Proto-Oronaic: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox proto-language | |||
| name = Proto-Oronaic | |||
| creator = User:Raistas | |||
| target = [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] | |||
| region = Northwestern Russia | |||
| era = 5000–2000 BCE | |||
| familycolor = oronaic | |||
| child1 = Proto-Alpathian | |||
** [[Proto-Carpathian]] | |||
| child2 = Proto-Hirtic | |||
}} | |||
Proto-Oronaic is the reconstructed ancestral language of the [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family. The exact time, when the language has been spoken, is unknown, but various estimates give the dates from 5000 BCE to 2000 BCE, after which it differentiated into other proto-languages. The exact location of the area of [[w:Urheimat|Urheimat]] is not known, and various proposals have been suggested, but the usually assumed areas are [[w:Valdai Hills|the Valdai Hills]] territory and plains between [[w:Republic of Karelia|the Republic of Karelia]] and [[w:Arkhangelsk Oblast|the Arkhangelsk Oblast]] in Russia. | Proto-Oronaic is the reconstructed ancestral language of the [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family. The exact time, when the language has been spoken, is unknown, but various estimates give the dates from 5000 BCE to 2000 BCE, after which it differentiated into other proto-languages. The exact location of the area of [[w:Urheimat|Urheimat]] is not known, and various proposals have been suggested, but the usually assumed areas are [[w:Valdai Hills|the Valdai Hills]] territory and plains between [[w:Republic of Karelia|the Republic of Karelia]] and [[w:Arkhangelsk Oblast|the Arkhangelsk Oblast]] in Russia. | ||
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Sometimes a low back rounded *å /ɒ/ is reconstructed in place of *a, since it regularly gives /o/ in Carpathian. As a separate phoneme *å can be reconstructed on the basis of Hirtian, where it does not change into y /ɨ/ or remains a /ɑ/. In other branches it simply merged with *a. Diphthongs probably did not exist in Proto-Oronaic itself, but appeared very early in its descendents. | Sometimes a low back rounded *å /ɒ/ is reconstructed in place of *a, since it regularly gives /o/ in Carpathian. As a separate phoneme *å can be reconstructed on the basis of Hirtian, where it does not change into y /ɨ/ or remains a /ɑ/. In other branches it simply merged with *a. Diphthongs probably did not exist in Proto-Oronaic itself, but appeared very early in its descendents. | ||
Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only | Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only four reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə<sub>1</sub>, *ə<sub>2</sub>, *ə<sub>3</sub> and sometimes also *ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably was an allophone of *ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of debate: Vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə<sub>1</sub>-*ə<sub>2</sub>, *ë-*ə<sub>4</sub> and *ə<sub>3</sub>-*ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts with *ə<sub>2</sub> being neutral to both *ə<sub>3</sub> and *ə<sub>4</sub>. Some scholars analize them as following: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
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*Pronouns: *mu(n) I, *tu(n) you, *su(n)/*te this *kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what. | *Pronouns: *mu(n) I, *tu(n) you, *su(n)/*te this *kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what. | ||
*Kinship terms: *ěmmè/*ěmbe mother, *ät̺ä father, *ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, *neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law. | *Kinship terms: *ěmmè/*ěmbe mother, *ät̺ä father, *ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, *neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law. | ||
*Body parts: *bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, *gèrik-i eye, *wöl(g)ə<sub> | *Body parts: *bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, *gèrik-i eye, *wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, *ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, *tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, *dawə breath, *kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, *kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear. | ||
*Basic verbs: *ní-jêl- to hear, *wel- to live, *mïr- to die, *ńidä- to approach, *askan- to step, *s̺uppu- to suck, *t̺ëgu- to eat, *uri- to swim, *kappa- to steal. | *Basic verbs: *ní-jêl- to hear, *wel- to live, *mïr- to die, *ńidä- to approach, *askan- to step, *s̺uppu- to suck, *t̺ëgu- to eat, *uri- to swim, *kappa- to steal. | ||
*Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: *t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, *sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, *kööˀcü moon, *(wəb)eedä sun *c̺ec̺ä/*c̺äˀc̺ä water, *rüümü mist, *nigə<sub>1</sub> | *Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: *t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, *sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, *kööˀcü moon, *(wəb)eedä sun *c̺ec̺ä/*c̺äˀc̺ä water, *rüümü mist, *àsŋə<sub>2</sub>(-n) fish *nigə<sub>1</sub> perch *nigkeŋ-si big fish (northern pike), *gooklu(j) star, *öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, *pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, *keeˀt̺ü spruce, *kooru pine/fir, *iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, *kullu stone, *ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> *wëja egg, *s̺aru raven | ||
*Elementary technology: *sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, *sukko needle, *kowra to bore, *waŋsa bow, *sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, *sopa straw, *ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, *sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, *miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence. | *Elementary technology: *sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, *sukko needle, *kowra to bore, *waŋsa bow, *sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, *sopa straw, *ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, *sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, *miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence. | ||
*Basic spatial concepts: *ükə<sub>1</sub> back, *pala half, *ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long. | *Basic spatial concepts: *ükə<sub>1</sub> back, *pala half, *ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long. | ||
*Numerals: | *Numerals: têwə<sub>2</sub> pair, *ketäk two, kurə<sub>4</sub> three, *nèw-i four, *luˀə<sub>4</sub> many. | ||
[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]] | [[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]] | ||
[[Category:Proto-languages]] | [[Category:Proto-languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||