Rílin: Difference between revisions
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i ɪ y e ɛ ø æ ɑ~a ɔ o ʌ ɯ u | i ɪ y e ɛ ø æ ɑ~a ɔ o ʌ ɯ u | ||
'''Diphthongs''' | |||
Diphthongs are not very common in Rílin, but they do occur. Of the following, /ai/ and /oi/ are probably the most common. | |||
ai | |||
ei | |||
oi | |||
ɔi | |||
ui | |||
yi | |||
ʌi | |||
All other vowel combinations do not make phonemic diphthongs (e.g. the name Lunauli) (though they may do so phonetically). In Rílin orthography, diphthongs are written as a sequence of two individual vowels. | |||
=== Consonantal Minimal Pairs === | === Consonantal Minimal Pairs === | ||
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Ex.: /den’tsutla/ 'amber' → [den’tsutɬa] | Ex.: /den’tsutla/ 'amber' → [den’tsutɬa] | ||
'''2. Palatal Fricativization''' | '''2. Palatal Fricativization''' | ||
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Ex.: /’æja/ 'song' → [‘æʝa] | Ex.: /’æja/ 'song' → [‘æʝa] | ||
'''3. Fronting of glottal fricative''' | '''3. Fronting of glottal fricative''' | ||
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Ex.: /'histæ/ 'avoid' → ['çistæ] | Ex.: /'histæ/ 'avoid' → ['çistæ] | ||
'''4. Final stop aspiration''' | '''4. Final stop aspiration''' | ||
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Ex.: /zuk/ ‘weak’ → [zukʰ] | Ex.: /zuk/ ‘weak’ → [zukʰ] | ||
'''5. Vowel lowering and centralization''' | '''5. Vowel lowering and centralization''' | ||
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Ex.: /’biqɪ/ 'ugly' → [‘biqï̝] | Ex.: /’biqɪ/ 'ugly' → [‘biqï̝] | ||
'''6. Glottal fricative voicing''' | '''6. Glottal fricative voicing''' | ||
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Ex.: /’buhi/ 'word' → [‘buɦi] | Ex.: /’buhi/ 'word' → [‘buɦi] | ||
'''7. Lengthening of tense vowels''' | '''7. Lengthening of tense vowels''' | ||
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Ex.: /’biʔe/ 'problem' → [‘biʔeː] | Ex.: /’biʔe/ 'problem' → [‘biʔeː] | ||
'''8. Nasal lateralization''' | '''8. Nasal lateralization''' | ||
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Ex.: /’jɛntoi/ 'easy' → [‘jɛ̃ntoi] | Ex.: /’jɛntoi/ 'easy' → [‘jɛ̃ntoi] | ||
'''10. Nasal place assimilation''' | '''10. Nasal place assimilation''' | ||
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Ex.: /ʐyse’zyŋse/ 'sick' → [ʐyse’zynse] | Ex.: /ʐyse’zyŋse/ 'sick' → [ʐyse’zynse] | ||
'''11. Final vowel centralization''' | '''11. Final vowel centralization''' | ||
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Ex.: /’biqʌ/ 'bad' → [‘biqɘ] | Ex.: /’biqʌ/ 'bad' → [‘biqɘ] | ||
'''12. Alveolar tap assimilation''' | '''12. Alveolar tap assimilation''' | ||
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Ex.: /’pɪʂɾai/ ‘sp. of small freshwater fish’ → [‘pɪʂʂai] | Ex.: /’pɪʂɾai/ ‘sp. of small freshwater fish’ → [‘pɪʂʂai] | ||
'''13. Velar approximation''' | '''13. Velar approximation''' | ||
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Ex.: /ʽlɛɣɯa/ ‘ghastly’ → [‘lɛɰɯa] | Ex.: /ʽlɛɣɯa/ ‘ghastly’ → [‘lɛɰɯa] | ||
'''14. Alveolar stop affricativization''' | '''14. Alveolar stop affricativization''' | ||
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Ex.: /ʽtjaβɛ/ ‘understandably’ → [‘tʃaβɛ] | Ex.: /ʽtjaβɛ/ ‘understandably’ → [‘tʃaβɛ] | ||
'''15. Stop voicing assimilation''' | '''15. Stop voicing assimilation''' | ||
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Ex.: /’besga/ ‘digusting person’ → [‘beska] | Ex.: /’besga/ ‘digusting person’ → [‘beska] | ||
=== Stress Rules === | |||
Stress typically falls on the penultimate syllable of the word. There are exceptions, however, in which stress falls on the antepenultimate. | |||
mu'labɛɾɛ 'helpful' | |||
'naɾɪdo 'cleanliness' | |||
'nɛɾɛkʌ 'abdicate' | |||
'nɛspɛa 'whisper | |||
nʌ'ɬatɛtiŋ 'snowflake' | |||
ʃe'atɛpa 'cop a feel' | |||
suilɛda 'prison' | |||
tɛ'nɛpɾɛa 'irritate' | |||
'tsɛpɛɾɛ 'marble' | |||
'ʌndɛɾɯ 'code of honor between a guest and host' | |||
'xɛxɛɾu 'massacre' | |||
'mɛmtɪa 'peer at' | |||
'egɪda 'older woman' | |||
'mɯtɛtiŋ 'faraway place' | |||
'mɪppɔky 'attempt' | |||
'mɛmtɪdo 'awareness' | |||
'lɛɣɯa 'ghastly' | |||
'iskɛdo 'height' | |||
'daɣɯra 'empathy' | |||
'bɛɾɛbu 'if you please' | |||
'bɛptɔa 'recover' | |||
'ændɛu 'k.o. tree'. | |||
===Historical Rílin Sound Changes in Vowels=== | |||
In Proto-Rílin, there were two phonemically distinguishable vowel lengths, long and short. The vowels i, e, a, o, and u had both long and short versions. When the ancestral Rílin language transformed into modern Rílin, the vowels shifted. Short vowels became lax in the case of the high- and mid-front vowels (i, e), unrounded in the case of the high- and mid- back vowels (o, u), and the low back vowel became more front. ø was pushed back and became ʌ (causing a merger of ø and o). ə became ɛ. The long vowels simply became short versions of themselves. | |||
i → ɪ | |||
iː → i | |||
ə → ɛ | |||
e → ɛ | |||
eː → e | |||
o → ʌ | |||
ø → ʌ | |||
oː → o | |||
u → ɯ | |||
uː → u | |||
a → æ | |||
aː → a | |||
There were also three diphthongs in the earlier Rílin which became monothongs in modern Rílin. | |||
au → ɔ | |||
ju → y | |||
eu → ø | |||
In Lunauli, ɔ became merged with a and is no longer a distinguishable phoneme. | |||
(N.B. In the word “Lunauli”, and other words with the a + u combination, this sequence is not considered a phonemic diphthong but rather a sequence of two separate phonemes, a and u. This applies to all words in either modern Rílin dialect with a + u, j + u, or e + u combinations.) | |||
===Histaxa Dialectal Differences=== | |||
/æ/ vs /a/ | |||
Some speaker populations, such as that around the Histaxa fields region, pronounce /æ/ as [a]. Some in these groups pronounce /æ/ as a more back vowel but not as far back as the standard phonemic /a/, so it is possible that the two phonemes /æ/ and /a/ have not split for either group. In other groups around the same area, /a/ has come to be pronounced [ɑ] or [ɒ] to differentiate between /æ/ which has come to be pronounced as [a], created a chain shift. No other vowels are shifted in these dialects, so it is not a systemic change. | |||
== Orthography == | |||
The writing system is called Sér̂a /'seʂa/ (meaning also ‘be made real, manifest’). It exists in three modes: Ture /'tuɾɛ/ ('soft'), which is a cursive script, R̂ek /ʂɛk/ ('hard'), which is a runic system, and the default, which is standard. | |||
It is a phonemic alphabet with 42 symbols, one for each phoneme in the language. | |||
[[File:Screen_Shot_2018-08-14_at_11.28.06_PM.png]] | |||
===Romanization=== | |||
There is also a standardized Romanization for the Rílin alphabet, as seen below in brackets. In some cases, there are options between using a diacritic to modify a Latin character and using a digraph, such in the case with /β/, which may be written ẃ or bh. | |||
'''Vowels''' | |||
/a/ < a > | |||
/æ/ < ä > | |||
/e/ < é > | |||
/ɛ/ < e > | |||
/i/ < í > | |||
/ɪ/ < i > | |||
/y/ < y > | |||
/ø/ < ö > | |||
/o/ < ó> | |||
/ɔ/ < o > | |||
/ʌ/ < û > | |||
/ɯ/ < ŭ > | |||
/u/ < u > | |||
'''Examples of Variations in Romanization''' | |||
aghûbhadógha ‘stare into someone’s eyes’ | |||
aǵûẃadóǵa /ɑɣʌβɑdoɣɑ/ | |||
bíhzara ‘custom’ | |||
bíŕara /biʐɑɾɑ/ | |||
öhsa ‘soft | |||
öŕa /øʂɑ/ | |||
tshimlŭ ‘mush, goo’ | |||
tŝimlŭ /tʃɪmlʌ/ | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:A priori]] | |||
[[Category:Artlangs]] | |||