Proto-Oronaic: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox proto-language

| name = Proto-Oronaic

| creator = User:Raistas

| target = [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]]

| region = Northwestern Russia

| era = 5000–2000 BCE

| familycolor = oronaic

| child1 = Proto-Alpathian

** [[Proto-Carpathian]]

| child2 = Proto-Hirtic

}}

Proto-Oronaic is the reconstructed ancestral language of the [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family. The exact time, when the language has been spoken, is unknown, but various estimates give the dates from 5000 BCE to 2000 BCE, after which it differentiated into other proto-languages. The exact location of the area of [[w:Urheimat|Urheimat]] is not known, and various proposals have been suggested, but the usually assumed areas are [[w:Valdai Hills|the Valdai Hills]] territory and plains between [[w:Republic of Karelia|the Republic of Karelia]] and [[w:Arkhangelsk Oblast|the Arkhangelsk Oblast]] in Russia.

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Sometimes a low back rounded *å /ɒ/ is reconstructed in place of *a, since it regularly gives /o/ in Carpathian. As a separate phoneme *å can be reconstructed on the basis of Hirtian, where it does not change into y /ɨ/ or remains a /ɑ/. In other branches it simply merged with *a. Diphthongs probably did not exist in Proto-Oronaic itself, but appeared very early in its descendents.

Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only ~~three~~ reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə1, *ə2, *ə3 and sometimes also *ə4, which probably was an allophone of *ə3 The actual realization of them is a question of debate: Vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə1-*ə2, *ë-*ə4 and *ə3-*ə4 contrasts with *ə2 being neutral to both *ə3 and *ə4. Some scholars analize them as following:

Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only four reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə1, *ə2, *ə3 and sometimes also *ə4, which probably was an allophone of *ə3 The actual realization of them is a question of debate: Vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə1-*ə2, *ë-*ə4 and *ə3-*ə4 contrasts with *ə2 being neutral to both *ə3 and *ə4. Some scholars analize them as following:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|-

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==Vocabulary==

Only about 120 word roots can be reconstructed for Proto-Oronaic, if every reconstructed word for the proto-language should be present in all the three branches. If comparing only Alpian and Carpathian branches, the ammount of 400-500 word roots are reconstructed, which is much higher. There are also more than 40 cognates for Carpathian and Hirtian but not for Alpian (some of those cognates are uncertain), and no cognates that are present in Alpian and Carpathian, but not in Hirtian.

The following examples of reconstructed items are considered certain Proto-Oronaic word roots, present in at least one language from all the three branches:

*Pronouns: *mu(n) I, *tu(n) you, *su(n)/*te this *kin/kön who, *wə1 what.

*Kinship terms: *ěmmè/*ěmbe mother, *ät̺ä father, *ékkə1 uncle, *neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə1 daughter-in-law.

*Body parts: *bàˀjə3 head, *gèrik-i eye, *wöl(g)ə2 tongue, *ačə3 liver, *tis̺ə1 lung, *dawə breath, *kàc̺ə3 cough, *kəjontə4 urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.

*Basic verbs: *ní-jêl- to hear, *wel- to live, *mïr- to die, *ńidä- to approach, *askan- to step, *s̺uppu- to suck, *t̺ëgu- to eat, *uri- to swim, *kappa- to steal.

*Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: *t̺akc̺ə3 ice, *sajwə2 lake, *kööˀcü moon, *(wəb)eedä sun *c̺ec̺ä/*c̺äˀc̺ä water, *rüümü mist, *àsŋə2(-n) fish *nigə1 perch *nigkeŋ-si big fish (northern pike), *gooklu(j) star, *öwbə1 lightning, *pojə2 birch, *keeˀt̺ü spruce, *kooru pine/fir, *iˀjə1 bird cherry, *kullu stone, *ńüwrə2 *wëja egg, *s̺aru raven

*Elementary technology: *sigdə2 coal, *sukko needle, *kowra to bore, *waŋsa bow, *sujkə3 arrow, *sopa straw, *ĺëptə2 cradle, *sovə4(j) ski, *miiltə1 fence.

*Basic spatial concepts: *ükə1 back, *pala half, *ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə3 long.

*Numerals: têwə2 pair, *ketäk two, kurə4 three, *nèw-i four, *luˀə4 many.

[[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]

[[Category:Proto-languages]]

[[Category:Languages]]

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+{{Infobox proto-language
+| name        = Proto-Oronaic
+| creator     = User:Raistas
+| target      = [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]]
+| region      = Northwestern Russia
+| era         = 5000–2000&nbsp;BCE
+| familycolor = oronaic
+| child1      = Proto-Alpathian
+** [[Proto-Carpathian]]
+| child2      = Proto-Hirtic
+}}
 Proto-Oronaic is the reconstructed ancestral language of the [[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family. The exact time, when the language has been spoken, is unknown, but various estimates give the dates from 5000 BCE to 2000 BCE, after which it differentiated into other proto-languages. The exact location of the area of [[w:Urheimat|Urheimat]] is not known, and various proposals have been suggested, but the usually assumed areas are [[w:Valdai Hills|the Valdai Hills]] territory and plains between [[w:Republic of Karelia|the Republic of Karelia]] and [[w:Arkhangelsk Oblast|the Arkhangelsk Oblast]] in Russia.
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 Sometimes a low back rounded *å /ɒ/ is reconstructed in place of *a, since it regularly gives /o/ in Carpathian. As a separate phoneme *å can be reconstructed on the basis of Hirtian, where it does not change into y /ɨ/ or remains a /ɑ/. In other branches it simply merged with *a. Diphthongs probably did not exist in Proto-Oronaic itself, but appeared very early in its descendents.
-Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only three reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə<sub>1</sub>, *ə<sub>2</sub>, *ə<sub>3</sub> and sometimes also *ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably was an allophone of *ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of debate: Vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə<sub>1</sub>-*ə<sub>2</sub>, *ë-*ə<sub>4</sub> and *ə<sub>3</sub>-*ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts with *ə<sub>2</sub> being neutral to both *ə<sub>3</sub> and *ə<sub>4</sub>. Some scholars analize them as following:
+Vowel inventory in non-stressed syllables was restricted: only four reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə<sub>1</sub>, *ə<sub>2</sub>, *ə<sub>3</sub> and sometimes also *ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably was an allophone of *ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of debate: Vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə<sub>1</sub>-*ə<sub>2</sub>, *ë-*ə<sub>4</sub> and *ə<sub>3</sub>-*ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts with *ə<sub>2</sub> being neutral to both *ə<sub>3</sub> and *ə<sub>4</sub>. Some scholars analize them as following:
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 |-
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 ==Vocabulary==
+Only about 120 word roots can be reconstructed for Proto-Oronaic, if every reconstructed word for the proto-language should be present in all the three branches. If comparing only Alpian and Carpathian branches, the ammount of 400-500 word roots are reconstructed, which is much higher. There are also more than 40 cognates for Carpathian and Hirtian but not for Alpian (some of those cognates are uncertain), and no cognates that are present in Alpian and Carpathian, but not in Hirtian.
+The following examples of reconstructed items are considered certain Proto-Oronaic word roots, present in at least one language from all the three branches:
+*Pronouns: *mu(n) I, *tu(n) you, *su(n)/*te this *kin/kön who, *wə<sub>1</sub> what.
+*Kinship terms: *ěmmè/*ěmbe mother, *ät̺ä father, *ékkə<sub>1</sub> uncle, *neeˀni maternal aunt, *wìˀnə<sub>1</sub> daughter-in-law.
+*Body parts: *bàˀjə<sub>3</sub> head, *gèrik-i eye, *wöl(g)ə<sub>2</sub> tongue, *ačə<sub>3</sub> liver, *tis̺ə<sub>1</sub> lung, *dawə breath, *kàc̺ə<sub>3</sub> cough, *kəjontə<sub>4</sub> urine, *kəjgü-(li) tear.
+*Basic verbs: *ní-jêl- to hear, *wel- to live, *mïr- to die, *ńidä- to approach, *askan- to step, *s̺uppu- to suck, *t̺ëgu- to eat, *uri- to swim, *kappa- to steal.
+*Basic objects and concepts of the natural world: *t̺akc̺ə<sub>3</sub> ice, *sajwə<sub>2</sub> lake, *kööˀcü moon, *(wəb)eedä sun *c̺ec̺ä/*c̺äˀc̺ä water, *rüümü mist, *àsŋə<sub>2</sub>(-n) fish *nigə<sub>1</sub> perch *nigkeŋ-si  big fish (northern pike), *gooklu(j) star, *öwbə<sub>1</sub> lightning, *pojə<sub>2</sub> birch, *keeˀt̺ü spruce, *kooru pine/fir, *iˀjə<sub>1</sub> bird cherry, *kullu stone, *ńüwrə<sub>2</sub> *wëja egg, *s̺aru raven
+*Elementary technology: *sigdə<sub>2</sub> coal, *sukko needle, *kowra to bore, *waŋsa bow, *sujkə<sub>3</sub> arrow, *sopa straw, *ĺëptə<sub>2</sub> cradle, *sovə<sub>4</sub>(j) ski, *miiltə<sub>1</sub> fence.
+*Basic spatial concepts: *ükə<sub>1</sub> back, *pala half, *ragu side (also bank of the river), *kuwkə<sub>3</sub> long.
+*Numerals: têwə<sub>2</sub> pair, *ketäk two, kurə<sub>4</sub> three, *nèw-i four, *luˀə<sub>4</sub> many.
 [[Category:Alpatho-Hirtic]]
 [[Category:Proto-languages]]
 [[Category:Languages]]