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| The history of Hebrew and Judaism in Lõis is much like our own, except no revival of Hebrew has taken place. This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Lõis.
| | == Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) == |
| ==Corded Ware Hebrew== | | <poem> |
| Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied.
| | דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת |
| | וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת |
| | נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת |
| | שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת |
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| Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
| | דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי |
| | וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי |
| | נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי |
| | שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי |
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| The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The 2fs morpheme /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
| | דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה |
| | וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה |
| | נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה |
| | שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא |
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| ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
| | אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר |
| | הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר |
| | וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר |
| | שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר |
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| /vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
| | הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא |
| | בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה |
| | וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה |
| | לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה |
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| שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
| | דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ |
| | וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ |
| | נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ |
| | שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ |
| | </poem> |
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| /ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/ | | == East Asian readings == |
| | Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops |
| | === Mandarin Hebrew === |
| | === Korean Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/ |
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| ===Sample=== | | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/ |
| בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
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| [vəɹeˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
| | Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte |
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| וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
| | === Japanese Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}] |
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| [wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
| | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/ |
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| וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
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| [waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
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| וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
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| [waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈθovə | wajavˈdel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
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| וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
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| [wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajlo | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
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| ==Qivattu Hebrew==
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| Similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except it has geminates and no enunciative vowels
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| Readings similar to this are used in Western Europe.
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| ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
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| /vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔədoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlam, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁamˈmim, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔadoˈnaj, noˈθen hattoˈra./
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| שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
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| /ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijjəˈmanu wəhiggiˈʁanu lazzəˈman hazˈze/
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| ==Baden Hebrew==
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| ==[[TT-English]] Hebrew==
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| Mostly like our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except it has all the begadkefat consonants as in Tiberian Hebrew. Probably the most conservative Hebrew reading on Lõis. The exact accent would depend on the speaker's native English accent; the given values are the L-Standard English values.
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| ===Vowels===
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| *patach = chataf patach = TRAP /a/ in open stressed syllables / PALM /ɑː/ in closed or unstressed syllables
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| *segol = chataf segol = DRESS /ɛ/
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| *tzere = FACE /ɛɪ/
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| *qamatz = chataf qamatz = THOUGHT /ɔː/ in open stressed syllables / LOT /ɔ/ in closed or unstressed syllables
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| *cholam = GOAT /əʊ~əʏ/
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| *chiriq = FLEECE /i:~ɪj/ in stressed or open syllables / KIT /ɪ/ in unstressed closed syllables
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| *qubbutz / shuruq = GOOSE /ü:/ in stressed or open syllables / FOOT /ɵ~ʊ̈/ in unstressed closed syllables
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| *shva is not pronounced except for euphony. When pronounced it is pronounced [ə].
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| ===Consonants===
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| /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ~∅ b v g ɣ d ð h w z x t j k x l m n s ʔ~∅ p f ts k ɾ~ɹ~ʋ ʃ t θ] | |
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| /l/ is clear [l] when before a vowel and dark [ɫ] otherwise.
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| Some cantors who are careful readers may pronounce /ħ ʕ tʼ kʼ/ as [ħ ʕ t⁼ k⁼] and have clear aspiration in non-emphatic /t k/.
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| Gemination is not pronounced.
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| A flap [ɾ] is preferred for /r/ not before a vowel.
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| ===Sample===
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| The beginning of Genesis in a fairly standard L-Standard English accent:
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| בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
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| [bəɹɛɪˈʃɪjθ bɔˈʋɔː ʔɛləʊˈhɪjm | ʔɛɪθ haʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɛɪθ hɔˈʔɔːʋɛts]
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| וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
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| [wəhɔˈʔɔːɹɛts hɔjəˈθɔː ˈθəʊhüː wɔˈvəʊhüː wəˈxəʊʃɛx ʔaɫ pnɛɪ θəˈhəʊm | wəˈɾüːwax ʔɛləʏˈhiːm məɹaˈxɛfɛθ ʔaɫ pnɛɪ haˈmɔːjɪm]
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| וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
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| [waˈjəʊmɛ(ə)ɾ ʔɛləʊˈhiːm jəhiː ʔəʊɾ | waɪˈhiː ʔəʏɾ]
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| וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
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| [waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛləʊˈhiːm ʔɛθ hɔʔəʊɾ kiːˈθəʊv | wajavˈdɛɪɫ ʔɛləʊˈhiːm bɛɪn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔüːˈvɛɪn haˈxəʏʃɛx]
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| וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
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| [wajɪˈkɹɔː ʔɛləʏˈhiːm lɔˈʔəʏəɹ ˈjəʊm wəlaˈxəʊʃɛx ˈkɔːʋɔː ˈloɪlɔ | wajˈhiː ˈʔɛɹɛv wajˈhiː ˈvəʊ̈kɛɹ jəʏm ʔɛˈxɔːð]
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| ==Khuômiskh Hebrew==
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