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'' | {{Infobox language | ||
==Phonology== | |image = | ||
=== | |imagesize = | ||
|creator = | |||
{ | |name = {{SUBPAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = ''Bri<sup>B2-</sup> dreabh<sup>C0+</sup>'' | |||
! | | |pronunciation= | ||
! | | |setting = [[Verse:Mwail]] | ||
! | |region = | ||
! | |familycolor=hmong-mien | ||
! | |fam1=[[Verse:Mwail/Keric languages|Keric]] | ||
! | |iso3= | ||
|official= | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (Standard Bri: ''Bri<sup>B2-</sup> dreabh<sup>C0+</sup>'' /ʙʲi<sup>B2-</sup> r̝aw<sup>C0+</sup>/) was the classical language of Mwail British Isles, belonging to the Keric family. By the year 4000, Bri served exclusively as a religious, ceremonial, and poetic language rather than a spoken one; it was a monosyllabic tonal language, with 24 tones realized via 24 different cantillation melodies. | |||
The native Bri script is a right-to-left logography (lines of text go from up to down). | |||
== Phonology of Standard Bri == | |||
This describes the phonology taught as Standard Bri in the late 4th millennium. (It could be thought of as analogous to Tiberian Hebrew in the history of Hebrew.) | |||
=== Initials === | |||
(The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one) | |||
* Null: '''0''' /ʔ j/ | |||
* Stops: '''b''' /pˠ pʲ/ '''d''' /t̪ˠ tʲ/ '''g''' /k kʲ/ | |||
* Trills: '''br''' /ʙˠ ʙʲ/ '''dr''' /rˠ r̝/ '''gr''' /ʀ ʀʲ/ | |||
* Nasals: '''m''' /mˠ mʲ/ '''n''' /n̪ˠ nʲ/ '''ng''' /ŋ ŋʲ/ | |||
* Nasal trills: '''mbr''' /ⁿʙˠ ⁿʙʲ/ '''ndr''' /ⁿrˠ ⁿr̝/ '''ngr''' /ⁿʀ ⁿʀʲ/ | |||
* Approximants: '''zh''' /ɻ ʐ/ | |||
=== Rimes === | |||
Nuclei: /a e i o u ə/ '''a/ea ae/e aoi/i o/eo u/iu w/iw''' (The first member of each pair indicates a broad initial, the second a slender one) | |||
Finals: 0 '''bh dh gh''' /0 w ð{{lowered}}ˠ j/ | |||
=== Tones === | |||
The following lists the native names of the 24 tones/cantillation tropes: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Native names of tones | |||
!|Proto-Keric initial phonation | |||
!|Deuterechesis | |||
!A (null or resonant coda) | |||
!B (glottal stop coda) | |||
!C (fricative coda) | |||
!D (voiceless stop coda) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !rowspan=2|Glottalized (0) | ||
| ''' | !| Voiceless (-) | ||
| '' | | ''dridh<sup>A0-</sup>'' | ||
| '' | | ''bae<sup>B0-</sup>'' | ||
| ''' | | ''zhea<sup>C0-</sup>'' | ||
| ''gogh<sup>D0-</sup>'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !| Voiced (+) | ||
| ''mbraoi<sup>A0+</sup>'' | |||
| ''driwdh<sup>B0+</sup>'' | |||
| '' | | ''ndreo<sup>C0+</sup>'' | ||
| ''' | | ''dwgh<sup>D0+</sup>'' | ||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | < | !rowspan=2|Modal (1) | ||
!| Voiceless (-) | |||
| ''' | | ''eodh<sup>A1-</sup>'' | ||
| '' | | ''aoidh<sup>B1-</sup>'' | ||
| '' | | ''zhiu<sup>C1-</sup>'' | ||
| ''grugh<sup>D1-</sup>'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | < | !| Voiced (+) | ||
| ''mea<sup>A1+</sup>'' | |||
| ''' | | ''zhobh<sup>B1+</sup>'' | ||
| ''' | | ''nebh<sup>C1+</sup>'' | ||
| ''' | | ''gaedh<sup>D1+</sup>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan= | !rowspan=2|Breathy (2) | ||
! | < | !| Voiceless (-) | ||
| ''gw<sup>A2-</sup>'' | |||
| '' | | ''bragh<sup>B2-</sup>'' | ||
| ''' | | ''dre<sup>C2-</sup>'' | ||
| ''dabh<sup>D2-</sup>'' | |||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | < | !| Voiced (+) | ||
| ''ngeadh<sup>A2+</sup>'' | |||
| '' | | ''begh<sup>B2+</sup>'' | ||
| ''gaoibh<sup>C2+</sup>'' | |||
| ''ndredh<sup>D2+</sup>'' | |||
| '' | |||
| '' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==== Notes on terminology ==== | |||
Standard Bri has undergone three tone splits (or tonogeneses if one would view it that way): | |||
# The first tone split (no tone to 3 tones) was based on Proto-Bri initial phonation which was largely predictable from the Proto-Ker initial phonation. | |||
# The second tone split (3 tones to 12 tones) was based on Proto-Ker final type. | |||
# The third tone split (12 tones to 24 tones) was based on the initial phonation distinction that had arisen after prenasalized initials became voiced ones. | |||
In English, we have chosen to term the initial phonation that conditioned the second initial phonation-based tone split (which caused Bri to double its number of tones from a 12-tone stage) as ''deuterechesis'' (from Greek δεύτερος 'second' + ἤχησις 'sounding', because the latter word uses the root Greek uses for 'voiced' and 'voiceless' as in voiced and voiceless stops). For deuterechesis, voiceless consonants are denoted - and voiced ones are denoted +. | |||
==Grammar== | == Grammar == | ||