
 
===Verb phrase===
''Isz li rangu'' "I'm hungry"
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Vocabulary==
Construct state combinations grammaticalize
 
*bel, ble- = agentive
*beth- = place noun
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Vru kol blenuszil ledhø kø vlehuri, hem szowi ngal kúdhaz ke skhøyuthil. Vru'm lehánig bø thvønø ke matspøn, ke re ngalem lithnágh ódh lø hni bø nøszomø-th-ahwø.'''''
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
# ''Bø khol ngulømaz sto áth sofø bø vur lødhabir ke su uthøm miluthil bø vur lisztamisz.''
# ''Wini ksze su'm bø losangøth me mizroh, su'm litakkil bø miszuraz Szinngor ke lithyaszew szom.''
# ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu ląsuth lwenuth ke léfuth em ettew." Ke su lwenuthil løszamisz lom em kø awnevniyø, ke hemør kø mald.''
# ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu lewnuth kkiriø ke mídøl bo hi, yąs ruszu u lagią le szomayim, ki nąs nu ląsuth lonu szem, ke klu nąs nu lithpazir pli kol ngulømaz!"''
# ''Wini so Eluim lowu mattø, ki yąs u láwid bø kkiriøzu ke mídølaz sze yu blenuszil bø lewnuth.''
# ''Ke so Eluim lemur: "Szą sze su'm hátholø ląsuth zuth kø ódh ngom sze bø lødhabir áth sofø, lu yiye szum mikhszul lø múmø sze yąsu'm lithkawin ląsuth!''
# ''"Enø, bu tonu lalakht mattø ke løwalbil sofø-th-em, klu yąsu'm láwin szuthif."''
# ''Kokh so Eluim løfazir em, ke su'm ládul lewnuth kkiriøzu.''
# ''Ke me sibøzu fu sze kkiriøzu bø lakko szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so Eluim løwalbil sofø kol ngulømaz. Me szom so Eluim løfazir em pli kol ngulømaz.''
 
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 21:51, 5 July 2025

Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity

l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters

Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh

/ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr

samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/

definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural

Heth and he merge

pronouns:

  • 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/
  • 2sg /tʰə/
  • 3sg m /hʏ/
  • 3sg f /hɪ/
  • 1pl /nʏ/
  • 2pl /tʰəm/
  • 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/

Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style

/-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess'

h-g-y 'to savor'

ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved'

k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big'

g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical'

ʔ-š-r (ser 'sacred tree' -> 'soul')

One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake')

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |b| from Old Knench /b/
  • |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/
  • |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/
  • |h| from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |j| from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| from Old Knench /n/
  • |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| from Old Knench /p/
  • |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |r| from Old Knench /r/
  • |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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