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| '''Amphirese''' (''amphirifh'' /amphiriv/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Ancient Greek, Korean, Etruscan, Romani, and the Slavic languages. Compared to [[Eevo]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Smaouch'' /i smaukh/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Amphir|Amphir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; after [[Eevo]], it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers, though most modern speakers know Eevo. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
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| Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
| | {{Infobox language |
| ==External history== | | |image = |
| Amphirese began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhlaoighne]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still felt that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project as "Anvyrese" or "Anvirese". One thing that was still nagging me was that the grammar was still too German for a country with a Germany-like history, so I decided to swap a minority Tigolic language "Tumaka" with "Anvirese", and this is the result.
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| ==Todo== | | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] |
| *Numbers: cefh, tzath, nusch, doiph, solitzh, ...
| | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| *Swadesh list
| | |nativename = Anbir² snalltjeongen¹ |
| *Tigol > Amphirese sound changes
| | |pronunciation= |
| **How do syllabic resonants arise?
| | |setting=[[Verse:Angai]] |
| **e.g. imm- > syllabic nasal
| | |region = |
| **car > cr 'person'
| | |fam1=Anbiric |
| **mh > fh
| | |familycolor=tsn |
| | |notice=IPA |
| | }} |
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| ==Phonology==
| | Anglo-Swedo-Icelando-Sino-Korean jokelang; include a xenic layer from a Pama-Nyungan-like language Dårle |
| ===Consonants===
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| *c g ch ŋ /k g kʰ ŋ/
| | milveol1 'bear' |
| *t d th n /t d tʰ n/
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| *tz dz tzh /ts dz tsʰ/
| | þik1 ’to exist; (with subject) to have’ |
| *p b ph m /p b pʰ m/
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| *f fh s sh (ś) (š) h /f v~fʰ s z~sʰ ç ɕ h/
| | Use "Fljeongmjeongths" somewhere |
| *r l i /r L j/
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| | hjeonn1 'to bid/try', hjeoll2 'sea' |
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| | Am2 hjeonn1 snall1 Anbirjeong2 'I am tryign to speak Anbirese-ly' |
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| | Hjeondae iltaren 'Hyundai cars' |
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| | Andaegol |
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| | Mjeolnir 'big hammer' -- hammer that periodically destroys the world (Sino-Korean myeol 'to wipe out') in Anbirese mythology? |
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| | Mjeolbon 'Melbourne' |
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| | brjedjeong |
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| | sjeong - sky, skjeong - to clean |
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| | Daerjeong-eup: town located where our timeline's Dwellingup is |
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| | Final stops have a distinction between nasally released vs. unreleased (-mm -nn -nng vs. -p -t -k) |
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| At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
| | stje /ɕé/ 'money' |
| | skjö /skjœ̂/ 'rope' |
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| Some consonants can be syllabic, namely ''m n ŋ l r''.
| | 'll need some Swedish/English-y forms like e.g. tjeolla (my), tjeolls (3sg's), tjeollen (sg. construct), tjeollar (thy), tjeollths (3pl's) |
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| ===Vowels===
| | Maybe tjeolli or tjeollu for pl construct |
| i u ou e y a o /i ü u e ə a o/
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| ===Stress===
| | Possessive suffixes should be easy to get, fortunately |
| Stress is always initial.
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| ===Prosody===
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| {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as the Tummaka accent, do not use this pattern.
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| *In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...")
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| *In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
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| *In exclamations, the stressed syllable starts low and receives a rising intonation ("... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !"), possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.
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| ==Morphology==
| | Though they might induce final changes like tjeoll becoming tjeol |
| ===Mutations===
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| Tumaka has no mutation; instead, former feminine nouns often begin in an aspirated consonant, as a result of lenition after the definite article. (cf. [[Eevo]], where former feminine nouns begin in different consonants than former masculine nouns.)
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| ===Nouns===
| | stjanng /ɕâk̚ŋ̊/ 'color', sjeong-stjangen /ɧʌ̂ŋɕáŋèn/ 'sky blue' |
| Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural). The usual affixes are:
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| *plural absolute: ''-r''
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| *singular construct: ''-(y)th''
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| *plural construct: ''-(y)ph''
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| e.g. ''cuthr'' 'flower', ''cuthryr'' 'flowers'; ''chufhn'' 'woman', ''chufhnyr'' 'women'.
| | == Proto-Anbiric == |
| | Have vowel length |
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| The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V.
| | -ŭs suffix (''-ur'' in [[Twetho]]; final fortition in Anbirese) |
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| ===Verbs=== | | ==Phonology== |
| Tumaka verbs have two tenses (nonpast and past) and two aspects (imperfective and perfective). The imperfective-perfective distinction is characterized by the absolute-conjunct allomorphy inherited from [[Tigol]]: As in Slavic languages, the perfective form is often formed by adding a prefix, which causes the verb stem to take the conjunct form. Most Tumaka verbs thus have two principal parts: imperfective and perfective.
| | ===Initials=== |
| | Simple initials: |
| | *'''k g''' /k{{h}} k/ |
| | *'''tj/þj dj nj''' /tɕ{{h}} tɕ ɲ/ |
| | *'''t d þ n''' /t{{h}} t θ n/ |
| | *'''p b f v m''' /p{{h}} p f v~w m/ |
| | *'''s sj stj h''' /s ɧ ɕ h/ |
| | *'''r l j''' /ɾ l j/ |
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| An example of the aspect allomorphy:
| | [w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants. |
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| *'to tell': imperfective ''boŋi'', perfective ''smŋi''
| | /t d tʰ s n/ are dental(ized). |
| *'to eat': imperfective ''dzecai'', perfective ''ŋcu''
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| Past tense: ''-n'' (can be syllabic)
| | Initial clusters: '''(s)kj gj (s)pj bj fj (s)mj rj (s)lj snj hj (s)kr gr kl gl kn hn hnj hl hlj hr hrj fr fl br bl (s)tr dr krj grj klj glj frj flj brj blj (s)trj drj knj''' |
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| ===Pronouns=== | | ===Nuclei=== |
| na, scid, fu, si, mech, tid, scid, thar
| | Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''ni ti thi ki di gi'' are read as ''nji tji thji kji dji gji''. |
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| ===Prepositions=== | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| eph = to, for
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | |
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Central |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | '''u''' /ü/ |
| | | '''eu''' [ɨ] |
| | | '''o''' /o~u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''ae, e''' /e̞/ |
| | | '''ö''' /ø~œ/ |
| | | '''eo''' [ə] |
| | | '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
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| | | |
| | | '''a''' /ɐ/ |
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| | |} |
| | === Finals === |
| | '''p d k s l r m n ng mm nn nng ll rr þ''' /p(unreleased) ð{{lowered}} k(unreleased) s l r m n ŋ pm(voiceless) tn(voiceless) kŋ(voiceless) ɬ r(voiceless) θ/ + some Germanicy clusters like -nd, -ld, -llt, ... |
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| [[Category:Tricin]]
| | === Tone === |
| | Like Swedish, Anbirese has two tones/pitch accents. In monosyllables, tone 2 is realized as glottalization; in polysyllabic words, the two tones are realized as Swedish tones 1 and 2. |