Interlingua/Morphology: Difference between revisions

(4 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)

Line 3:

==Articles==

The definite articles are is ''{{C|le}}'' or ''{{C|la}}'' and indefinite articles are ''{{C|un}}'' or ''{{C|una}}'' (the same as the number "one"). They are invariable and are used roughly as in English. The prepositions ''{{C|a}}'' 'to' and ''{{C|de}}'' 'of' can optionally be fused with the definite articles into ''{{C|del}}'' and ''{{C|al}}'', the masculine and feminine respectively.

The definite articles are is ''{{term|le}}'' or ''{{term|la}}'' and indefinite articles are ''{{term|un}}'' or ''{{term|una}}'' (the same as the number "one"). They are invariable and are used roughly as in English. The prepositions ''{{term|a}}'' 'to' and ''{{term|de}}'' 'of' can optionally be fused with the definite articles into ''{{term|del}}'' and ''{{term|al}}'', the masculine and feminine respectively.

==Nouns==

Nouns inflect for number. Plural nouns take ''{{C|-s}}'' after a vowel, ''-es'' after a consonant (but final ''-c'' changes to ''-ches'' to preserve the {{IPA|[k]}} sound of ''c'').

Nouns inflect for number. Plural nouns take ''{{term|-s}}'' after a vowel, ''-es'' after a consonant (but final ''-c'' changes to ''-ches'' to preserve the {{IPA|[k]}} sound of ''c'').

:''{{C|catto}}''   'cat'  →  ''cattos''  'cats'

:''{{term|catto}}''   'cat'  →  ''cattos''  'cats'

:''{{C|can}}''  'dog'  →  ''canes''  'dogs'

:''{{term|can}}''  'dog'  →  ''canes''  'dogs'

:''{{C|roc}}''   'rook' [chess]   →  ''roches''  'rooks'

:''{{term|roc}}''   'rook' [chess]   →  ''roches''  'rooks'

~~Intralingua~~ has grammatical gender, ~~like~~ all Romance languages. Animate nouns are sex-neutral, unless they refer specifically to a male or a female in the lexicon. Thus, ''{{C|jornalista}}'' 'journalist' and ''{{C|scientista}}'' 'scientist' are usable of both men and women, even though ''{{C|rege}}'' 'king' and ''{{C|regina}}'' 'queen' are sex-specific. Feminine forms can be created by substituting final ''{{C|-a}}'' for a final ''-o'' or ''-e'' or by adding the suffix ''{{C|-essa}}''. So it is that gender refers more to the form (i.e. ending) than to sex.

Interlingua has no grammatical gender, unlike all Romance languages. Animate nouns are sex-neutral, unless they refer specifically to a male or a female in the lexicon. Thus, ''{{term|jornalista}}'' 'journalist' and ''{{term|scientista}}'' 'scientist' are usable of both men and women, even though ''{{term|rege}}'' 'king' and ''{{term|regina}}'' 'queen' are sex-specific. Feminine forms can be created by substituting final ''{{term|-a}}'' for a final ''-o'' or ''-e'' or by adding the suffix ''{{term|-essa}}''. So it is that gender refers more to the form (i.e. ending) than to sex.

:''{{C|puero}}''   'boy'   →  ''puera''  'girl'

:''{{term|puero}}''   'boy'   →  ''puera''  'girl'

:''{{C|tigre}}''   'tiger'   →  ''tigressa''  'female tiger'

:''{{term|tigre}}''   'tiger'   →  ''tigressa''  'female tiger'

These color the regular forms as masculine when they appear in the same context.

Line 25:

: ''una bona idea, una idea ingeniosa''   'a good idea, an ingenious idea'

~~An adjective or article has to agree with the noun it modifies, and such number and gender information is very helpful in determining what kind of things is being references.~~

Comparative degree is expressed by ''{{term|plus}}'' or ''{{term|minus}}'' preceding the adjective and superlative degree by ''le plus'' or ''la minus''.

~~:''le parves infantes''   'the little children';   but   ''le parves''   'the little ones'~~

Comparative degree is expressed by ''{{C|plus}}'' or ''{{C|minus}}'' preceding the adjective and superlative degree by ''le plus'' or ''la minus''.

:''un plus feroce leon''   'a fiercer lion'

Line 36:

Line 32:

:''le solution le minus costose''   'the least costly solution'.

The suffix ''{{C|-issime}}'' may be used to express the absolute superlative degree.

The suffix ''{{term|-issime}}'' may be used to express the absolute superlative degree.

:''una aventura excellentissima''   'a most excellent adventure'

The adjectives ''{{C|bon}}'' 'good', ''{{C|mal}}'' 'bad', ''{{C|magne}}'' 'great', and ''{{C|parve}}'' 'small' have optional irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.

The adjectives ''{{term|bon}}'' 'good', ''{{term|mal}}'' 'bad', ''{{term|magne}}'' 'great', and ''{{term|parve}}'' 'small' have optional irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.

:{|

Line 55:

Line 51:

==Adverbs==

There are two types of adverbs, primary and secondary. Primary adverbs are a closed class of grammatical operators, such as ''{{C|quasi}},'' 'almost'; ''{{C|jam}}'', 'already'; and ''{{C|totevi}},'' 'anyway'. Secondary adverbs are an open class derived from corresponding adjectives by adding the suffix ''{{C|-menti}}'' (''-amenti'' after final ''-c'').

There are two types of adverbs, primary and secondary. Primary adverbs are a closed class of grammatical operators, such as ''{{term|quasi}},'' 'almost'; ''{{term|jam}}'', 'already'; and ''{{term|totevi}},'' 'anyway'. Secondary adverbs are an open class derived from corresponding adjectives by adding the suffix ''{{term|-menti}}'' (''-amenti'' after final ''-c'').

:''felice''   'happy'   →   ''felicementi''   'happily'

Line 112:

Line 108:

: ''Da le can a illes.''   'Give them the dog.'

~~Intralingua~~ follows the European custom of using the plural forms ''vos'' etc. rather than ''tu'' etc. in formal situations.

Interlingua follows the European custom of using the plural forms ''vos'' etc. rather than ''tu'' etc. in formal situations.

: ''Esque vos passava un viage placente, Seniora Chan?''   'Did you have a pleasant trip, Mrs. Chan?'

Line 239:

Line 235:

There are four simple tenses: the present, past, future, and conditional.

* The present tense can be formed from the infinitive by removing the final ''-r''. It covers the simple and continuous present tenses in English. The verbs ''esser'' 'to be', ''haber'' 'to have', and ''vader'' 'to go' normally take the short forms ''es, ha,'' and ''va'' rather than ''esse, habe,'' and ''vade''.

* The present tense can be formed from the infinitive by removing the final ''-r''. It covers the simple and continuous present tenses in English. The verbs ''esser'' 'to be', ''haber'' 'to have', and ''{{C|vader}}'' 'to go' normally take the short forms ''es, ha,'' and ''va'' rather than ''esse, habe,'' and ''vade''.

:: ''Io ama mangos; io mangia un justo ora.''   'I love mangoes; I'm eating one right now.'

Line 409:

Line 405:

*Gode, Alexander, and Hugh E. Blair. ''Interlingua: a grammar of the international language''. Storm Publishers, New York, 1951.

[[Category:~~Intralingua~~]]

[[Category:Interlingua]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Articles==
-The definite articles are is ''{{C|le}}'' or ''{{C|la}}'' and indefinite articles are ''{{C|un}}'' or ''{{C|una}}'' (the same as the number "one"). They are invariable and are used roughly as in English. The prepositions ''{{C|a}}'' 'to' and ''{{C|de}}'' 'of' can optionally be fused with the definite articles into  ''{{C|del}}'' and ''{{C|al}}'', the masculine and feminine respectively.
+The definite articles are is ''{{term|le}}'' or ''{{term|la}}'' and indefinite articles are ''{{term|un}}'' or ''{{term|una}}'' (the same as the number "one"). They are invariable and are used roughly as in English. The prepositions ''{{term|a}}'' 'to' and ''{{term|de}}'' 'of' can optionally be fused with the definite articles into  ''{{term|del}}'' and ''{{term|al}}'', the masculine and feminine respectively.
 ==Nouns==
-Nouns inflect for number. Plural nouns take ''{{C|-s}}'' after a vowel, ''-es'' after a consonant (but final ''-c'' changes to ''-ches'' to preserve the {{IPA|[k]}} sound of ''c'').
+Nouns inflect for number. Plural nouns take ''{{term|-s}}'' after a vowel, ''-es'' after a consonant (but final ''-c'' changes to ''-ches'' to preserve the {{IPA|[k]}} sound of ''c'').
-:''{{C|catto}}'' &nbsp; 'cat'&nbsp; →&nbsp; ''cattos''&nbsp; 'cats'
+:''{{term|catto}}'' &nbsp; 'cat'&nbsp; →&nbsp; ''cattos''&nbsp; 'cats'
-:''{{C|can}}''&nbsp; 'dog'&nbsp; → &nbsp;''canes''&nbsp; 'dogs'
+:''{{term|can}}''&nbsp; 'dog'&nbsp; → &nbsp;''canes''&nbsp; 'dogs'
-:''{{C|roc}}'' &nbsp; 'rook' [chess] &nbsp; → &nbsp;''roches''&nbsp; 'rooks'
+:''{{term|roc}}'' &nbsp; 'rook' [chess] &nbsp; → &nbsp;''roches''&nbsp; 'rooks'
-Intralingua has grammatical gender, like all Romance languages. Animate nouns are sex-neutral, unless they refer specifically to a male or a female in the lexicon. Thus, ''{{C|jornalista}}'' 'journalist' and ''{{C|scientista}}'' 'scientist' are usable of both men and women, even though ''{{C|rege}}'' 'king' and ''{{C|regina}}'' 'queen' are sex-specific. Feminine forms can be created by substituting final ''{{C|-a}}'' for a final ''-o'' or ''-e'' or by adding the suffix ''{{C|-essa}}''.  So it is that gender refers more to the form (i.e. ending) than to sex.
+Interlingua has no grammatical gender, unlike all Romance languages. Animate nouns are sex-neutral, unless they refer specifically to a male or a female in the lexicon. Thus, ''{{term|jornalista}}'' 'journalist' and ''{{term|scientista}}'' 'scientist' are usable of both men and women, even though ''{{term|rege}}'' 'king' and ''{{term|regina}}'' 'queen' are sex-specific. Feminine forms can be created by substituting final ''{{term|-a}}'' for a final ''-o'' or ''-e'' or by adding the suffix ''{{term|-essa}}''.  So it is that gender refers more to the form (i.e. ending) than to sex.
-:''{{C|puero}}'' &nbsp; 'boy' &nbsp; → &nbsp;''puera''&nbsp; 'girl'
+:''{{term|puero}}'' &nbsp; 'boy' &nbsp; → &nbsp;''puera''&nbsp; 'girl'
-:''{{C|tigre}}'' &nbsp; 'tiger' &nbsp; → &nbsp;''tigressa''&nbsp; 'female tiger'
+:''{{term|tigre}}'' &nbsp; 'tiger' &nbsp; → &nbsp;''tigressa''&nbsp; 'female tiger'
 These color the regular forms as masculine when they appear in the same context.
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 : ''una bona idea, una idea ingeniosa'' &nbsp; 'a good idea, an ingenious idea'
-An adjective or article has to agree with the noun it modifies, and such number and gender information is very helpful in determining what kind of things is being references.
+Comparative degree is expressed by ''{{term|plus}}'' or ''{{term|minus}}'' preceding the adjective and superlative degree by ''le plus'' or ''la minus''.
-:''le parves infantes'' &nbsp; 'the little children';  &nbsp; but  &nbsp; ''le parves'' &nbsp; 'the little ones'
-Comparative degree is expressed by ''{{C|plus}}'' or ''{{C|minus}}'' preceding the adjective and superlative degree by ''le plus'' or ''la minus''.
 :''un plus feroce leon'' &nbsp; 'a fiercer lion'
@@ Line 36: / Line 32: @@
 :''le solution le minus costose'' &nbsp; 'the least costly solution'.
-The suffix ''{{C|-issime}}'' may be used to express the absolute superlative degree.
+The suffix ''{{term|-issime}}'' may be used to express the absolute superlative degree.
 :''una aventura excellentissima'' &nbsp; 'a most excellent adventure'
-The adjectives ''{{C|bon}}'' 'good', ''{{C|mal}}'' 'bad', ''{{C|magne}}'' 'great', and ''{{C|parve}}'' 'small' have optional irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.
+The adjectives ''{{term|bon}}'' 'good', ''{{term|mal}}'' 'bad', ''{{term|magne}}'' 'great', and ''{{term|parve}}'' 'small' have optional irregular forms for the comparative and superlative.
 :{|
@@ Line 55: / Line 51: @@
 ==Adverbs==
-There are two types of adverbs, primary and secondary. Primary adverbs are a closed class of grammatical operators, such as ''{{C|quasi}},'' 'almost'; ''{{C|jam}}'', 'already'; and ''{{C|totevi}},'' 'anyway'. Secondary adverbs are an open class derived from corresponding adjectives by adding the suffix ''{{C|-menti}}'' (''-amenti'' after final ''-c'').
+There are two types of adverbs, primary and secondary. Primary adverbs are a closed class of grammatical operators, such as ''{{term|quasi}},'' 'almost'; ''{{term|jam}}'', 'already'; and ''{{term|totevi}},'' 'anyway'. Secondary adverbs are an open class derived from corresponding adjectives by adding the suffix ''{{term|-menti}}'' (''-amenti'' after final ''-c'').
 :''felice'' &nbsp; 'happy' &nbsp; → &nbsp; ''felicementi'' &nbsp; 'happily'
@@ Line 112: / Line 108: @@
 : ''Da le can a illes.'' &nbsp; 'Give them the dog.'
-Intralingua follows the European custom of using the plural forms ''vos'' etc. rather than ''tu'' etc. in formal situations.
+Interlingua follows the European custom of using the plural forms ''vos'' etc. rather than ''tu'' etc. in formal situations.
 : ''Esque vos passava un viage placente, Seniora Chan?'' &nbsp; 'Did you have a pleasant trip, Mrs. Chan?'
@@ Line 239: / Line 235: @@
 There are four simple tenses: the present, past, future, and conditional.
-* The present tense can be formed from the infinitive by removing the final ''-r''. It covers the simple and continuous present tenses in English. The verbs ''esser'' 'to be', ''haber'' 'to have', and ''vader'' 'to go' normally take the short forms ''es, ha,'' and ''va'' rather than ''esse, habe,'' and ''vade''.
+* The present tense can be formed from the infinitive by removing the final ''-r''. It covers the simple and continuous present tenses in English. The verbs ''esser'' 'to be', ''haber'' 'to have', and ''{{C|vader}}'' 'to go' normally take the short forms ''es, ha,'' and ''va'' rather than ''esse, habe,'' and ''vade''.
 :: ''Io ama mangos; io mangia un justo ora.'' &nbsp; 'I love mangoes; I'm eating one right now.'
@@ Line 409: / Line 405: @@
 *Gode, Alexander, and Hugh E. Blair. ''Interlingua: a grammar of the international language''. Storm Publishers, New York, 1951.
+{{Aquatiki}}
-[[Category:Intralingua]]
+[[Category:Interlingua]]