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Harākti: Difference between revisions

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{{Featured
|featured banner=Kās danghāh ester ānki līshahit. Kūki naskō dūmunkō, hardātarī nu ihnāmātaren ātātē danghāhī, esti apēn hōkuahanti kitsi līshahit.}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Harākti
|name = Harākti
|nativename = Harākti
|nativename = {{cuneiform|𒀀𒇉𒁴}}<br/>Harākti
|pronunciation = [xaˈɾaːkti]
|pronunciation = xaˈɾaːkti
|region = Eurasia
|setting = Eurasia
|states =  
|states =  
|nation =  
|nation =  
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|date = 2013
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] (?)
|fam2 = [[w:Anatolian languages|Anatolian]] (?)
|ancestor = Old Harākti (?)
|ancestor = Old Harākti (?)
|iso1 = -
|clcr = qhk
|iso2 = -
|script1        = Latn
|iso3 = -
|script2      = Xsux
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency        =  
|agency        =  
|creator      = User:Ashucky
}}
}}


'''Harākti''' (''harākti'', [[w:IPA|IPA]]: [xaˈɾaːkti]) is an [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European language]]. It is part of the [[w:Anatolian languages|Anatolian branch]] of the Indo-European languages, although it differs extensivly from the rest of the Anatolian languages, which is the reason for some speculation regarding its place within the Indo-European family. The strongest argument placed forward in favour of Harākti being an Anatolian language is the fact that, like [[w:Hittite_language|Hittite]], it is a language that reflected some of the [[w:Laryngeal_theory|laryngeal sounds]] as consonants. Its verbal system likewise resembles that of Hittite, and the general symplicity of the declensional and conjugational systems is again a characteristic shared with the Anatolian languages.  
'''Harākti''' (natively written as {{cuneiform|𒀀𒇉𒁴}} (ÍD''-tí'') or {{cuneiform|𒄩𒊏𒀀𒀝𒋾}} (''ha-ra-a-ak-ti''), transliterated as ''harākti'', [[w:IPA|IPA]]: [xaˈɾaːkti]) is an [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European language]]. It is part of the [[w:Anatolian languages|Anatolian branch]] of the Indo-European languages, although it differs extensivly from the rest of the Anatolian languages, which is the reason for some speculation regarding its place within the Indo-European family. The strongest argument placed forward in favour of Harākti being an Anatolian language is the fact that, like [[w:Hittite_language|Hittite]], it is a language that reflected some of the [[w:Laryngeal_theory|laryngeal sounds]] as consonants. Its verbal system likewise resembles that of Hittite, and the general symplicity of the declensional and conjugational systems is again a characteristic shared with the Anatolian languages.  




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==Background==
==Background==
===External history===
Harākti is my second attempt at trying to create an ''a posteriori'' conlang based on Proto-Indo-European. Initially intended to be a modification of my first such attempt, called Thaṣṙivṙal, but it became an entirely new language. As a result, Thaṣṙivṙal was rendered obsolete and essentially dead. Harākti is more constructive and follows both phonetic and grammar rules a bit more precisely. The language area was shifted too. Thaṣṙivṙal was supposed to be spoken south-east of the Alps along the east coast of the Adriatic sea, but Harākti was moved south to Anatolia, being close to Hittite and Akkadian. Thaṣṙivṙal was also started as part of an online project set in an alternate Europe where the current main IE language families were replaced by conlangs, and they were later supposed to develop into separate languages. Thaṣṙivṙal was therefore at a stage of a proto-language, akin to Lain, but it never progessed into separate languages. My intention with Harākti is similar: being a sort of a proto-language it will, hopefully, split into several dialects that will become separate languages. Needless to say, Harākti is also set to distant past, around at least 1500 BCE, so it cannot be used in modern contexts.


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===Internal history===


<!-- Example categories/headings:
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Setting
Inspiration
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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The phonology of Harākti is a direct result of phonological changes or sound shifts from Proto-Indo-European. The majority of the changes are regular and can be tracked down to Proto-Indo-European and they have frequent cognates in modern Indo-European languages. In general, the phonology of the language is fairly simple, resembling the Hittite phonology system in terms of consonants and the Latin phonology system in terms of vowels.  
The phonology of Harākti is a direct result of phonological changes or sound shifts from Proto-Indo-European. The majority of the changes are regular and can be tracked down to Proto-Indo-European and they have frequent cognates in modern Indo-European languages. In general, the phonology of the language is fairly simple, resembling the Hittite phonology system in terms of consonants and the Latin phonology system in terms of vowels.  
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
====Stress====
Harāki does not have a fixed stress but it is movable. Words are very often stressed on the first syllable. If the word has a -nt- cluster, the stress falls on the syllable preceding the cluster. This applies when conjugating or declining as well. For example, the verb "to be" is usually stressed on the first syllable but the 3rd person plural forms are stressed on the second syllable: ''ésmi'' > ''asánti''.
 
Stress is usually unmarked in normal writing but it can be indicated to avoid confusion or to explicitly show it. On short vowels it is marked by placing an acute above the letter (á, é, í, ó, ú), on long vowels it can either be an acute above the macron (ā́, ḗ, ī́, ṓ, ū́) or a circumflex above the letter (â, ê, î, ô, û). The latter is often preferred due to coding issues.


===Phonetic changes===
===Phonetic changes===
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|}
|}


==Grammar==
===Harākti cuneiform===
The grammar of Harākti is essentially a reflex of Proto-Indo-European grammar. It's an inflectional language with well developed declentional and conjugational patters. Especially the verbal morphology is closer to Hittite verbal morphology than to Latin or Sanskrit. Unlike Hittite, however, Harākti has three genders, even though the declensions often overlap. The main declensions can mostly be traced to PIE declensions.
Harākti cuneiform is a version of the [[w:Cuneiform script|cuneiform script]] used to write Harākti. It has been adopted from the [[w:Hittite cuneiform|Hittite]] and [[w:Akkadian cuneiform|Akkadian]] cuneiform systems, and as such it is essentially a [[w:Syllabary|syllabary]]. Or rather, the script consisnts of mainly [[w:syllabogram|syllabograms]], mixed with a few Akkadograms and [[w:Sumerogram|sumerograms]] that were widely used in other languages.  


===Nouns===
The syllabograms come in three types: CV, VC and CVC. The first two types are the most common while the CVC type is rarely used. Long vowels are written with an additional vowel sign. Since the language allows for consonant clusters of more than just two consonants, some vowels are therefore only written but not pronounced.  
Nouns belong to one of the three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Apart from that, mouns are inflected for three numbers: singular, dual and plural; as well as for eight cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, allative, ablative, and locative. The three genders also correspond to three main declenions, but there are several other minor delcensions, and many nouns of different genders are declined the same - the declension is decided based on the gender of a noun and the final sound(s).


====First declension====
<small>Note: in order for the cuneiform signs to display correctly, a font that supports them needs to be installed: Free Idg Serif[http://flaez.ch/freeidg.html] or Akkadian[http://users.teilar.gr/~g1951d/download.html].</small>
The first declension is typically considered a masculine declension but many feminine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are '''constonants''' and vowels '''-e''' and '''-a'''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''First declension'''
! colspan="6" | CV type of syllabograms
|-
! style="width: 50px;" | !! style="width: 70px;" | -a !! style="width: 70px;" | -e !! style="width: 70px;" | -i !! style="width: 70px;" | -o !! style="width: 70px;" | -u
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
!  
| {{cuneiform|𒀀}} || {{cuneiform|𒂊}} || {{cuneiform|𒄿}} || {{cuneiform|𒌑}} || {{cuneiform|𒌋}}
|-
|-
! Nominative
! b-
| -Ø/e/a || -ei || -ei
| {{cuneiform|𒁀}} || {{cuneiform|𒁁}} || {{cuneiform|𒇥}} || {{cuneiform|𒁐}} || {{cuneiform|𒁍}}
|-
|-
! Genitive
! d-
| -ī || -en || -en
| {{cuneiform|𒁕}} || {{cuneiform|𒁲}} || {{cuneiform|𒁳}} || {{cuneiform|𒀿}} || {{cuneiform|𒁺}}
|-
|-
! Dative
! g-
| -ē || -ēm || -ām
| {{cuneiform|𒂵}} || {{cuneiform|𒄀}} || {{cuneiform|𒆤}} || {{cuneiform|𒄘}} || {{cuneiform|𒄖}}
|-
|-
! Accusative
! gh-
| -ān || -ei || -an
| {{cuneiform|𒂷}} || {{cuneiform|𒄄}} || {{cuneiform|𒋃}} || {{cuneiform|𒅥}} || {{cuneiform|𒅘}}
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! h-
| -ēn || -i || -(b/p)i
| {{cuneiform|𒄩}} || {{cuneiform|𒃶}} || {{cuneiform|𒄭}} || {{cuneiform|𒆬}} || {{cuneiform|𒄷}}
|-
|-
! Allative
! k-
| -ai || -ate || -at
| {{cuneiform|𒅗}} || {{cuneiform|𒆠}} || {{cuneiform|𒆍}} || {{cuneiform|𒆭}} || {{cuneiform|𒆪}}
|-
|-
! Ablative
! l-
| -is || -īs || -ās
| {{cuneiform|𒆷}} || {{cuneiform|𒇷}} || {{cuneiform|𒇲}} || {{cuneiform|𒇽}} || {{cuneiform|𒇻}}
|-
|-
! Locative
! m-
| -et || -eu || -(s)u
| {{cuneiform|𒈠}} || {{cuneiform|𒈨}} || {{cuneiform|𒈪}} || {{cuneiform|𒊬}} || {{cuneiform|𒈬}}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | First declension: pōd (''foot'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! n-
| {{cuneiform|𒈾}} || {{cuneiform|𒉈}} || {{cuneiform|𒉌}} || {{cuneiform|𒈿}} || {{cuneiform|𒉡}}
|-
|-
! Nominative
! p-
| pōd || pōdei || pōdei
| {{cuneiform|𒉺}} || {{cuneiform|𒋆}} || {{cuneiform|𒁉}} || {{cuneiform|𒆜}} || {{cuneiform|𒅤}}
|-
|-
! Genitive
! r-
| pōdī || pōden || pōden
| {{cuneiform|𒊏}} || {{cuneiform|𒊑}} || {{cuneiform|𒌷}} || {{cuneiform|𒆕}} || {{cuneiform|𒊒}}
|-
|-
! Dative
! s-
| pōdē || pōdēm || pōdām
| {{cuneiform|𒊭}} || {{cuneiform|𒊺}} || {{cuneiform|𒅆}} || {{cuneiform|𒋜}} || {{cuneiform|𒋗}}
|-
|-
! Accusative
! t-
| pōdān || pōdei || pōdan
| {{cuneiform|𒋫}} || {{cuneiform|𒋼}} || {{cuneiform|𒋾}} || {{cuneiform|𒌈}} || {{cuneiform|𒌅}}
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! ts-
| pōdēn || pōdi || pōdi
| {{cuneiform|𒍝}} || {{cuneiform|𒍢}} || {{cuneiform|𒍣}} || {{cuneiform|𒍥}} || {{cuneiform|𒍪}}
|-
! Allative
| pōdai || pōdate || pōdat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! v-
| pōdis || pōdīs || pōdās
| {{cuneiform|𒉿}} || {{cuneiform|𒃾}} || {{cuneiform|𒃿}} || {{cuneiform|𒊉}} || {{cuneiform|𒊇}}
|-
|-
! Locative
| pōdet || pōdeu || pōdu
|}
|}


====Second declension====
The second declension is traditionally seen a feminine declension but some masculine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are '''-ti''', '''-e''' and '''-i'''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Second declension'''
! colspan="6" | VC type of syllabograms
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 50px;" | !! style="width: 70px;" | a- !! style="width: 70px;" | e- !! style="width: 70px;" | i- !! style="width: 70px;" | o- !! style="width: 70px;" | u-
|-
|-
! Nominative
!  
| -e/i || -ei || -ēi
| {{cuneiform|𒀀}} || {{cuneiform|𒂊}} || {{cuneiform|𒄿}} || {{cuneiform|𒌑}} || {{cuneiform|𒌋}}
|-
|-
! Genitive
! -b
| -ē || -en || -ēn
| {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|}}
|-
|-
! Dative
! -d
| -ēiē || -ēm || -īm
| {{cuneiform|𒀜}} || {{cuneiform|𒁖}} || {{cuneiform|𒄉}} || {{cuneiform|𒌕}} || {{cuneiform|}}
|-
|-
! Accusative
! -g
| -in || -ei || -īn
| {{cuneiform|𒀞}} || {{cuneiform|𒂕}} || {{cuneiform|𒅅}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|𒊌}}
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! -gh
| -ī || -ā || -ibi
| {{cuneiform|𒉘}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|𒉞}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|}}
|-
|-
! Allative
! -h
| -ai || -ate || -at
| {{cuneiform|𒀪}} || {{cuneiform|𒄴}} || {{cuneiform|𒄵}} || {{cuneiform|𒌔}} || {{cuneiform|𒄸}}
|-
|-
! Ablative
! -k
| -ēs || -īs || -ās
| {{cuneiform|𒀝}} || {{cuneiform|𒀟}} || {{cuneiform|𒄈}} || {{cuneiform|𒌙}} || {{cuneiform|}}
|-
|-
! Locative
! -l
| -et || -eu || -(s)u
| {{cuneiform|𒀠}} || {{cuneiform|𒂖}} || {{cuneiform|𒅋}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|}}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Second declension: hāvi (''sheep'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! -m
| {{cuneiform|𒄠}} || {{cuneiform|𒁽}} || {{cuneiform|𒅎}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|𒌝}}
|-
|-
! Nominative
! -n
| hāvi || hāvei || hāvēi
| {{cuneiform|𒀭}} || {{cuneiform|𒂗}} || {{cuneiform|𒅔}} || {{cuneiform|𒄧}} || {{cuneiform|𒌦}}
|-
|-
! Genitive
! -p
| hāvē || hāven || hāvēn
| {{cuneiform|𒀊}} || {{cuneiform|𒅁}} || {{cuneiform|𒄾}} || {{cuneiform|𒌒}} || {{cuneiform|𒌣}}
|-
|-
! Dative
! -r
| hāvēiē || hāvēm || hāvīm
| {{cuneiform|𒅈}} || {{cuneiform|𒅕}} || {{cuneiform|𒁓}} || {{cuneiform|𒌫}} || {{cuneiform|𒌨}}
|-
|-
! Accusative
! -s
| hāvin || hāvei || hāvīn
| {{cuneiform|𒀸}} || {{cuneiform|𒌍}} || {{cuneiform|𒅖}} || {{cuneiform|}} || {{cuneiform|𒍑}}
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! -t
| hāvī || hāvā || hāvibi
| {{cuneiform|𒀖}} || {{cuneiform|𒀉}} || {{cuneiform|𒄑}} || {{cuneiform|𒀾}} || {{cuneiform|𒌓}}
|-
|-
! Allative
! -ts
| hāvai || hāvate || hāvat
| - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
! Ablative
! -v
| hāvēs || hāvīs || hāvās
| - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
! Locative
| hāvet || hāveu || hāvsu
|}
|}


====Third declension====
 
The third declension is typically considered a neuter declension. The third declension is used almost exclusively by neuter nouns, only a few masculine and feminine nouns belong to this declension. The common endings are vowels '''-ā''', '''-o''' and '''-u'''.
Special syllabograms:
* {{cuneiform|𒀁}} - ''ā'', instead of {{cuneiform|𒀀𒀀}} (''a-a'')
* {{cuneiform|𒂍}} - ''ē'', instead of {{cuneiform|𒂊𒂊}} (''e-e'')
* {{cuneiform|𒐊}} - ''ī'', instead of {{cuneiform|𒄿𒄿}} (''i-i'')
* {{cuneiform|𒁴}} - ''tí'', in language names only, remains even when declined
 
====Sumerograms and akkadograms====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 700px;"
! List of sumerograms and akkadograms
|-
|
* {{cuneiform|𒋀}} (ŠEŠ) ''brahtēr'' - brother
* {{cuneiform|𒊩𒌆}} (NIN) ''suesōr'' - sister
* {{cuneiform|𒂍}} (É) ''parin'' - house
* {{cuneiform|𒀀𒇉}} (ÍD) ''harākah'' - river (also in {{cuneiform|𒀀𒇉𒁴}} ''harākti'' - Harākti; the name of the language)
* {{cuneiform|𒃲}} (GAL) ''megid'' - big; also as ''-enter'' for superlative
* {{cuneiform|𒄭}} (DUG) ''ōsut'' - good; also as ''-entsi'' for comparative
* {{cuneiform|𒌉}} (DUMU) ''sūnu'' - son
* {{cuneiform|𒌉𒊩}} (DUMU.MUNUS) ''dugohtēr'' - daughter
* {{cuneiform|𒅯}} (KIR<sub>4</sub>) ''nās'' - nose
* {{cuneiform|𒊕}} (SAG) ''kaput'' - head
* {{cuneiform|𒌨𒌆}} (UR.GI<sub>7</sub>) ''kuōn'' - dog
* {{cuneiform|𒂼}} (AMA) ''mahtēr'', ''ānas'' - mother
* {{cuneiform|𒋰}} (TAB) ''duā'' - two; ''dūrig'' - second
* {{cuneiform|𒈫}} (MIN) ''tamāt'' - other
* {{cuneiform|𒁹}} (DIŠ) ''sen'' - one; ''senid'' - one
* {{cuneiform|𒆳}} (KUR) ''degōn'' - land, country
* {{cuneiform|𒆜}} (KASKAL) ''kēse'' - time
* {{cuneiform|𒀭}} (DINGIR)) ''dēva'' - god; also used as a determiner for a deity (precedes the name)
* {{cuneiform|𒇻}} (UDU) ''hāvi'' - sheep
* {{cuneiform|𒇽𒌷𒇻}} (LÚ.U<sub>19</sub>.LU) ''endūhse'' - human being
* {{cuneiform|𒊮}} (ŠÀ) ''kēr'' - heart
* {{cuneiform|𒅀}} (''YA'') or {{cuneiform|𒄿𒀀}} (''I.A'') ''-mis, -met,'' etc. - my (clitic possessive pronoun)
* {{cuneiform|𒉌}} (''NI'') ''-sis, set,'' etc. - our (clitic possessive pronoun)
* {{cuneiform|𒄭𒀀}} (ḪI.A'') - plural marker with sumerograms or akkadograms
* {{cuneiform|𒂗}} (EN)) or (''BĒLU'') ''asha'' - master, lord
* {{cuneiform|𒌆}} (TÚG) ''lubāru'' - garment, cloth
* {{cuneiform|𒅴}} (EME) ''danghāh'' - language
* {{cuneiform|𒅗}} (INIM) ''ūtar'' - word; also {{cuneiform|𒅗𒋫𒀪}} (DUG<sub>4</sub>-ta-ah) ''mēmēntah'' - talk, talks, discussion
* {{cuneiform|𒄖}} (GU) ''hōku'' - sound, voice
* {{cuneiform|𒂖}} (''ELLU'') ''harauanid, harauan'' - free, freedom
* {{cuneiform|𒍣}} (ZID) ''harad'' - right, correct
* {{cuneiform|𒌀}} (''QĪTU'') ''gōrīd'' - aim, goal, target
* {{cuneiform|𒆐}} (KÀD) ''nāt-'' - un-, non-
* {{cuneiform|𒋾}} (TI) ''hānt'' - end
* {{cuneiform|𒁍}} (GÍD) ''dalāgh'' - long
* {{cuneiform|𒈗}} (LUGAL) ''hansu'' - king, lord
* {{cuneiform|𒉺}} (PA) ''vēt'' - branch
* {{cuneiform|𒄑}} (GIŠ) ''daru'' - tree
* {{cuneiform|𒈦}} (MAŠ) ''hansētar'' - family
* {{cuneiform|𒈦𒅴}} (MAŠ.EME) ''hansīdēku'' - dialect
* {{cuneiform|𒈨}} (ME) ''kanton'' - hundred (100)
* {{cuneiform|𒈬}} (MU) ''uet'' - year
* {{cuneiform|𒋩}} (SUR) ''serān'' - half
* {{cuneiform|𒋃}} (ŠID) ''?'' - count > {{cuneiform|𒋃𒀊𒌋}} (ŠID-ap-u) ''kasāpu'' - estimate, calculation
* {{cuneiform|𒌆𒌅}} (''TĒMU''-tu) - ''malhantu'' - history
* {{cuneiform|𒍪}} (ZU) ''vādatar'' - knowledge
* {{cuneiform|𒊬}} (SAR) ''hatrid'' - written
* {{cuneiform|𒂂}} (DUGUD) ''kabid'' - important
* {{cuneiform|𒍇}} (''QÀL'') ''lenigh'' - light, easy
* {{cuneiform|𒄾}} (HÚL) ''sanentsīatar'' - joy, enjoyment, happiness
* {{cuneiform|𒌣}} (UMÚN) ''mōlu'' - mind, thought; also {{cuneiform|𒌣𒆕}} (UMÚN-ro) ''enaro'' - purpose
* {{cuneiform|𒁶}} (DÍM) ''samnāiatar'' - creating, creation
* {{cuneiform|𒂖𒌀}} (''ELLU.QĪTU'') ''senhaishar'' - try, trying
* {{cuneiform|𒆳𒌣}} (KUR.UMÚN) ''hansīmōlēn'' - culture
* {{cuneiform|𒄙}} (DUR) ''hūmantit'' - all
* {{cuneiform|𒄑𒊬}} (''KIRŪ'') ''kirītu'' - garden
* {{cuneiform|𒁺}} (GUB) ''istahī'' - to stand
* {{cuneiform|𒆳𒀭}} (KUR.DINGIR) ''nēbetar'' - heaven(s)
* {{cuneiform|𒁔}} (SUN<sub>5</sub>) ''genig'' - humble
|-
|}
 
==Grammar==
The grammar of Harākti is essentially a reflex of Proto-Indo-European grammar. It's an inflectional language with well developed declentional and conjugational patters. Especially the verbal morphology is closer to Hittite verbal morphology than to Latin or Sanskrit. Unlike Hittite, however, Harākti has three genders, even though the declensions often overlap. The main declensions can mostly be traced to PIE declensions.
 
===Nouns===
Nouns belong to one of the three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Apart from that, mouns are inflected for three numbers: singular, dual and plural; as well as for eight cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, allative, ablative, and locative. The three genders also correspond to three main declenions, but there are several other minor delcensions, and many nouns of different genders are declined the same - the declension is decided based on the gender of a noun and the final sound(s).
 
====First declension====
The first declension is typically considered a masculine declension but many feminine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are '''constonants''' and vowels '''-e''' and '''-a'''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Third declension'''
! colspan="4" | '''First declension'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -ā/o/u || -oi || -ai
| -Ø/e/a || -ei || -ei
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -ō || -ōn || -ōn
| -ī || -en || -en
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -ēi || -ōm || -ōm
| -ē || -ēm || -ām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -an || -oi || -on
| -ān || -ei || -an
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -ēn || -ī || -(o)b/pi
| -ēn || -i || -(b/p)i
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -ai || -ote || -ot
| -ai || -ate || -at
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -ēt || -ēs || -ōs
| -is || -īs || -ās
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -ei || -ū || -(o)su
| -et || -eu || -(s)u
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Third declension: aku (''eye'')
! colspan="4" | First declension: pōd (''foot'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| aku || akoi || akai
| pṓd || pṓdei || pṓdei
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| akō || akōn || akōn
| pṓdī || pṓden || pṓden
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| akēi || akōm || akōm
| pṓdē || pṓdēm || pṓdām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| akan || akoi || akon
| pṓdān || pṓdei || pṓdan
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| akēn || akī || akpi
| pṓdēn || pṓdi || pṓdi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| akai || akote || akot
| pṓdai || pṓdate || pṓdat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| akēt || akēs || akōs
| pṓdis || pṓdīs || pṓdās
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| akei || akū || aksu
| pṓdet || pṓdeu || pṓdu
|}
|}


====Fourth declension====
====Second declension====
The fourth declension consists of nouns that end in '''-ah''', regardless of the gender (however, the majority of nouns are feminine). There is a variant of this declension for nouns ending in '''-āh'''.  
The second declension is traditionally seen a feminine declension but some masculine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are '''-ti''', '''-e''' and '''-i'''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Fourth declension (main)'''
! colspan="4" | '''Second declension'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -ah || -ahe || -ahei
| -e/i || -ei || -ēi
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -āh || -ahen || -ahen
| -ē || -en || -ēn
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -ahē || -ahēm || -ām
| -ēiē || -ēm || -īm
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -an || -ahe || -ahan
| -in || -ei || -īn
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -ahēn || -ahā || -ahpi
| -ī || -ā || -ibi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -aha || -ahte || -ahat
| -ai || -ate || -at
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -ās || -ahī || -ahām
| -ēs || -īs || -ās
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -ahi || -ahū || -ahsu
| -et || -eu || -(s)u
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Fourth declension: harākah (''river'')
! colspan="4" | Second declension: hāvi (''sheep'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| harākah || harākahe || harākahei
| hā́vi || hā́vei || hā́vēi
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| harākāh || harākahen || harākahen
| hā́vē || hā́ven || hā́vēn
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| harākahē || harākahēm || harākām
| hāvḗiē || hā́vēm || hā́vīm
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| harākan || harākahe || harākahan
| hā́vin || hā́vei || hā́vīn
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| harākahēn || harākahā || harākahpi
| hā́vī || hā́vā || hā́vibi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| harākaha || harākahte || harākahat
| hā́vai || hā́vate || hā́vat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| harākās || harākahī || harākahām
| hā́vēs || hā́vīs || hā́vās
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| harākahi || harākahū || harākahsu
| hā́vet || hā́veu || hā́vsu
|}
|}


====Third declension====
The third declension is typically considered a neuter declension. The third declension is used almost exclusively by neuter nouns, only a few masculine and feminine nouns belong to this declension. The common endings are vowels '''-ā''', '''-o''' and '''-u'''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Fourth declension (minor)'''
! colspan="4" | '''Third declension'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -āh || -āhe || -āhei
| -ā/o/u || -oi || -ai
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -āhī || -āhen || -āhen
| -ō || -ōn || -ōn
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -āhē || -āhēm || -āhām
| -ēi || -ōm || -ōm
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -āhān || -āhe || -āhan
| -an || -oi || -on
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -āhēn || -āhā || -āhpi
| -ēn || -ī || -(o)b/pi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -āha || -āhte || -āhat
| -ai || -ote || -ot
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -āhis || -āhīs || -āhās
| -ēt || -ēs || -ōs
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -āhi || -āhū || -āhsu
| -ei || -ū || -(o)su
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Fourth declension (minor): danghāh (''language'')
! colspan="4" | Third declension: aku (''eye'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| danghāh || danghāhe || danghāhei
| áku || ákoi || ákai
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| danghāhī || danghāhen || danghāhen
| ákō || ákōn || ákōn
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| danghāhē || danghāhēm || danghāhām
| ákēi || ákōm || ákōm
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| danghāhān || danghāhe || danghāhan
| ákan || ákoi || ákon
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| danghāhēn || danghāhā || danghāhpi
| ákēn || ákī || ákpi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| danghāha || danghāhte || danghāhat
| ákai || ákote || ákot
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| danghāhis || danghāhīs || danghāhās
| ákēt || ákēs || ákōs
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| danghāhi || danghāhū || danghāhsu
| ákei || ákū || áksu
|}
|}


====Fifth declension====
====Fourth declension====
The fifth declension is rather limited and it consits of words that end in '''-ēr''' (or '''-ōr'''). The nouns can be either masculine or feminine - and they are mostly nouns denoting family members. There is a subtype of this declension for nouns ending in '''-ēn''', which is pretty much the same as the main declension, but with a ''n'' instead of the ''r''.
The fourth declension consists of nouns that end in '''-ah''', regardless of the gender (however, the majority of nouns are feminine). There is a variant of this declension for nouns ending in '''-āh'''.  


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Fifth declension (main)'''
! colspan="4" | '''Fourth declension (main)'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -ēr/ōr || -ere || -erē
| -ah || -ahe || -ahei
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -arī || -aren || -aren
| -āh || -ahen || -ahen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -arē || -arēm || -arām
| -ahē || -ahēm || -ām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -erān || -ere || -aran
| -an || -ahe || -ahan
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -arēn || -ari || -arbi
| -ahēn || -ahā || -ahpi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -ara || -arate || -arat
| -aha || -ahte || -ahat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -aris || -arīs || -arā
| -ās || -ahī || -ahām
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -eri || -areu || -arsu
| -ahi || -ahū || -ahsu
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Fifth declension (main): mahtēr (''mother'')
! colspan="4" | Fourth declension: harākah (''river'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| mahtēr || mahtere || mahterē
| harā́kah || harā́kahe || harā́kahei
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| mahtarī || mahtaren || mahtaren
| harā́kāh || harā́kahen || harā́kahen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| mahtarē || mahtarēm || mahtarām
| harā́kahē || harā́kahēm || harā́kām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| mahterān || mahtere || mahtaran
| harā́kan || harā́kahe || harā́kahan
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| mahtarēn || mahtari || mahtarbi
| harā́kahēn || harā́kahā || harā́kahpi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| mahtara || mahtarate || mahtarat
| harā́kaha || harā́kahte || harā́kahat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| mahtaris || mahtarīs || mahtarā
| harā́kās || harā́kahī || harā́kahām
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| mahteri || mahtareu || mahtarsu
| harā́kahi || harā́kahū || harā́kahsu
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Fifth declension (minor)'''
! colspan="4" | '''Fourth declension (minor)'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -ēn || -ene || -enē
| -āh || -āhe || -āhei
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -anī || -anen || -anen
| -āhī || -āhen || -āhen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -anē || -anēm || -anām
| -āhē || -āhēm || -āhām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -enān || -ene || -anan
| -āhān || -āhe || -āhan
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -anēn || -ani || -anbi
| -āhēn || -āhā || -āhpi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -ana || -anate || -anat
| -āha || -āhte || -āhat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -anis || -anīs || -anā
| -āhis || -āhīs || -āhās
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -eni || -aneu || -ansu
| -āhi || -āhū || -āhsu
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Fifth declension (minor): hadēn (''tooth'')
! colspan="4" | Fourth declension (minor): danghāh (''language'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| hadēn || hadene || hadnē
| danghā́h || danghā́he || danghā́hei
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| hadanī || hadanen || hadanen
| danghā́hī || danghā́hen || danghā́hen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| hadanē || hadanēm || hadanām
| danghā́hē || danghā́hēm || danghā́hām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| hadenān || hadene || hadanan
| danghā́hān || danghā́he || danghā́han
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| hadanēn || hadani || hadanbi
| danghā́hēn || danghā́hā || danghā́hpi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| hadana || hadanate || hadanat
| danghā́ha || danghā́hte || danghā́hat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| hadanis || hadanīs || hadanā
| danghā́his || danghā́hīs || danghā́hās
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| hadeni || hadaneu || hadansu
| danghā́hi || danghā́hū || danghā́hsu
|}
|}


====Sixth declension====
====Fifth declension====
The sixth declension is used for masculine and feminine nouns ending in '''-u'''.
The fifth declension is rather limited and it consits of words that end in '''-ēr''' (or '''-ōr'''). The nouns can be either masculine or feminine - and they are mostly nouns denoting family members. There is a subtype of this declension for nouns ending in '''-ēn''', which is pretty much the same as the main declension, but with a ''n'' instead of the ''r''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Sixth declension'''
! colspan="4" | '''Fifth declension (main)'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -u || -ue || -uē
| -ēr/ōr || -ere || -erē
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -ū || -uen || -uen
| -arī || -aren || -aren
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -ē || -ēm || -ām
| -arē || -arēm || -arām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -ūn || -ue || -un
| -erān || -ere || -aran
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -uēn || -ui || -ubi
| -arēn || -ari || -arbi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -ua || -ute || -ut
| -ara || -arate || -arat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -us || -ūs || -ūs
| -aris || -arīs || -arā
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -uet || -ueu || -(u)su
| -eri || -areu || -arsu
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Sixth declension: digu (''fish'')
! colspan="4" | Fifth declension (main): mahtēr (''mother'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| digu || digue || diguē
| máhtēr || máhtere || máhterē
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| digū || diguen || diguen
| máhtarī || máhtaren || máhtaren
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| digē || digēm || digām
| máhtarē || máhtarēm || máhtarām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| digūn || digue || digun
| máhterān || máhtere || máhtaran
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| diguēn || digui || digubi
| máhtarēn || máhtari || máhtarbi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| digua || digute || digut
| máhtara || máhtarate || máhtarat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| digus || digūs || digūs
| máhtaris || máhtarīs || máhtarā
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| diguet || digueu || digusu
| máhteri || máhtareu || máhtarsu
|}
|}


====Seventh declension====
The seventh declension is used by noun that end in '''-ar'''. However, not every such noun belongs to this declension - only a handful of nouns belong to the seventh declension.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Sixth declension'''
! colspan="4" | '''Fifth declension (minor)'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -ar || -are || -uē
| -ēn || -ene || -enē
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -arī || -aren || -aren
| -anī || -anen || -anen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -arē || -ēm || -ām
| -anē || -anēm || -anām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -ān || -are || -aran
| -enān || -ene || -anan
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -ēn || -ari || -abi
| -anēn || -ani || -anbi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -ara || -ate || -arat
| -ana || -anate || -anat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -is || -īs || -ās
| -anis || -anīs || -anā
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -aret || -arū || -aru
| -eni || -aneu || -ansu
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Sixth declension: eshar (''blood'')
! colspan="4" | Fifth declension (minor): hadēn (''tooth'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| eshar || eshare || eshei
| hadḗn || hadéne || hadénē
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| esharī || esharen || esharen
| hadánī || hadánen || hadánen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| esharē || eshēm || eshām
| hadánē || hadánēm || hadánām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| eshān || eshare || esharan
| hadénān || hadéne || hadánan
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| eshēn || eshari || eshabi
| hadánēn || hadáni || hadánbi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| eshara || eshate || esharat
| hadána || hadánate || hadánat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| eshis || eshīs || eshās
| hadánis || hadánīs || hadánā
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| esharet || esharū || esharu
| hadéni || hadáneu || hadánsu
|}
|}


====Eighth declension====
====Sixth declension====
The eighth declension is often called the irregular declension. Only a few nouns belong to this declension. They mostly follow the same pattern but usually each noun is specific. The typical ending is '''-Vr/vV''' or '''-VVr'''.
The sixth declension is used for masculine and feminine nouns ending in '''-u'''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Eighth declension: daru (''tree'')
! colspan="4" | '''Sixth declension'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| daru || daruī || daruh
| -u || -ue || -uē
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| drēu || dreuen || dreuen
| -ū || -uen || -uen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| dreuē || drēm || drūm
| -ē || -ēm || -ām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| daru || daruī || daruh
| -ūn || -ue || -un
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| drū || drei || drubi
| -uēn || -ui || -ubi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| dreua || drute || drut
| -ua || -ute || -ut
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| dreis || drīs || drūs
| -us || -ūs || -ūs
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| dreui || dreu || drusu
| -uet || -ueu || -(u)su
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Eighth declension: duer (''door'')
! colspan="4" | Sixth declension: digu (''fish'')
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| duer || dueruī || dueruh
| dígu || dígue || díguē
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| durēu || dureuen || dureuen
| dígū || díguen || díguen
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| dureuē || durēm || durūm
| dígē || dígēm || dígām
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| duer || dueruī || dueruh
| dígūn || dígue || dígun
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| durū || durei || durubi
| díguēn || dígui || dígubi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| dureua || durute || durut
| dígua || dígute || dígut
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| dureis || durīs || durūs
| dígus || dígūs || dígūs
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| dureui || dureu || durusu
| díguet || dígueu || dígusu
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
 
! colspan="4" | Eighth declension: divu (''day'')
====Seventh declension====
|-
The seventh declension is used by noun that end in '''-ar'''. However, not every such noun belongs to this declension - only a handful of nouns belong to the seventh declension.
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
 
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! Nominative
! colspan="4" | '''Sixth declension'''
| divu || divuī || divuh
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! Genitive
|-
| dvēu || dveuen || dveuen
! Nominative
|-
| -ar || -are || -uē
! Dative
|-
| dveuē || dvēm || dvūm
! Genitive
|-
| -arī || -aren || -aren
! Accusative
|-
| divu || divuī || divuh
! Dative
|-
| -arē || -ēm || -ām
|-
! Accusative
| -ān || -are || -aran
|-
! Instrumental
| -ēn || -ari || -abi
|-
! Allative
| -ara || -ate || -arat
|-
! Ablative
| -is || -īs || -ās
|-
! Locative
| -aret || -arū || -aru
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Sixth declension: eshar (''blood'')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| éshar || éshare || éshei
|-
! Genitive
| ésharī || ésharen || ésharen
|-
! Dative
| ésharē || éshēm || éshām
|-
! Accusative
| éshān || éshare || ésharan
|-
! Instrumental
| éshēn || éshari || éshabi
|-
! Allative
| éshara || éshate || ésharat
|-
! Ablative
| éshis || éshīs || éshās
|-
! Locative
| ésharet || ésharū || ésharu
|}
 
====Eighth declension====
The eighth declension is often called the irregular declension. Only a few nouns belong to this declension. They mostly follow the same pattern but usually each noun is specific. The typical ending is '''-Vr/vV''' or '''-VVr'''.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Eighth declension: daru (''tree'')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| dáru || dáruī || dáruh
|-
! Genitive
| drēu || dréuen || dréuen
|-
! Dative
| dréuē || drēm || drūm
|-
! Accusative
| dáru || dáruī || dáruh
|-
! Instrumental
| drū || dréi || drúbi
|-
! Allative
| dréua || drúte || drut
|-
! Ablative
| dréis || drīs || drūs
|-
! Locative
| dréui || dréu || drúsu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Eighth declension: duer (''door'')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| duér || duéruī || duéruh
|-
! Genitive
| durḗu || duréuen || duréuen
|-
! Dative
| duréuē || dúrēm || dúrūm
|-
! Accusative
| duér || duéruī || duéruh
|-
! Instrumental
| dúrū || duréi || durúbi
|-
! Allative
| duréua || durúte || dúrut
|-
! Ablative
| duréis || dúrīs || dúrūs
|-
! Locative
| duréui || duréu || durúsu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Eighth declension: divu (''day'')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| dívu || dívuī || dívuh
|-
! Genitive
| dvḗu || dvéuen || dvéuen
|-
! Dative
| dvéuē || dvēm || dvūm
|-
! Accusative
| dívu || dívuī || dívuh
|-
! Instrumental
| dvū || dvéi || dvúbi
|-
! Allative
| dvéua || dvúte || dvut
|-
! Ablative
| dvéis || dvīs || dvūs
|-
! Locative
| dvéui || dvéu || dvúsu
|}
 
====Stem modification====
Stem modifications are quite common and they occur in every declension. There are several types of stem modification, and they usually apply to the rest of the paradigm. Some of the changes have already been covered in the above declensions and those are not included in the list below.
 
An overview of such modifications is as follows:
* loss of the syllable-final vowel
:: name: ''leman'' → ''lemnō''
:: head: ''kaput'' → ''kaptī''
* addition of -r and vowel shortening:
:: ear: ''hēu'' → ''heurō''
:: hand: ''gē'' → ''gerī''
* addition of -r, vowel loss and vowel shortening:
:: metal: ''hāie'' → ''hairō''
* addition of -s and vowel shortening:
:: louse: ''lēu'' → ''leusī''
* addition of -h- and vowel shortening:
:: nose: ''nās'' → ''nahsī''
* reduction of a diphthong:
:: dog: ''kuōn'' → ''kūnī''
 
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Harākti pronouns for first and second persons do not distinguish between genders, only third person pronouns do, and even that only in the nominative. The latter are also thought to have been either borrowed or heavily influenced by Hittite third person pronouns.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 990px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! colspan="3" | First person !! colspan="3" | Second Person !! colspan="3" | Third person !! style="width: 90px;" rowspan="2" | Reflexive
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Dual !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Dual !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Dual !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ūga, ūg || ūē || uē || tuh || īū || iū || apa<sup>m</sup>, ape<sup>f</sup>, apā<sup>n</sup> || epei<sup>m/f</sup>, epoi<sup>n</sup> || apei<sup>m/f</sup>, apai<sup>n</sup> || -
|-
! Genitive
| amne; me || anūon; nuas || anson; nas || tūe; te || ūon; uas || uson; vas || apē || epen || apen || tentse; sē
|-
! Dative
| meghi; mi || anūān; nuan || ansān; nan || tuebi; tūi, ti || ūān; uan || usān; van || apān || epēm || apām || tentsi; sā
|-
! Accusative
| amē; mē || anūe; nūs || anse; nās || tuē; tē || ūe; ūs || use; vōs || apēn || epei || apan || tentsē; sē
|-
! Instrumental
| amā || anūā || ansā|| tuā || ūā || usā || apī || epti || apti || tentsā
|-
! Allative
| amai || anūai || ansai || tuai || ūai || usai || apāi || epat || apat || tentsai
|-
! Ablative
| amet || anūet || anset || tuet || ūet || uset || apēs || epīs || apās || tentset
|-
! Locative
| amāt || anūāt || ansāt || tuāt || ūāt || usāt || apāt || epeu || apsu || tentsāt
|-
|}
 
====Possessive pronouns====
Possessive pronouns come in two types: adjectival pronouns and clitic pronouns.
=====Clitic forms=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Clitic possessive pronouns: first person singular
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" |  Dual-plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter !! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| -mis || -met || -mes || -met
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | -mas || colspan="2" | -man
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | -mit || colspan="2" | -mot
|-
! Accusative
| -man || -met || -mus || -met
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2" | -mit || colspan="2" | -mot
|-
! Allative
| colspan="2" | -met || colspan="2" | -met
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | -mis || colspan="2" | -mes
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | -mat || colspan="2" | -mut
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Clitic possessive pronouns: second person singular
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" |  Dual-plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter !! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| -tis || -tet || -tes || -tet
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | -tas || colspan="2" | -tan
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | -tit || colspan="2" | -tot
|-
! Accusative
| -tan || -tet || -tus || -tet
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2" | -tit || colspan="2" | -tot
|-
! Allative
| colspan="2" | -tet || colspan="2" | -tet
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | -tis || colspan="2" | -tes
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | -tat || colspan="2" | -tut
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Clitic possessive pronouns: first person plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" |  Dual-plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter !! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| -sis || -set || -ses || -set
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | -sas || colspan="2" | -san
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | -sit || colspan="2" | -sot
|-
! Accusative
| -san || -set || -sus || -set
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2" | -sit || colspan="2" | -sot
|-
! Allative
| colspan="2" | -set || colspan="2" | -set
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | -sis || colspan="2" | -ses
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | -sat || colspan="2" | -sut
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Clitic possessive pronouns: second person plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" |  Dual-plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter !! style="width: 90px;" | Masc-fem !! style="width: 90px;" | Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| -uis || -uet || -ues || -uet
|-
! Genitive
| colspan="2" | -uas || colspan="2" | -uan
|-
! Dative
| colspan="2" | -uit || colspan="2" | -uot
|-
! Accusative
| -uan || -uet || -uus (-ūs) || -uet
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="2" | -uit || colspan="2" | -uot
|-
! Allative
| colspan="2" | -uet || colspan="2" | -uet
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="2" | -uis || colspan="2" | -ues
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | -uat || colspan="2" | -uut (-ūt)
|}
 
=====Adjectival forms=====
Adjectival possessive pronouns are declined like adjectives.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person singular
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| āmnes || āmni || āmnā || colspan="2" | āmnei || āmnoi || āmnei || āmnēi || āmnai
|-
! Genitive
| āmnī || āmnē || āmnō || colspan="2" | āmnen || āmnōn || āmnen || āmnēn || āmnōn
|-
! Dative
| āmnē || āmnēiē || āmnē || colspan="2" | āmnēm || āmnōm || āmnām || āmnīm || āmnōm
|-
! Accusative
| āmnes || āmnin || āmnā || colspan="2" | āmnei || āmnoi || āmnei || āmnēi || āmnai
|-
! Instrumental
| āmnibi || āmnī || āmnibi || āmnī || āmnā || āmnī || colspan="3" | āmnibi
|-
! Allative
| colspan="3" | āmnai || colspan="3" | āmnate || colspan="3" | āmnat
|-
! Ablative
| āmnis || colspan="2" | āmnēs || colspan="3" | āmnīs || colspan="2" | āmnās || āmnōs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | āmnet || āmnei || colspan="2" | āmneu || āmnu || colspan="3" | āmnu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: second person singular
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| tūes || tūi || tūā || colspan="2" | tūei || tūoi || tūei || tūēi || tūai
|-
! Genitive
| tūī || tūē || tūō || colspan="2" | tūen || tūōn || tūen || tūēn || tūōn
|-
! Dative
| tūē || tūēiē || tūē || colspan="2" | tūēm || tūōm || tūām || tūīm || tūōm
|-
! Accusative
| tūes ||tūin || tūā || colspan="2" | tūei || tūoi || tūei || tūēi || tūai
|-
! Instrumental
| tūbi || tūī || tūbi || tūī || tūā || tūī || colspan="3" | tūbi
|-
! Allative
| colspan="3" | tūai || colspan="3" | tūate || colspan="3" | tūat
|-
! Ablative
| tūis || colspan="2" | tūēs || colspan="3" | tūīs || colspan="2" | tūās || tūōs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | tūet || tūei || colspan="2" | tūeu || tūu || colspan="3" | tūu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: third person singular
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| āpes || āpi || āpā || colspan="2" | āpei || āpoi || āpei || āpēi || āpai
|-
! Genitive
| āpī || āpē || āpō || colspan="2" | āpen || āpōn || āpen || āpēn || āpōn
|-
! Dative
| āpē || āpēiē || āpē || colspan="2" | āpēm || āpōm || āpām || āpīm || āpōm
|-
! Accusative
| āpes || āpin || āpā || colspan="2" | āpei || āpoi || āpei || āpēi || āpai
|-
! Instrumental
| āpebi || āpī || āpebi || āpī || āpā || āpī || colspan="3" | āpebi
|-
! Allative
| colspan="3" | āpai || colspan="3" | āpate || colspan="3" | āpat
|-
! Ablative
| āpis || colspan="2" | āpēs || colspan="3" | āpīs || colspan="2" | āpās || āpōs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | āpet || āpei || colspan="2" | āpeu || āpu || colspan="3" | āpu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person dual
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ānes || āni || ānā || colspan="2" | ānei || ānoi || ānei || ānēi || ānai
|-
! Genitive
| ānī || ānē || ānō || colspan="2" | ānen || ānōn || ānen || ānēn || ānōn
|-
! Dative
| ānē || ānēiē || ānē || colspan="2" | ānēm || ānōm || ānām || ānīm || ānōm
|-
! Accusative
| ānes || ānin || ānā || colspan="2" | ānei || ānoi || ānei || ānēi || ānai
|-
! Instrumental
| ānibi || ānī || ānibi || ānī || ānā || ānī || colspan="3" | ānibi
|-
! Allative
| colspan="3" | ānai || colspan="3" | ānate || colspan="3" | ānat
|-
! Ablative
| ānis || colspan="2" | ānēs || colspan="3" | ānīs || colspan="2" | ānās || ānōs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | ānet || ānei || colspan="2" | āneu || ānu || colspan="3" | ānu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: second person dual
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ūies || ūī || ūiā || colspan="2" | ūiei || ūioi || ūiei || ūiēi || ūiai
|-
! Genitive
| ūiī || ūiē || ūiō || colspan="2" | ūsen || ūiōn || ūien || ūiēn || ūiōn
|-
! Dative
| ūiē || ūiēiē || ūiē || colspan="2" | ūiēm || ūiōm || ūiām || ūīm || ūiōm
|-
! Accusative
| ūies || ūīn || ūiā || colspan="2" | ūiei || ūioi || ūiei || ūiēi || ūiai
|-
! Instrumental
| ūibi || ūī || ūibi || ūī || ūiā || ūī || colspan="3" | ūibi
|-
! Allative
| colspan="3" | ūiai || colspan="3" | ūiate || colspan="3" | ūiat
|-
! Ablative
| ūīs || colspan="2" | ūiēs || colspan="3" | ūīs || colspan="2" | ūiās || ūiōs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | ūiet || ūiei || colspan="2" | ūieu || ūiu || colspan="3" | ūiu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ānses || ānsi || ānsā || colspan="2" | ānsei || ānsoi || ānsei || ānsēi || ānsai
|-
! Genitive
| ānsī || ānsē || ānsō || colspan="2" | ānsen || ānsōn || ānsen || ānsēn || ānsōn
|-
! Dative
| ānsē || ānsēiē || ānsē || colspan="2" | ānsēm || ānsōm || ānsām || ānsīm || ānsōm
|-
! Accusative
| ānses || ānsin || ānsā || colspan="2" | ānsei || ānsoi || ānsei || ānsēi || ānsai
|-
! Instrumental
| ānsibi || ānsī || ānsibi || ānsī || ānsā || ānsī || colspan="3" | ānsibi
|-
! Allative
| colspan="3" | ānsai || colspan="3" | ānsate || colspan="3" | ānsat
|-
! Ablative
| ānsis || colspan="2" | ānsēs || colspan="3" | ānsīs || colspan="2" | ānsās || ānsōs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | ānset || ānsei || colspan="2" | ānseu || ānsu || colspan="3" | ānsu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ūses || ūsi || ūsā || colspan="2" | ūsei || ūsoi || ūsei || ūsēi || ūsai
|-
! Genitive
| ūsī || ūsē || ūsō || colspan="2" | ūsen || ūsōn || ūsen || ūsēn || ūsōn
|-
! Dative
| ūsē || ūsēiē || ūsē || colspan="2" | ūsēm || ūsōm || ūsām || ūsīm || ūsōm
|-
! Accusative
| ūses || ūsin || ūsā || colspan="2" | ūsei || ūsoi || ūsei || ūsēi || ūsai
|-
! Instrumental
| ūspi || ūsī || ūspi || ūsī || ūsā || ūsī || colspan="3" | ūspi
|-
! Allative
| colspan="3" | ūsai || colspan="3" | ūsate || colspan="3" | ūsat
|-
! Ablative
| ūsis || colspan="2" | ūsēs || colspan="3" | ūsīs || colspan="2" | ūsās || ūsōs
|-
! Locative
| colspan="2" | ūset || ūsei || colspan="2" | ūseu || ūsu || colspan="3" | ūsu
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 730px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="10" | Adjectival possessive pronouns: third person dual-plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Case
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Dual
! colspan="3" style="width: 210px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Masculine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Feminine</small>
! style="width: 70px;" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
! Nominative
| ēpes || ēpi || ēpā || colspan="2" | ēpei || ēpoi || ēpei || ēpēi || ēpai
|-
! Genitive
| ēpī || ēpē || ēpō || colspan="2" | ēpen || ēpōn || ēpen || ēpēn || ēpōn
|-
! Dative
| ēpē || ēpēiē || ēpē || colspan="2" | ēpēm || ēpōm || ēpām || ēpīm || ēpōm
|-
! Accusative
| ēpes || ēpin || ēpā || colspan="2" | ēāpei || ēpoi || ēpei || ēpēi || ēpai
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| dvū || dvei || dvubi
| ēpebi || ēpī || ēpebi || ēpī || ēpā || ēpī || colspan="3" | ēpebi
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| dveua || dvute || dvut
| colspan="3" | ēpai || colspan="3" | ēpate || colspan="3" | ēpat
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| dveis || dvīs || dvūs
| ēpis || colspan="2" | ēpēs || colspan="3" | ēpīs || colspan="2" | ēpās || ēpōs
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| dveui || dveu || dvusu
| colspan="2" | ēpet || ēpei || colspan="2" | ēpeu || ēpu || colspan="3" | ēpu
|}
|}
====Stem modification====
Stem modifications are quite common and they occur in every declension. There are several types of stem modification, and they usually apply to the rest of the paradigm. Some of the changes have already been covered in the above declensions and those are not included in the list below.
An overview of such modifications is as follows:
* loss of the syllable-final vowel
:: name: ''leman'' → ''lemnō''
:: head: ''kaput'' → ''kaptī''
* addition of -r and vowel shortening:
:: ear: ''hēu'' → ''heurī''
:: hand: ''gē'' → ''gerī''
* addition of -r, vowel loss and vowel shortening:
:: metal: ''hāie'' → ''hairō''
* addition of -s and vowel shortening:
:: louse: ''lēu'' → ''leusī''
* addition of -h- and vowel shortening:
:: nose: ''nās'' → ''nahsī''
* reduction of a diphthong:
:: dog: ''kuōn'' → ''kūnī''


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Line 1,475: Line 2,158:


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Harākti is a SVO language and in that respect it is different from Hittite or Latin (which are both SOV languages). The language shows its typical word order even in the earliest texts and it appears it became SVO soon after it branched off from Proto-Indo-European. However, due to its morphology, the word order is very free.
Adjectives usually precede the noun. Harākti is also a pro-drop language, so personal pronouns are often omitted.
==Texts==
'''Internal texts:'''
* [[Harākti/Texts#Hansu_Hansuen|Hansu Hansuen]] or the ''King of Kings'' text, part of Harāktian mythology.


<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
'''External texts:'''
* [[Literature:Schleicher's_fable/Harākti|Schleicher's fable]], titled ''Hāvi nu ākuē''.
* [[First_Linguifex_Relay/Harākti/Cuneiform|Kāni petāhen]] or the ''Song of Birds'', part of the [[First Linguifex Relay]].


[[Category:Harākti]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Harākti]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:A posteriori]]
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