Old Swuntsim: Difference between revisions
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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the | [[Sacred Swuntsim/Swadesh list]] | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''tiSxwəncim'') was the ancient [[Tsimulh languages|Tsimulh language]] spoken by the Swuntsim people. It is still used as a liturgical language among [[Verse:Tricin/Swuntsim people|religious Swuntsim]]. | |||
Descendants: | Descendants: | ||
*[[ | *Modern [[Swuntsim]] | ||
*Naquian Swuntsim | |||
==GMP== | |||
Tsimulh low tone > breathy voice (vowels not devoiced yet; devoiced vowels are partly merged) | |||
Two consecutive breathy vowels > just the first vowel drops. | |||
Satemization | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Sacred Swuntsim lost Proto-Tsimulh tones. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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!rowspan=2| Palatal | !rowspan=2| Palatal | ||
!colspan=2| Velar | !colspan=2| Velar | ||
!colspan=2| | !colspan=2| Uvular | ||
!rowspan=2| Glottal | !rowspan=2| Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| Nasal | !colspan=2| Nasal | ||
| m | | m | ||
| n | | n | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| k | | k | ||
| | | kw | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| g | | g | ||
| | | gw | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| kʼ | | kʼ | ||
| | | kwʼ | ||
| | | qʼ | ||
| | | qwʼ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| z | | z | ||
| | | | ||
| | | j | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| š | | š | ||
| | | | ||
| | | xw | ||
| χ | | χ | ||
| | | χw | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| w | | w | ||
| | | ȝ | ||
| | | ȝw | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Clear vowels: ''i u ə a'' | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Noun class system got weird - formal noun classes remain but the words semantically shift as in Sanskrit | Noun class system got weird - formal noun classes remain but the words semantically shift as in Sanskrit | ||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages]] | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Noun classes==== | |||
Sacred Swuntsim had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows: | |||
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-'' | |||
#''bu-'', pl. ''də-'' | |||
#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' | |||
#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' | |||
#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' | |||
#''ma-'', pl. ''əwə-'' | |||
#''č-'', pl. ''abi-'' | |||
#''gu-'', pl. ''N-'' | |||
#''σi-'', pl. ''wi-'' | |||
#''t-'' | |||
#''t’im-'' | |||
#''pda-'' | |||
====Cases==== | |||
*Nominative: ''-0'' | |||
*Genitive: ''-s'' | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
====Noun class prefixes==== | |||
*I = ''kwə-/kw-'' | |||
*you (sg) = ''xwə-/xw-'' | |||
*we = ''wə-'' | |||
*you (pl) = ''cu-'' | |||
*Noun class prefixes: | |||
*#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cə-/c-'' | |||
*#''bu-'', pl. ''də-/d-'' | |||
*#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-/əp-'' | |||
*#''s-'', pl. ''dus-'' | |||
*#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-/pσ-'' | |||
*#''ma-/mə-'', pl. ''əwə-/u-'' | |||
*#''k-/č-'', pl. ''abi-/əb-'' | |||
*#''gu-'', pl. ''N-'' | |||
*#''σi-/σ-'', pl. ''wi-'' | |||
*#''ti-/t-'', no plural | |||
*#''t’im-'', no plural | |||
*#''pda-/pdə-'' (common for abstract nouns), no plural | |||
====Tense affixes==== | |||
''-s'' - past tense | |||
===Numbers=== | |||
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]] | |||