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'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (natively ''jạrq Æ'' [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ ''eh'') is a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese. It belongs to the Rieng-Chrâtt language family. It is spoken in the country of ''Ta{{cdb}}j Vŭ{{tilde}}r'' (lit. the northern land). | |||
{{SUBPAGENAME}} used to be written in a native logography, but today it uses an initial-and-rime orthography developed from a fanqie system; the newer orthography is natively named after Lád Ăr Tå{{acute}}vq, who published a large volume of poetry using the system. | |||
== | == Todo == | ||
Morph into Æ | |||
<poem> | |||
Chè mè trìa khuất phóng lươm, | |||
Áng về xoắt huận trừ đườm đẽo ganh. | |||
Thẫm hường ngơ nghẻ dổi nành, | |||
Nghiểu bêm liệp lặn tỷ thanh dói rừ. | |||
Gib with lots of từ láy: chè mè (m-), đườm đẽo (-eoC), ngơ nghẻ (-eC), liệp lặn (-ănB) | |||
</poem> | |||
''Ýr můj můj (můj mæ̉m)! Mæ̣rq dræ̊̀ blỏv blúq!'' 'Don't be so greedy! You have enough!' | |||
== Diachronics sketch == | |||
Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vq -øm/vq -ym/vq | |||
== Broad phonology == | |||
=== Initials === | |||
'''b d bl gl gj g f s fl sl t hj h m n nj ng l lj r v j 0''' /p t pl tɬ c k f s fl ɬ ts ç h m n {{ñ}} ŋ l ʎ ʁ v j~z ʔ/ | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
Æ has 13 nuclei: i y ŭ u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ ɨ{{long}} u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ{{long}} ɔ/ | |||
=== Finals === | |||
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m -q -jq -vq -dq -rq -nq -mq /-0 -j -w -ð -ɐ̯ -ŋ -wŋ͡m -ʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ðʔ -ɐ̯ʔ -ŋʔ -wŋ͡mʔ/ | |||
==== Origins of finals ==== | |||
* -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D) | |||
* -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D) | |||
* -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D) | |||
* -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D) | |||
* -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D) | |||
* -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D) | |||
* -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D) | |||
(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace) | |||
=== Tones === | |||
8 tones, 2 of which have stød | |||
==== Tone box ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| | ! | ||
| | !A (null/voiced coda) | ||
| | !B (glottal stop coda) | ||
| | !C (fricative coda) | ||
| | !D (voiceless stop coda) | ||
| | |- | ||
| | !Modal initial | ||
| | |a (Hanoi ''ngang'') | ||
| | |á (Hanoi nonentering ''sắc'') | ||
| | |ả (Hanoi ''hỏi'') | ||
|áq (High tone with stød) | |||
|- | |||
!Breathy initial | |||
|à (Hanoi ''huyền'') | |||
|ạ (Saigon ''nặng'') | |||
| | |ã (Hanoi ''ngã'') | ||
| | |ạq (Low tone with stød) | ||
| | |} | ||
| | |||
== Narrow phonology == | |||
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible | |||
=== Initials === | |||
Initials are close to their broad transcriptions in Standard Æ. | |||
One major dialect has r- = (true pharyngeal) [ħ], Cr = [Cʰ] | |||
| | === Rimes with no -r- medial === | ||
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | ||
| | ! colspan="13"|Nucleus | ||
| | |- | ||
| | !/æː/ | ||
| | !/æ/ | ||
| | !/ɛ/ | ||
| | !/œ/ | ||
| | !/ɔ/ | ||
| | !/e/ | ||
| | !/ø/ | ||
| | !/o/ | ||
| | !/i/ | ||
| | !/y/ | ||
| | !/u/ | ||
| | !/ɨː/ | ||
| | !/ɨ/ | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="8"|Coda | ||
| | ! /0/ | ||
| | | [ɛː]<br/>''a'' | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | [eː]<br/>''æ'' | ||
| | | [œ̝ː]<br/>''æ̊'' | ||
| | | [ɔ̽ː]<br/>''å'' | ||
| | | [e̝ː]<br/>''e'' | ||
| | | [øː]<br/>''ø'' | ||
| | | [o̝ː]<br/>''o'' | ||
| | | [iː]<br/>''i'' | ||
| | | [yː]<br/>''y'' | ||
| | | [uː]<br/>''ů'' | ||
| | | [ɨː]<br/>''u'' | ||
| | | - | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! /j(ʔ)/ | ||
| | | [ɛːj]<br/>''aj'' | ||
| | | [ɑ̈j]<br/>''ăj'' | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | [ɒ̽ːj]<br/>''åj'' | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | [oːj]<br/>''oj'' | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | [uːj]<br/>''ůj'' | ||
| | | [ɨːj]<br/>''uj'' | ||
| | | [əj]<br/>''ŭj'' | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! /w(ʔ)/ | ||
| | | [ɛːw]<br/>''av'' | ||
| | | [æw]<br/>''ăv'' | ||
| | | [eːw]<br/>''æv'' | ||
| | | [œːw]<br/>''æ̊v'' | ||
| | | [ɔ̽ːw]<br/>''åv'' | ||
| | | [e̝ːw]<br/>''ev'' | ||
| | | [øːw]<br/>''øv'' | ||
| - | |||
| | | [iːw]<br/>''iv'' | ||
| | | [yːw]<br/>''yv'' | ||
| | | - | ||
| | | [ɨːw]<br/>''uv'' | ||
| | | [əw]<br/>''ŭv'' | ||
| | |- | ||
! /ð(ʔ)/ | |||
| [ɛːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ad'' | |||
| [æð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ăd'' | |||
| [eːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æd'' | |||
| [œ̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''æ̊d'' | |||
| [ɔ̽ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''åd'' | |||
| [e̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ed'' | |||
| [øːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ød'' | |||
| [o̝ːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''od'' | |||
| [iːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''id'' | |||
| [yːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''yd'' | |||
| [uːð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ůd'' | |||
| [ð̩˕˗ˠː]<br/>''ud'' | |||
| [əð̠˕ˠ]<br/>''ŭd'' | |||
|- | |||
! /ɐ̯(ʔ)/ | |||
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ar'' | |||
| [ɑ̈ː]<br/>''ăr'' | |||
| [eːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ær'' | |||
| [œːɒ̯̽]<br/>''æ̊r'' | |||
| [ɒ̝ː]<br/>''år'' | |||
| [e̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''er'' | |||
| [øːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ør'' | |||
| [o̝ːɒ̯̽]<br/>''or'' | |||
| [iːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ir'' | |||
| [yːɒ̯̽]<br/>''yr'' | |||
| [uːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ůr'' | |||
| [ɨːɒ̯̽]<br/>''ur'' | |||
| [əɒ̯̽]<br/>''ŭr'' | |||
|- | |||
! /ŋ(ʔ)/ | |||
| [ɛ̃ː]<br/>''an'' | |||
| [ãː]<br/>''ăn'' | |||
|- | |||
! /ŋ͡m(ʔ)/ | |||
| [ɛ̃ːw̃~ɛːw̃]<br/>''am'' | |||
| [æ̃w̃~æw̃]<br/>''ăm'' | |||
|- | |||
! /ʔ/ | |||
| [ɛːʔ]<br/>''aˀ'' | |||
| [æʔ]<br/>''ăˀ'' | |||
|} | |||
== Grammar == | |||
=== Polar questions === | |||
Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end. | |||
:''Mæ{{cdb}}rq húd med blảj Æ?'' / ''Mæ{{cdb}}rq húd blảj Æ med?'' | |||
: 2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP | |||
: Are you Æ? | |||
== Poetry == | |||
Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||