Roshterian: Difference between revisions

:[[Roshterian/Oṟbiros̱ṯer|Funcuma di oṟbiros̱ṯer (This page in Roshterian)]]

 

 

'''Roshterian''' /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (native name: ''oṟbiros̱ṯer'' /ɔɻbɪɾɔʂˈʈɛɾ/ 'The Roshterian language') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by P-Celtic (particularly Welsh). It is intended to be a polysynthetic language with a somewhat European aesthetic. Roshterian is an official language of Roshteria (''Qaaros̱ṯer'') and is the native language of 5.1 million people, most of which live in Roshteria. Among Etalocians, it is famous for its grammar: it is a head-initial, polysynthetic language with a complex agglutinating verb morphology that uses polypersonal agreement, evidentials, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.

 

 

The ancestors of modern-day Roshterians are hypothesized to have been an autochthonous people who gradually adopted a Talmic superstrate language. Until relatively recent times little was known of the language to outsiders (save for a handful of legends of a race of "backwards-talking" people with bodies of reversed chirality).

 

 

 

(In modern Roshterian orthography: ''Bys oṟbiros̱ṯerimytaicyn, boorimituperen.'' 'gladly-language-Roshterian-speak-1SG but-EVID.DIR-NEG-do-can-1SG')

 

This sentence was likely written by a non-native speaker of Roshterian, seeing by the fact that he/she omitted evidentials, which would be required in the second clause.

 

 

 

 

*3: ''naṟg, naṟ-''

| '''s̱''' /ʂ/

'''j z''' /j z/ are used in loanwords.

*The voiceless stops /p t̪ ʈ k q/ are normally aspirated as much as Japanese voiceless stops; however, they are unaspirated after fricatives.  

*/ɳ ʈ ɖ ɭ/ can be realized as apical-postalveolar (like Hindi retroflexes) or subapical-palatal (like Tamil retroflexes). The apical realization dominates in casual speech, while the subapical realization occurs more in careful speech. After /ʂ/, /ʈ/ is always apical.

Roshterian allows fewer clusters than [[Proto-Talmic]]. Only two-consonant clusters are permitted and they are subject to the sonority hierarchy. However, final clusters are allowed.

*Not allowed finally: /pl bl pr br tr dr ʈr ɖr kl kr/ {{angbr|''pl pr br dr tr dr ṯr ḏr cl cr''}}

*Not allowed initially: /mp nt ɳʈ ŋk ɴq mb nd ɳɖ ŋg ɴʁ ns ɳʂ lp lt ɭʈ lk ɭq lb ld ɭɖ lg ɭʁ rp rt ɻʈ rk rq rb rd ɻɖ rg rʁ rm rn ɻb ɻg ɻm ɻɳ sp st ʂʈ sk ʂq/ {{angbr|''mp nt ṉṯ nc nq mb nd ṉḏ ng nḡ ns ṉs̱ lp lt ḻṯ lc ḻq lb ld ḻḏ lg ḻḡ rp rt ṟṯ rc rq rb rd ṟḏ rg rḡ rm rn ṟb ṟg ṟm ṟṉ sp st s̱ṯ sc s̱q''}}

''hootiis̱yn'' 'eat fruit' < ''hooti'' 'fruit' + ''caasyn'' 'eat'

The Roshterian verb has 9-10 slots which mark a variety of grammatical information. Slots that must obligatorily be filled are in bold.

*negation/focus

*''dre-'' = a third-party source I consider credible

|+ Progressive indicative

|+ Perfective indicative

*''-s̱an'': 'I intend to'

:'''''Lameṯeituu.'''''

:la-me-ṯeit-uu

:'''''Hyroṉḏuar, hywleituar?'''''

:hy-roṉḏ-uar, hy-bleit-uar

:Q-man-COP.2SG, Q-woman-COP.PRES.2SG

:''Are you a man or a woman?''

Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike [[Thensarian]], Roshterian lost the [[Proto-Talmic]] grammatical gender; gendered pronouns and verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in [[Naquian]]). There is no definite or indefinite article.

!|his/her (3)

|''weinyti''||''uweinyti''

|''weinys̱''||''uweinys̱''

!|his/her

|''doiroti''||''ledoiroti''

|''doiros̱''||''ledoiros̱''

!|his/her

|''ṟiiditi''||''qeṟiiditi''

|''ṟiidis̱''||''qeṟiidis̱''

===Adjectives===

Predicative adjectives work the same way as predicative nouns in that they must take the copula. The class of adjectives is actually a small, closed subclass of nouns, usually relating to shape, color, size, texture, and other concrete properties of objects and relatively permanent characteristics of people.

|''pyd''

|''cyvi''

Roshterian is a verb-initial, head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes, and features complex morphophonemic alternations [much of which is inherited from [[Old Roshterian]]]. Where Roshterian deviates from typical Talman (or even typical Talmic) typology are features such as obviation, noun incorporation and evidential marking, making Roshterian resemble Native American languages such as Blackfoot or Ojibwe.

:''Idis̱oorin Qaaros̱ṯerim.''

:'I live in Roshteria.' (lit. I inhabit Roshteria)

:'''''Ṯimylt impubri pergofaaṟidi nai maaqes̱?'''''

:'''''Meiḻicort ḡeeliaṉ pedidis̱oorin.'''''

:me-eiḻi-cort-0 ḡeeliaṉ ped-i-di-s̱oor-in

:''Professor Kate Gunzinger proves the Snake Lemma in the film ''It's My Turn'' (1980). I'm skipping the proof, which is less linguistically interesting. [Most Roshterians prefer to use Eevo terms when discussing higher mathematics anyway.]''

:'''''Yṟonypinoofer has̱upimyṯrut ''bimróþ'' s, biṉṯylaḡilcama peeṯypryṉifiaqalip, ḻe?'''''

:Yṟ-ony-pi-noo-fer has̱u-pi-myṯru-t bimróþ s bin-ṯy-laḡ-ilcam-a ḻe

:DISC_SOFTEN-CAUS.1SG-4-see-2PL.SUBJ.PERF way-4-build-CONST mathematical_function s, DISC_SHOULD_BE_OBVIOUS-PASS-APPL_TELIC-sow-3SG.N NOMZ-PASS-examine-show-at_first-4 TAG

:''Let me just show you how to construct the map s, which is the fun of the lemma anyhow, okay?''