Verse:Mwail/Bri: Difference between revisions

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-'''Proto-Wiobic''' is the common ancestor of [[Tsjoen]] and [[Wiobian]], as well as other Wiobic languages.
+{{Infobox language
-==Todo==
+|image =
-*''nsaati'' = tree
+|imagesize =
-==Phonology==
+|creator =
-===Consonants===
+|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
-Virtually identical to [[Wiobian]]
+|nativename = ''Bri<sup>B2-</sup> dreabh<sup>C0+</sup>''
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
+|pronunciation=
-! colspan="2"|
+|setting = [[Verse:Mwail]]
-! | Labial
+|region =
-! | Alveolar
+|familycolor=hmong-mien
-! | Medial
+|fam1=[[Verse:Mwail/Keric languages|Keric]]
-! | Velar
+|iso3=
-! | Lab.vel.
+|official=
-|-
+|notice=IPA
-! colspan="2" | Nasal
+}}
-| '''m''' /m/
-| '''n''' /n/
+'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (Standard Bri: ''Bri<sup>B2-</sup> dreabh<sup>C0+</sup>'' /ʙʲi<sup>B2-</sup> r̝aw<sup>C0+</sup>/) was the classical language of Mwail British Isles, belonging to the Keric family. By the year 4000, Bri served exclusively as a religious, ceremonial, and poetic language rather than a spoken one; it was a monosyllabic tonal language, with 24 tones realized via 24 different cantillation melodies.
-| '''ň''' /ɲ/
-| '''ng''' /ŋ/
+The native Bri script is a right-to-left logography (lines of text go from up to down).
-|
-|-
+== Phonology of Standard Bri ==
-! rowspan="3" |Plosive
+This describes the phonology taught as Standard Bri in the late 4th millennium. (It could be thought of as analogous to Tiberian Hebrew in the history of Hebrew.)
-! | <small>voiceless</small>
+=== Initials ===
-| '''p''' /p/
+(The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one)
-| '''t''' /t/
+* Null: '''0''' /ʔ j/
-| '''ť''' /c/
+* Stops: '''b''' /pˠ pʲ/ '''d''' /t̪ˠ tʲ/ '''g''' /k kʲ/
-| '''k''' /k/
+* Trills: '''br''' /ʙˠ ʙʲ/ '''dr''' /rˠ r̝/ '''gr''' /ʀ ʀʲ/
-| '''kw''' /kʷ/
+* Nasals: '''m''' /mˠ mʲ/ '''n''' /n̪ˠ nʲ/ '''ng''' /ŋ ŋʲ/
-|-
+* Nasal trills: '''mbr''' /ⁿʙˠ ⁿʙʲ/ '''ndr''' /ⁿrˠ ⁿr̝/ '''ngr''' /ⁿʀ ⁿʀʲ/
-! | <small>prenasalized</small>
+* Approximants: '''zh''' /ɻ ʐ/
-| '''mp''' /ᵐb/
-| '''nt''' /ⁿd/
+=== Rimes ===
-| '''ňť''' /ᶮɟ/
+Nuclei: /a e i o u ə/ '''a/ea ae/e aoi/i o/eo u/iu w/iw''' (The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one)
-| '''nk''' /ᵑg/
-| '''nkw''' /ᵑgʷ/
+Finals: 0 '''bh dh gh''' /0 w ð{{lowered}}ˠ j/
+=== Tones ===
+The following lists the native names of the 24 tones/cantillation tropes:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Native names of tones
+!|Proto-Keric initial phonation
+!|Deuterechesis
+!A (null or resonant coda)
+!B (glottal stop coda)
+!C (fricative coda)
+!D (voiceless stop coda)
 |-
-! | <small>voiced</small>
+!rowspan=2|Glottalized (0)
-| '''b''' /b/
+!| Voiceless (-)
-| '''d''' /d/
+| ''dridh<sup>A0-</sup>''
-| '''ď''' /ɟ/
+| ''bae<sup>B0-</sup>''
-| '''g''' /g/
+| ''zhea<sup>C0-</sup>''
-|
+| ''gogh<sup>D0-</sup>''
 |-
-! rowspan="2" |Fricative
+!| Voiced (+)
-! | <small>plain</small>
+| ''mbraoi<sup>A0+</sup>''
-| '''f''' /f/
+| ''driwdh<sup>B0+</sup>''
-| '''s''' /s/<br/>'''þ''' /θ/
+| ''ndreo<sup>C0+</sup>''
-| '''š''' /ç/
+| ''dwgh<sup>D0+</sup>''
-| '''h''' /x/
-| '''hw''' /ʍ/
 |-
-! | <small>prenasalized</small>
+!rowspan=2|Modal (1)
-| '''mf''' /ᵐv/
+!| Voiceless (-)
-| '''ns''' /ⁿz/
+| ''eodh<sup>A1-</sup>''
-|
+| ''aoidh<sup>B1-</sup>''
-|
+| ''zhiu<sup>C1-</sup>''
-|
+| ''grugh<sup>D1-</sup>''
 |-
-! colspan="2" |Liquid
+!| Voiced (+)
-|
+| ''mea<sup>A1+</sup>''
-| '''r''' /r/; '''l''' /l/
+| ''zhobh<sup>B1+</sup>''
-| '''ř''' /ɹ/
+| ''nebh<sup>C1+</sup>''
-|
+| ''gaedh<sup>D1+</sup>''
-|
 |-
-! colspan="2" |Approximant
+!rowspan=2|Breathy (2)
-|
+!| Voiceless (-)
-|
+| ''gw<sup>A2-</sup>''
-| '''j''' /j/
+| ''bragh<sup>B2-</sup>''
-|
+| ''dre<sup>C2-</sup>''
-| '''w''' /w/
+| ''dabh<sup>D2-</sup>''
-|}
-===Vowels===
-Fewer vowels than modern Wiobian or Tsjoen; vowel length was contrastive, as in Proto-Germanic.
-{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
-! | &nbsp;
-! style="width: 80px; " |Front
-! style="width: 80px; " |Central
-! style="width: 80px; " |Back
 |-
-! style="" |Close
+!| Voiced (+)
-| '''i ii'''
+| ''ngeadh<sup>A2+</sup>''
-|
+| ''begh<sup>B2+</sup>''
-| '''u uu'''
+| ''gaoibh<sup>C2+</sup>''
-|-
+| ''ndredh<sup>D2+</sup>''
-! style="" |Mid
-| '''e ee'''
-|
-| '''o oo'''
-|-
-! style="" |Open
-|
-| '''a aa'''
-|
 |}
-There were also six diphthongs, '''ai au ia ua eu iu'''.
+==== Notes on terminology ====
+Standard Bri has undergone three tone splits (or tonogeneses if one would view it that way):
-===Phonotactics===
+# The first tone split (no tone to 3 tones) was based on Proto-Bri initial phonation which was largely predictable from the Proto-Ker initial phonation.
-The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C). In addition, clusters of two consonants are allowed word-finally.
+# The second tone split (3 tones to 12 tones) was based on Proto-Ker final type.
+# The third tone split (12 tones to 24 tones) was based on the initial phonation distinction that had arisen after prenasalized initials became voiced ones.
-There are virtually no restrictions on consonant clusters, except:
-*An obstruent may not follow a nasal.
-===Proto-Wiobic to Tsjoen===
-*prenasalized stops → voiced stops; -mp -nt ... > -mb -nd ... word finally
-**similarly, mf ns > v z
-*þ > t
-*ť ď > ts z
-*ň > j
-*ř > zj for sure
-*š > sj?
-*Initial ng- > 0-
-get both broad-slender and umlaut like I did with Varquun > Tsjoen
-===Proto-Wiobic to Wiobian===
+In English, we have chosen to term the initial phonation that conditioned the second initial phonation-based tone split (which caused Bri to double its number of tones from a 12-tone stage) as ''deuterechesis'' (from Greek δεύτερος 'second' + ἤχησις 'sounding', because the latter word uses the root Greek uses for 'voiced' and 'voiceless' as in voiced and voiceless stops). For deuterechesis, voiceless consonants are denoted - and voiced ones are denoted +.
-Umlaut and syncope (flesh out), mostly
-==Grammar==
+== Grammar ==