Glommish/Middle: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==

===Consonants===

*p b f v

*t d þ ð

*č dž š

*k g h

*s z

*m n l r j

*ь

===Vowels===

a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ ы io iu ə

In unstressed syllables: a ə i vs ia iə i

==Nouns==

===Strong vocalic declensions===

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|-

! '''Nominative'''

|| þer dag || '''–''' || þija ~~daga~~ || '''–a'''

|| þer dag || '''–''' || þī daga || '''–a'''

|| þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''

|-

! '''Accusative'''

|| þina dag || '''–''' || þīr dagar || '''–ar'''

|| þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''

|-

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|-

! '''Dative'''

|| ~~þem~~ dagy || '''–y''' || þȳm dagym || '''–ym'''

|| þimmy dagy || '''–y''' || þȳm dagym || '''–ym'''

|| ~~þem~~ čindy || '''–y''' || þȳm čindym || '''–ym'''

|| þimmy čindy || '''–y''' || þȳm čindym || '''–ym'''

|-

! '''Instrumental'''

|| ~~þija~~ daga || '''–a''' || --|| --

|| þina daga || '''–a''' || --|| --

|| ~~þija~~ činda || '''–a''' || -- || --

|| þina činda || '''–a''' || -- || --

|}

Examples of masculine nouns declined like ''dag'' "day": ''~~berg~~'' "mountain", ''~~weg~~'' "way", ''gȳst'' "spirit", ''kuning'' "king".

Examples of masculine nouns declined like ''dag'' "day": ''bierg'' "mountain", ''vieg'' "way", ''gȳst'' "spirit", ''kuning'' "king".

<!--

Notes:

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|-

! '''Nominative'''

|| hirdь || '''–ь''' || hirdia || '''–ia'''

|| þer hirdь || '''–ь''' || þī hirdia || '''–ia'''

|-

! '''Accusative'''

|| þina hirdь || '''–ь''' || þīr hirdiar || '''–iar'''

|-

! '''Genitive'''

|| hirdis || '''–is''' || hirdia || '''–ia'''

|| þes hirdis || '''–is''' || þiera hirdia || '''–ia'''

|-

! '''Dative'''

|| hirdi || '''–i''' || hirdim || '''–im'''

|| þimmy hirdi || '''–i''' || þȳm hirdim || '''–im'''

|-

! '''Instrumental'''

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|}

Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''~~wahtarь~~ (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīč''' "kingdom", '''~~bedь~~''' "bed", '''~~gytunž~~''' "language", '''þiūstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''heri''').

Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''vahtarь (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīč''' "kingdom", '''badь''' "bed", '''getunž''' "language", '''þiūstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''heri''').

====The -wa declension====

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! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="4" | '''''snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa'' snow m.

! colspan="4" | '''''~~knio~~; ~~knio~~'' knee n.

! colspan="4" | '''''kneo; kneo'' knee n.

|-

! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''

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! '''Nominative'''

|| snȳw, snȳ || '''–''' || snȳwa || '''–wa'''

|| ~~knio~~ || '''–o, –''' || ~~knio~~ || '''–o, –'''

|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''

|-

! '''Genitive'''

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{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="4" | '''''~~dżāva~~; ~~dżāvar~~'' gift f.

! colspan="4" | '''''džāva; džāvar'' gift f.

|-

! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''

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|-

! '''Nominative'''

|| þī ~~dżāva~~ || '''–a''' || þija ~~dżāvar~~ || '''–ar'''

|| þī džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''

|-

! '''Accusative'''

|| þija džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''

|-

! '''Genitive'''

|| þierar ~~dżāvar~~ || '''–ar''' || þiera ~~dżāva~~ || '''–a'''

|| þierar džāvar || '''–ar''' || þiera džāva || '''–a'''

|-

! '''Dative'''

|| þieraj ~~dżāvaj~~ || '''–aj''' || ~~þym dżāvam~~ || '''–am'''

|| þieraj džāvaj || '''–aj''' || þȳm džāvam || '''–am'''

|}

Sample nouns of this declension: '''~~dżāva~~''' "gift", '''jerþa''' "earth", '''ȳra''' "honor", '''tala''' "number", '''triwa''' "fidelity", '''korunga''' "temptation", '''hardiþa''' "hardness", '''mildiþa''' "compassion", '''ganāþa''' "favor", '''losiunga''' "deliverance", '''stunda''' "time".

Sample nouns of this declension: '''džāva''' "gift", '''jerþa''' "earth", '''ȳra''' "honor", '''tala''' "number", '''triwa''' "fidelity", '''korunga''' "temptation", '''hardiþa''' "hardness", '''mildiþa''' "compassion", '''ganāþa''' "favor", '''losiunga''' "deliverance", '''stunda''' "time".

<!--

====The -jō declension====

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Examples of other members of this class: '''scōnī''' "beauty", '''suoẓẓī''' "sweetness", '''snëllī''' "quickness", '''tiufī''' "depth", '''menigī, managī''' "multitude", '''irstantanī''' "resurrection", '''toufī''' "a dipping", '''welī''' "choice", '''leitī''' "a leading", '''riudī''' "mange".

-->

==Adjectives==

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"

|+ '''Declension of attributive adjectives'''

! case || singular || plural

|-

! nom.

| ''þar mōr'''a''' bierg'' ''þī mōr'''a''' džāva'' || ''þī mōr'''an''' bierga'' ''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''

|-

! acc.

| ''þana mōr'''an''' bierg'' ''þija mōr'''an''' džāva'' || ''þīr mōr'''an''' biergar'' ''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''

|-

! dat.

| ''þammy mōr'''inь''' biergy'' ''þieraj mōr'''anь''' džāvaj'' || ''þym mōr'''am''' biergym'' ''þȳm mōr'''am''' džāvam''

|-

! gen.

| ''þas mōr'''inь''' bierges'' ''þierar mōr'''anь''' džāvar'' || ''þiera mōr'''an''' bierga'' ''þiera mōr'''an''' džāva''

|-

|}

==Verbs==

===Class 1 weak verbs===

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px

|+ '''''~~hȳlīn~~'' 'to heal''''

|+ '''''hȳlian'' 'to heal''''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/~~siu~~/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''

|-

! present indicative

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|colspan="6"| ''hȳlid''

|}

===Class 2 weak verbs===

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px

|+ '''''liovan'' 'to love''''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/~~siu~~/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''

|-

! present indicative

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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px

|+ '''''sparin'' 'to spare''''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/~~siu~~/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''

|-

! present indicative

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|}

==Syntax==

Unlike Modern Thedish, Middle Thedish syntax was almost exactly like German: V2 in independent clauses, verb-final in dependent clauses.

[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Þiúsьk]][[Category:Þiúdic languages]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+==Phonology==
+===Consonants===
+*p b f v
+*t d þ ð
+*č dž š
+*k g h
+*s z
+*m n l r j
+*ь
+===Vowels===
+a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ ы io iu ə
+In unstressed syllables: a ə i vs ia iə i
 ==Nouns==
 ===Strong vocalic declensions===
@@ Line 16: / Line 31: @@
 |-
 ! '''Nominative'''
-|| þer dag || '''–''' || þija daga || '''–a'''
+|| þer dag || '''–''' || þī daga || '''–a'''
+|| þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''
+|-
+! '''Accusative'''
+|| þina dag || '''–''' || þīr dagar || '''–ar'''
 || þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''
 |-
@@ Line 24: / Line 43: @@
 |-
 ! '''Dative'''
-|| þem dagy || '''–y''' || þȳm dagym || '''–ym'''
+|| þimmy dagy || '''–y''' || þȳm dagym || '''–ym'''
-|| þem čindy || '''–y''' || þȳm čindym || '''–ym'''
+|| þimmy čindy || '''–y''' || þȳm čindym || '''–ym'''
 |-
 ! '''Instrumental'''
-|| þija daga || '''–a''' || --|| --
+|| þina daga || '''–a''' || --|| --
-|| þija činda || '''–a''' || -- || --
+|| þina činda || '''–a''' || -- || --
 |}
-Examples of masculine nouns declined like ''dag'' "day": ''berg'' "mountain", ''weg'' "way", ''gȳst'' "spirit", ''kuning'' "king".
+Examples of masculine nouns declined like ''dag'' "day": ''bierg'' "mountain", ''vieg'' "way", ''gȳst'' "spirit", ''kuning'' "king".
 <!--
 Notes:
@@ Line 56: / Line 75: @@
 |-
 ! '''Nominative'''
-|| hirdь || '''–ь''' || hirdia || '''–ia'''
+|| þer hirdь || '''–ь''' || þī hirdia || '''–ia'''
+|-
+! '''Accusative'''
+|| þina hirdь || '''–ь''' || þīr hirdiar || '''–iar'''
 |-
 ! '''Genitive'''
-|| hirdis || '''–is''' || hirdia || '''–ia'''
+|| þes hirdis || '''–is''' || þiera hirdia || '''–ia'''
 |-
 ! '''Dative'''
-|| hirdi || '''–i''' || hirdim || '''–im'''
+|| þimmy hirdi || '''–i''' || þȳm hirdim || '''–im'''
 |-
 ! '''Instrumental'''
@@ Line 68: / Line 90: @@
 |}
-Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''wahtarь (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīč''' "kingdom", '''bedь''' "bed", '''gytunž''' "language", '''þiūstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''heri''').
+Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''vahtarь (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīč''' "kingdom", '''badь''' "bed", '''getunž''' "language", '''þiūstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''heri''').
 ====The -wa declension====
@@ Line 75: / Line 97: @@
 ! rowspan="2" |
 ! colspan="4" | '''''snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa''<br> snow m.
-! colspan="4" | '''''knio; knio''<br> knee n.
+! colspan="4" | '''''kneo; kneo''<br> knee n.
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
@@ Line 84: / Line 106: @@
 ! '''Nominative'''
 || snȳw, snȳ || '''–''' || snȳwa || '''–wa'''
-|| knio || '''–o, –''' || knio || '''–o, –'''
+|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''
 |-
 ! '''Genitive'''
@@ Line 100: / Line 122: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="4" | '''''dżāva; dżāvar''<br> gift f.
+! colspan="4" | '''''džāva; džāvar''<br> gift f.
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
@@ Line 106: / Line 128: @@
 |-
 ! '''Nominative'''
-|| þī dżāva || '''–a''' || þija dżāvar || '''–ar'''
+|| þī džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''
+|-
+! '''Accusative'''
+|| þija džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''
 |-
 ! '''Genitive'''
-|| þierar dżāvar || '''–ar''' || þiera dżāva || '''–a'''
+|| þierar džāvar || '''–ar''' || þiera džāva || '''–a'''
 |-
 ! '''Dative'''
-|| þieraj dżāvaj || '''–aj''' || þym dżāvam || '''–am'''
+|| þieraj džāvaj || '''–aj''' || þȳm džāvam || '''–am'''
 |}
-Sample nouns of this declension: '''dżāva''' "gift", '''jerþa''' "earth", '''ȳra''' "honor", '''tala''' "number", '''triwa''' "fidelity", '''korunga''' "temptation", '''hardiþa''' "hardness", '''mildiþa''' "compassion", '''ganāþa''' "favor", '''losiunga''' "deliverance", '''stunda''' "time".
+Sample nouns of this declension: '''džāva''' "gift", '''jerþa''' "earth", '''ȳra''' "honor", '''tala''' "number", '''triwa''' "fidelity", '''korunga''' "temptation", '''hardiþa''' "hardness", '''mildiþa''' "compassion", '''ganāþa''' "favor", '''losiunga''' "deliverance", '''stunda''' "time".
 <!--
 ====The -jō declension====
@@ Line 264: / Line 289: @@
 Examples of other members of this class: '''scōnī''' "beauty", '''suoẓẓī''' "sweetness", '''snëllī''' "quickness", '''tiufī''' "depth", '''menigī, managī''' "multitude", '''irstantanī''' "resurrection", '''toufī''' "a dipping", '''welī''' "choice", '''leitī''' "a leading", '''riudī''' "mange".
 -->
+==Adjectives==
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+|+ '''Declension of attributive adjectives'''
+! case || singular || plural
+|-
+! nom.
+| ''þar mōr'''a''' bierg''<br/>''þī mōr'''a''' džāva'' || ''þī mōr'''an''' bierga'' <br/>''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''
+|-
+! acc.
+| ''þana mōr'''an''' bierg''<br/>''þija mōr'''an''' džāva'' || ''þīr mōr'''an''' biergar'' <br/>''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''
+|-
+! dat.
+| ''þammy mōr'''inь''' biergy''<br/>''þieraj mōr'''anь''' džāvaj'' || ''þym mōr'''am''' biergym'' <br/>''þȳm mōr'''am''' džāvam''
+|-
+! gen.
+| ''þas mōr'''inь''' bierges''<br/>''þierar mōr'''anь''' džāvar'' || ''þiera mōr'''an''' bierga''  <br/>''þiera mōr'''an''' džāva''
+|-
+|}
 ==Verbs==
 ===Class 1 weak verbs===
 {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
-|+ '''''hȳlīn'' 'to heal''''
+|+ '''''hȳlian'' 'to heal''''
-! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/siu/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
+! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
 |-
 ! present indicative
@@ Line 294: / Line 338: @@
 |colspan="6"| ''hȳlid''
 |}
 ===Class 2 weak verbs===
 {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
 |+ '''''liovan'' 'to love''''
-! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/siu/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
+! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
 |-
 ! present indicative
@@ Line 325: / Line 370: @@
 {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
 |+ '''''sparin'' 'to spare''''
-! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/siu/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
+! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
 |-
 ! present indicative
@@ Line 440: / Line 485: @@
 |}
+==Syntax==
+Unlike Modern Thedish, Middle Thedish syntax was almost exactly like German: V2 in independent clauses, verb-final in dependent clauses.
 [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Þiúsьk]][[Category:Þiúdic languages]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]