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| [[Medh Nghêl/Lexicon|Lexicon]]
| | '''Keˑs̠mmi''' (meaning "our language") is a divergent Finnic language, descended from Proto-Finnic. Its main source of aesthetic inspiration is Toda. It's spoken in Irta's Finland and Estonia. |
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| [[Medh Nghêl/qmn|Se leth Medh Nghêle zil (This page in Medh Nghêl)]]
| | It features a system of initial consonant mutations similar to Celtic languages and Biblical Hebrew. |
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| '''Medh Nghêl''' is the lingua franca of Tumhan. It's a Finnic language with a Sindarin-like aesthetic.
| | üṣ, kaṣ, kwës̠m, neɬ, piˑθ, kuˑθ, sayt̠, kaθëṣ, üθëṣ, kümn, üṣtwis, kaṣtwis, kwës̠mtwis, neɬtwis, piˑtwis, kuˑtwis, sayt̠wis, kaθëṣtwis, üθëṣtwis, kaṣkümd |
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| <!--
| | oyx - time |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | ==Sound changes from Proto-Finnic== |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | *Initial ''v'' becomes ''p'', as in ''pïḍ'' "stream" <- virta |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| | *Medial ''l'' becomes alveolar retracted ''s̠'' in native vocab, as in ''kas̠'' "fish" <- kala |
| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
| | *Vowel shifts and umlaut: ''swïx'' "kin" <- suku, ''ïpšn'' "I studied" <- Estonian õppisin, ''söwr'' "society" ~ seura |
| | *Begadkefat spirantization: t tt -> θ t etc. |
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| ==Introduction==
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| ==Todo==
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| Loans from P- and Q-Celtic and East Germanic?
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| ''Pellæne'' = May, from *Peltäinen <- Bealtaine
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Orthography===
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| ===Consonants===
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
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| ===Pronouns===
| | The Finnic consonant gradation isn't reflected in Kesmmi nominal morphology. Some nouns derive from Proto-Finnic nominatives while others derive from genitive or oblique cases (and there are sometimes doublets). |
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| Pronouns in Medh Nghêl inflect by polarity (positive/negative). There are also copular pronouns which historically derive from contractions of pronouns with the copula, which inflect by tense (present/past) and mood (indicative/subjunctive).
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| [TO EDIT]
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| {|
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| ! Person !! Simple (non-copular) !! !! Copular !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
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| | || || || indicative || || || || subjunctive || || ||
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| |-
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| | || positive || negative || present || || past || || present || || past ||
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| |-
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| | || || || positive || negative || positive || negative || positive || negative || positive || negative
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| |-
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| | 1sg || mæ || mine || mole || minœl || moli || minœlyd || môth || minœ̂th || môthol || minœ̂thœl
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| |-
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| | 2sg || sæ || sine || sole || sinœl || soli || sinœlyd || sôth || sinœ̂th || sôthol || sinœ̂thœl
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| |-
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| | 3sg animate || hæ || hæne || ho || hænœl || holi || hænœlyd || hôth || hænœ̂th || hôthol || hænœ̂thœl
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| |-
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| | 3sg inanimate proximal || sê || sî || seio || seiœl || seioli || seiœlyd || seioth || seiœ̂th || seiothol || seiœ̂thœl
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| |-
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| | 3sg inanimate distal || tô || toe || tôo || toiol || tôoli || toiolud || tôoth || toiôth || tôothol || toiôthol
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| |-
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| | 1pl || mec || mê || molem || meiœl || molim || meiœlyd || môthim || meiœ̂th || môthimol || meiœ̂thœl
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| |-
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| | 2pl || tec || tê || tolet || teiœl || tolit || teiœlyd || tôthit || teiœ̂th || tôthitol || teiœ̂thœl
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| | 3pl animate || hec || hê || hova || heiœl || holiv || heiœlyd || hôthiv || heiœ̂th || hôthivol || heiœ̂thœl
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| |-
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| | 3pl inanimate proximal || nêd || nede || nêdo || nêiœl || nêdoli || nêiœlyd || nêdoth || nêiœ̂th || nêdothol || nêiœ̂thœl
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| |-
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| | 3pl inanimate distal || nôd || node || nôdo || nôiol || nôdoli || nôiolud || nôdoth || nôiôth || nôdothol || nôiôthol
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| |}
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs in Medh Nghêl have four principal parts: the infinitive stem, which ends in ''-dh'', ''-n'', ''-l'', ''-r'', or ''-th''; the present stem; the past stem; and the supine stem, which ends in ''-m''.
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| ====Tenses====
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| =====Simple present=====
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| The simple present is analogous to the English simple present. It uses the simple pronouns with the following suffixes attached to the present stem:
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
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| ! !! Singular !! Plural
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| | 1st person || no ending || -me
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| |-
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| | 2nd person || no ending || -te
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| |-
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| | 3rd person || no ending || no ending
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| |-
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| | Negative
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| |colspan=2| no ending
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| |}
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| For example, here's the conjugation of ''pêth'' (to wash), which has the following stems: infinitive ''pêth'', present ''peze-'', past ''pezi-'', and supine ''pezem''.
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
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| ! ''pêth'' !! Singular !! Plural
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| | 1st person || mæ peze || mec peze'''me'''
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| | 2nd person || sæ peze || tec peze'''te'''
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| | 3rd person || hæ peze || hec peze
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| |-
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| | Negative
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| |colspan=2| mine/sine/hæne/... peze
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| |}
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| =====Simple past=====
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| The simple past is analogous to the English simple past, and uses the same endings as the simple present, except attached to the past stem.
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
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| ! ''pêth'' !! Singular !! Plural
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| | 1st person || mæ pezi || mec pezi'''me'''
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| |-
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| | 2nd person || sæ pezi || tec pezi'''te'''
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| |-
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| | 3rd person || hæ pezi || hec pezi
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| |-
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| | Negative
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| |colspan=2| mine/sine/hæne/... pezi
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| |}
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| =====Perfect tenses=====
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| The present and past perfect tenses use the present and past indicative copular pronouns. The supine stem is used, with final ''-m'' replaced by ''-nud'' or ''-nyd'' depending on vowel harmony.
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| Plural pronouns trigger an aspirate mutation on the verb, while other pronouns and nouns trigger a soft mutation.
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| [to insert here]
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| =====Progressive tenses=====
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| The progressive tenses look the same as the perfect, except that the suffix ''-nud/nyd'' is replaced by ''-mas/mæs''.
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| The perfect progressive tenses insert the word ''olud'' between the pronoun and the verb (ending in ''-mas/mæs''). Unlike in the perfect and progressive tenses, the verb doesn't mutate.
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| [to insert conjugation of pêth]
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| | * käsy /kæzʲ/ "hand" (nominative) |
| | * käsyn /kæzʲn/ (genitive) |
| | * käsyθ /kæzʲθ/ (partitive) |
| | * käsyṣ /kæzʲʂ/ (illative, from the Proto-Finnic translative) |
| | * käsynnë /kæzʲnnə/ (inessive, from the Proto-Finnic essive) |
| | * käsyd /kæzʲd/ (elative, from the Proto-Finnic exessive) |
| | * käsylë /kæzʲlə/ (dative) |
| | * käsyl /kæzʲl/ (adessive) |
| | * käsyr̠ /kæzʲr̠/ (ablative) |
| | * käsyt /kæzʲt/ (abessive) |
| | * käsygo /kæzʲɡo/ (comitative) |
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] |
| [[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| [[Category:Tumhan]]
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| [[Category:Finnic languages]] | | [[Category:Finnic languages]] |
| [[Category:Uralic languages]] | | [[Category:Uralic languages]] |