Linguifex

Haššûl: Difference between revisions

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===VOWEL INVENTORY===
===VOWEL INVENTORY===


Front Mid Back
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent; float:right;"
High i î u û
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
e ê
||
Low o ô
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
a â
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">i</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">y</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:40%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɨ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʉ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɯ</div>
-->
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:20%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɪ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:28%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʏ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʊ</div>
-->
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">e</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:22%; width:2em; top:29%;height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ø</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:46%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɘ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:55%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɵ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɤ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:53%; width:2em; top:42%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ə</div>
-->
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<!---
<div style="position:absolute; left:24%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:33%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">œ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:51%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɜ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɞ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʌ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɔ</div>
-->
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:30%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">æ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɐ</div>
-->
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:39%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">a</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:48%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɶ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:62%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ä</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɑ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɒ</div>
-->
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! || colspan=2| Front || colspan=2| Mid || colspan=2| Back
|-
| rowspan=2| High || i || î || || || u || û  
|-
| e || ê || || || ||
|-
| rowspan=2| Low || || || || || o || ô  
|-
| || || a || â || ||
|-
|}




===CONSONANT INVENTORY===
===CONSONANT INVENTORY===


h [ħ] š [ʃ] l [l] b [b] r [r] y [j] n [n] x [X] m [m] p [p] k [k] z [z] w [w]
h [ħ] š [ʃ] l [l] b [b] r [r/ɾ] y [j] n [n] x [χ] m [m] p [p] k [k] z [z] w [w]


<!--
<!--
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! rowspan="2" style="background:white"|  
! rowspan="2" style="background:white"|  
! colspan="4" | Labial
! colspan="4" | Labial
! colspan="6" | Coronal
! colspan="8" | Coronal
! colspan="6" | Dorsal
! colspan="6" | Dorsal
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Labiovelar
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Labiovelar
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! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Alveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Alveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatoalveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatoalveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Retroflex
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatal
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatal
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Velar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Velar
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʈ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɖ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| k
| k
| g
| g
| q
| ɢ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʔ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Nasal
! style="text-align:left"|Nasal
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɳ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɲ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ŋ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ŋʷ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
|-
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| r
| r
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɾ
| ɾ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Fricative
! style="text-align:left"|Fricative
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɸ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| β
| f
| f
| v
| v
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| θ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ð
| s
| s
| z
| z
| ʃ
| ʃ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʒ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʂ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʐ
| ç
| ʝ
| x
| x
| ɣ
| ɣ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| xʷ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| h
| h
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʦ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʣ
| ʧ
| ʤ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɹ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| l
| l
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''pešš-'', tea plant, ''penašš-''
| ''pešš-'', "tea plant" → ''penašš-''
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki>
|-
|-
| <nowiki>[tea.plant<STAT>-SG], "to be a teaplant";</nowiki>
| [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}}], "to be a teaplant";
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{tea.plant<STAT>-SG DEM.SG.PROX.SP}</nowiki>
| {tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}} {{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}}
|-
|-
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant";
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant";
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| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki>
|-
|-
| <nowiki>[tea.plant<STAT>-A-DEM.SG.PROX.SP-SG]</nowiki>
| [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|a}}-{{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}-{{sc|sg}}]
|-
|-
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> '''''
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> '''''
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is also valid.
is also valid.


====Incorporation====
====Incorporation====
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! Aspect || Marker || Notes
! Aspect || Marker || Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ô- ||  
| Imperfective/Atelic {{sc|ipf}} || -ô- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ta- ||  
| Perfective/Telic {{sc|perf}} || -ta- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -û- ||  
| {{sc|}} || -û- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -î- ||  
| Progressive/Continuous {{sc|prog}}/{{sc|cont}} || -î- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ne- ||  
| Resultative {{sc|res}} || -ne- ||  
|-
|-
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked.
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked.
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====Verbal marking====
====Verbal marking====
:{|
|-
| Subject pronoun: free pronoun, short form
|-
| Referent anaphora: the same vs. anoher mentioned vs. anoter not mentioned (begs for introduction)
|-
| Stem - Infixes
|-
| Tense: [anterior] vs. [past/perfective] vs. [relative present tense] vs. [present-future/imperfective] vs. [posterior]
|-
| Inverse: I/O
|-
| Object number (transitive verbs)
|-
| Aspect:
|-
| Mood:
|-
| Voice: indicative vs. interrogative vs. negative vs. subjunctive/conditional vs. potential/optative
|-
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2| -2 || -1 || colspan=2| 0 || colspan=2| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6
|-
! colspan=2| Subj.Pron (free pr. short form) || Ref.Anaph || Stem || <nowiki><infixes></nowiki> || colspan=2| Tense || Inverse || Obj.Nr || Aspect || Mood || Voice
|-
| e=n- || S>P/n_ (ej. h>k) || -Ø- || -happ=a- || <nowiki><šnV></nowiki><sup>1</sup> || -ra=z- || =z/_V[-high] || -n- || -- || -ô- || -r- || -i
|-
| e=y- || -a/_C [plosive] || -i- || -happ=š- || || -ra=x- || =x/_t, d || -Ø- || -- || -ta- || -n- || -u
|-
| || || -šku- || -haptu-* || || -ra=n- || =n/_V[+high], n || || -- || -û- || -š- || -Ø
|-
| || || || || || colspan=2| -Ø- || -C- || -- || -î- || -l- || -k
|-
| || || || || || -ša=r- || =r/_n || || -Ø- || -ne- || -x- || -t
|-
| || || || || || -ša=k- || =k/_t || || || || ||
|-
| || || || || || -ša=s- || =s/ || || || || ||
|-
| || || || || || -xtu- || || || || || ||
|-
| || || || || || -kše- || || || || || ||
|-
|}
<sup>1</sup> the verb receives an incorporated noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6
|-
! Subj.Pron || Ref.Anaph || Root || Tense || Inverse || Obj.Nr || Aspect || Mood || Voice
|-
| 1S.NOM || SAME || to.bread.cook || PRES || DIRECT || UNSP || UNSP || ACT
|-
| wâ[N]- || -Ø- || -hanaptu-kkû- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -š- || -Ø
|-
| colspan=9| wâ[N]-Ø-hanaptu-kkû-Ø-Ø-Ø-Ø-š-Ø}
|-
| colspan=9| ''wânkanaptukkûš''
|-
| colspan=9| "it is a common occurrence that I bake bread"
|-
|}
*  haptu- < happ=ttu-


==DEICTICS==
==DEICTICS==
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===Demonstrative pronouns===
===Demonstrative pronouns===


Haššûl spatial deictics correlate in proximity with first exclusive (proximal), second (medial), and third person (distal) pronouns. The short form of the genitive pronouns is affixed wih the following locative markers (LOC) depending on relative positions: -le 'speaker', -nê 'addressee' and -la 'both'. This gives us the following combinations:
Haššûl spatial deictics correlate in proximity with first exclusive (proximal), second (medial), and third person (distal) pronouns. The short form of the genitive pronouns is affixed wih the following locative markers ({{sc|loc}}) depending on relative positions: ''-le'' 'speaker', ''-nê'' 'addressee' and ''-la'' 'both'. This gives us the following combinations:


Singular:
====Singular:====
Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
first exclusive  (proximal) second (medial) third (distal)
têk- en- ey-


LOC 'speaker' -le têk-le- > têkle- > telê- en-le- > elne- > êlle- ey-le > eyye > êye-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"  style="text-align:center"
'addressee' -nê têk-nê- > têknê- > tekne- en-nê- > ennê- > êne- ey-nê > enyê > enye-
|-
'both' -la têk-la- > têkla- > telâ- en-la- > elna- > êlla- ey-la > eyya > êya-
! rowspan=3 colspan=3| || colspan=6| Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
|-
! colspan=2| first exclusive (proximal) || colspan=2| second (medial) || colspan=2| third (distal)
|-
! colspan=2| ''têk-'' || colspan=2| ''en-'' || colspan=2| ''ey-''
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:lightsteelblue"| {{sc|loc}} || style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'speaker' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-le'' || têk-le- > têkle- > || ''telê-'' || en-le- > elne- > || ''êlle-'' || ey-le- > eyye- > || ''êye-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'addressee' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-nê'' || têk-nê- > têknê- > || ''tekne-'' || en-nê- > ennê- > || ''êne-'' || ey-nê- > enyê- > || ''enye-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'both' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-la'' || têk-la- > têkla- > || ''telâ-'' || en-la- > elna- > || ''êlla-'' || ey-la- > eyya- > || ''êya-''
|-
|}


Paucal/Plural:
====Paucal/Plural:====
Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
first exclusive (proximal) second (medial) third (distal)
tâl- aš(š)- nâm-


LOC 'speaker' -le tâl-le- > tâlle- > tale- aš(š)-le- > ašle- > ašše- nâm-le- > nâlme- > nâlle-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"  style="text-align:center"
'addressee' -nê tâl-nê- > tânlê- > tanne- aš(š)-nê- > ašne- > ašnê- nâm-nê- > nâmne- > nâmme-
|-
'both' -la tâl-la- > tâlla- > tala- aš(š)-la- > ašla- > ašša- nâm-la- > nâlma- > nâlla-
! rowspan=3 colspan=3| || colspan=6| Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
|-
! colspan=2| first exclusive (proximal) || colspan=2| second (medial) || colspan=2| third (distal)
|-
! colspan=2| ''tâl-'' || colspan=2| ''aš(š)-'' || colspan=2| ''nâm-''
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:lightsteelblue"| {{sc|loc}} || style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'speaker' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-le'' || tâl-le- > tâlle- > || ''tale-'' || aš(š)-le- > ašle- > || ''ašše-'' || nâm-le- > nâlme- > || ''nâlle-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'addressee' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-nê'' || tâl-nê- > tânlê- > || ''tanne-'' || aš(š)-nê- > ašne- > || ''ašnê-'' || nâm-nê- > nâmne- > || ''nâmme-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'both' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-la'' || tâl-la- > tâlla- > || ''tala-'' || aš(š)-la- > ašla- > || ''ašša-'' || nâm-la- > nâlma- > || ''nâlla-''
|-
|}


Deictics may occur either in place of nouns or postposed to nouns, as in ??hanô lene??  'that house'.
Deictics may occur either in place of nouns or postposed to nouns, as in ??hanô lene??  'that house'.
Verbal forms of the demonstrative pronouns can be derived with the verbalizer =š- for intransitive verbs, with the meaning to.be/stay/remain/be.present-LOC, e.g. {ašša=š-} 'aššaš' "they just stay there"
 
Verbal forms of the demonstrative pronouns can be derived with the verbalizer ''=š-'' for intransitive verbs, with the meaning ''to.be/stay/remain/be.present-{{sc|loc}}''. E.g. {ašša=š-} ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>aššaš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''' "they just stay there"


==POSSESSION==
==POSSESSION==


Posession can be marked with the enclitic form of either a genitive or a negative pronoun, indicating respectively posession or non-posession by the marked-for person.
Possession can be marked with the enclitic form of either a ''genitive'' or a ''negative pronoun'', indicating respectively ''possession'' or ''non-possession'' by the marked-for person.
Genitive possessive
 
The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number (1S.GEN = 1S.POS, "my", etc).
===Genitive possessive===
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the posessor is explicitly mentioned), posession marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (e.g. possessed-gen-possessor). For instance, in the sentence "Manxên eyer Rûl" ("a man's she-dog"), the posessor is mentioned (Rûl, a.man), and therefore the long version of the third person singular genitive pronoun (eyer) is used; the form **eyManxên eyer Rûl would be incorrect.
 
Negative possessive
The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.gen}}={{sc|1s.pos}}, ''"my"'', etc).
The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise bearing the same person and number (1S.NEG = 1S.NEG.POS, "not.my", etc, to indicate a non-belonging relationship. E.g. "rexlanneš", {re=x-lann-eš} 1S.NEG.POS-house-SG 'not.my.house'.
 
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the possessor is explicitly mentioned), possession marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (order ''possessed-{{sc|gen}}-possessor'').
For instance, in the sentence ''"Manxên eyer Rûl"'' (''"a man's she-dog"''), the possessor is mentioned (''rûl'', 'a.man'), and therefore the long version of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''eyer'') is used. The form ''**eyManxên eyer Rûl'' ({{sc|1s.pos}}-she.dog {{sc|1s.gen}} man), using the short form of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''ey-''), would be incorrect.
 
===Negative possessive===
 
The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.neg}}={{sc|1s.neg.pos}}, ''"not.my"'', etc.), to indicate a non-belonging relationship. E.g. '''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>rexlanneš<nowiki>'</nowiki>''''', {re=x-lann-eš} {{sc|1s.neg.pos}}-house-{{sc|sg}}, ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>not.my.house<nowiki>'</nowiki>''.


==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY==
==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY==
Line 783: Line 983:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''hanaptilir hanaptupepšeš''
| {{cardo|hanaptilir hanaptupepšeš}}
|-
|-
| {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš}
| {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš}
Line 795: Line 995:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''happ(at)ilir hanaptweš''
| {{cardo|happ(at)ilir hanaptweš}}
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki>
Line 804: Line 1,004:
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Denominal verbs===
===Denominal verbs===
Line 847: Line 1,046:
===Word order===
===Word order===


{|
====Constituent order per sentence type====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| rowspan=3| DECLARATIVE || rowspan=2| Transitive || Monotransitive||
|-
| Ditransitive ||
|-
| colspan=2| Intransitive ||
|-
| colspan=3| IMPERATIVE ||  
|-
|-
| DECLARATIVE Transitive Monotransitive
| colspan=3| QUESTION || [topic]=Q [encl.pron]=[NO.OBJECT]-to.ask{tr}
Ditransitive
Intransitive
IMPERATIVE
QUESTION [topic]=Q [encl.pron]=[NO.OBJECT]-to.ask{tr}
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Other====


A/N
A/N
possessed/gen/possessor


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
possessed/gen/possessor (see ''Possession'' above)
 
=LEXICON=
 
{|
|-
|-
| colspan=8| enkapprazôr
| Nouns (n): || animate (an), inanimate (in), deverbal (dev).
|-
|-
| colspan=8| e=n-happ=a-ra=z-Ø-Ø-ô-r-Ø
| Verbs (v): || transitive (tr), intransitive (int), incorporated (inc)
|-
|-
| e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø
| Particles (p): || verbal (ver), nominal (nom), suprasegmental (sup)
|-
|-
| 2S.GEN || to.burn=TR || PRES.FUT.IPF || DIR || UNSPEC || || NEG || IND
| Numerals (nu) ||  
|-
| colspan=8| <>, ""
|-
|-
|}
|}


 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=7| Wordlist
|-
! <> || // || colspan=2| POS || Nr. || Meaning || Notes
|-
| hanapp- || ˈhä.nä.pː͜  || n || an || ii || fire || -na- (infix); stative (nominal form)
|-
| happ=š- || ˈhä.pːʃ͜  || v || int || || to.burn.(down) || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=š-'' {{sc|vlz3}}
|-
| happ=a- || ˈhä.pːä. || v || tr || || to.burn || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=Ca-'' {{sc|vlz1}}
|-
| haptu- || ˈhäp.tu. || v || tr || || "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=ttu-'' {{sc|vlz2}}
→ ''happ-ttu-'', "to.transform.using.fire"
|-
| hanaptu- || ˈhä.näp.tu. || n || dev || || (a) cooking ||
|-
| hašnapturûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a cook || "a man of cooking", ''<nowiki>ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-</nowiki>''
|-
| hašnaptukkûrûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.kːu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a baker ||
|-
|-
! -2 || -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6
| akkwaku- || ˈä.kːwä.ku. || n || in || ii || a meal || reduplication of "bread", ''akku-akku-''
|-
|-
! Subj.Pron || Ref.Anaph || Root || Tense || Inverse || Obj.Nr || Aspect || Mood || Voice
| akku-, -kkû- || ˈä.kːu {{pipe}} .kːuː. || n || in || ii || bread ||  
|-
|-
| 1S.NOM || SAME || to.bread.cook || PRES || DIRECT || UNSP || UNSP || ACT
| haptukkû- || ˈhäp.tu.kːuː. || v || inc || || to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread ||  
|-
|-
| wâ[N]- || -Ø- || -hanaptu-kkû- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -š- || -Ø
| manne- || ˈmä.nːe. || n || an || ii || animal similar to a dog ||  
|-
|-
| colspan=9| wâ[N]-Ø-hanaptu-kkû-Ø-Ø-Ø-Ø-š-Ø}
| rûl- || ˈɾuːl. || n || an || ii || man ||  
|-
|-
| colspan=9| ''wânkanaptukkûš''
| kên- || ˈkeːn. || n || an || ii || female (of an animal) ||  
|-
|-
| colspan=9| "it is a common occurrence that I bake bread"
| êrš- || ˈeːɾʃ͜  || v || int || || to.belong || (< ''*wēr=š-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz3}})
|-
|-
|}
| ertu- || ˈeɾ.tu. || v || tr || || to.adhere, to.make.be.with || (< ''*wêr=ttu-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz2}})
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
! colspan=2| -2 || -1 || colspan=2| 0 || colspan=2| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6
| etna-, -(e)tn(a)- || ˈet.nä. || || || || without || ''*tə'' > ''tə-na-'' > ''ət-na-'' > ''etna-/atna-''
|-
|-
! colspan=2| Subj.Pron (free pr. short form) || Ref.Anaph || Stem || <nowiki><infixes></nowiki> || colspan=2| Tense || Inverse || Obj.Nr || Aspect || Mood || Voice
| -reš-, -raš- || .ɾeʃ. {{pipe}} .ɾäʃ. || p || nom || || || noun modifier in respect of a verbal root; an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun: {happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]} to.burn- "the.burning.man" - adjectivization through gerundives?
|-
|-
| e=n- || S>P/n_ (ej. h>k) || -Ø- || -happ=a- || <nowiki><šnV></nowiki><sup>1</sup> || -ra=z- || =z/_V[-high] || -n- || -- || -ô- || -r- || -i
| pešš-, -pepš- || ˈpe.ʃː͜  {{pipe}} .pe.pʃ͜  || n || an || ii || tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion ||  
|-
|-
| e=y- || -a/_C [plosive] || -i- || -happ=š- || || -ra=x- || =x/_t, d || -Ø- || -- || -ta- || -n- || -u
| haptupepš- || ˈhäp.tu.pepš͜  || v || tr || || to.brew.tea ||  
|-
|-
| || || -šku- || -haptu-* || || -ra=n- || =n/_V[+high], n || || -- || -û- || -š- || -Ø
| hanaptupepš- || || n || dev || || (a) tea-brew(ing) ||  
|-
|-
| || || || || || colspan=2| -Ø- || -C- || -- || -î- || -l- || -k
| -šnV- || || p || ver || || || (infix) ''-šnV-'' (V=reduplication of the root vowel as short vowel regardless of original length); the verb receives a noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
|-
|-
| || || || || || -ša=r- || =r/_n || || -Ø- || -ne- || -x- || -t
| lann-, -lan- || || n || in || ii || house, shelter ||  
|-
|-
| || || || || || -ša=k- || =k/_t || || || || ||  
| -eš || || p || nom || || singular indefinite || etymologically related to he word for "one" ''êš'' < ''*weš'', form which resurfaces when after a vowel (e.g.
-a-*weš > -aweš; -u-*weš > -ubeš)
|-
|-
| || || || || || -ša=s- || =s/ || || || || ||  
| -Vkti || || p || sup || || || ''-Vkti'' (suffix); it marks the topic of a question
|-
|-
| || || || || || -xtu- || || || || || ||  
| xapr=aš- || || || || || ||  
|-
|-
| || || || || || -kše- || || || || || ||  
| aqqe-, -qqe- || || n || in || ii || clay ||  
|-
|-
|}
| êš || || nu || || || one || (< ''*weš'')
 
* haptu- < happ=ttu-
<sup>1</sup> the verb receives an incorporated noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
 
{|
|-
|-
| 1) eyyapparaxtani, e=y-happ=a-ra=x-ta-n-i
| haptuqqe- || || v || inc || || to.cook.clay ||
|-
|-
| 2) happarazôn, Ø-happ=a-ra=z-ô-n-Ø
| elaš-, -elš- || || n || in || ii || place, room || (< ''*welaš'')
|-
|-
| 3) {happ-}, happarazôr
| haptubelaš- || || n || in || ii || oven || (< ''*haff-ettu-welaš-'')
|}
 
{|
|-
|-
| Subject pronoun: free pronoun, short form
| xakš-, -akš- || || n || in || ii || milk ||
|-
|-
| Referent anaphora: the same vs. anoher mentioned vs. anoter not mentioned (begs for introduction)
| -(a)lu(l)- || || p || || || "with [an]", "containing [in]" || commitative (an); subject demoting particle while incorporating
|-
|-
| Stem - Infixes
| hanaptupepšlulakš- || || n || inc || || "a teabrewing with milk" ||
|-
|-
| Tense: [anterior] vs. [past/perfective] vs. [relative present tense] vs. [present-future/imperfective] vs. [posterior]
| bâl-, -bâl- || || n || in || ii || knife ||
|-
|-
| Inverse: I/O
| bâldu- || || v || tr|| || "to.transform.using.a.knife", to.chop.up || (< ''*bâl=ttu-'')
|-
|-
| Object number (transitive verbs)
| ošša- || || n || an || ii || woman ||
|-
|-
| Aspect:
| hûr- || || v || || || to.sing ||
|-
|-
| Mood:
| zâš-, -zaš- || || n || an || ii || onion||
|-
|-
| Voice: indicative vs. interrogative vs. negative vs. subjunctive/conditional vs. potential/optative
| luh- || || || || || ||
|-
|-
| bâltuzaš- || || v || inc || || "to.onion-up.chop" || The lenited ''-tt-'' (> ''-d-'') of the {{sc|vlz2}} resurfaces as ''-t-'' before the [sibilant-vowel-sibilant] sequence
|}
|}
=LEXICON=
Nouns (n): animate (an), inanimate (in), derivated from verbs (dev).
Verbs (v): transitive (tr), intransitive (int), incorporated (inc)
Particles (p): verbal (ver), nominal (nom), suprasegmental (sup)
Numerals (nu)
<> // Nr.
hanapp- n an ii fire -na- (infix); stative (nominal form)
happ=š- v int to.burn.(down) happ- < *haff-, fire ; =š- VLZ3
happ=a- v tr to.burn happ- < *haff-, fire ; =Ca- VLZ1
haptu- v tr "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions happ- < *haff-, fire ; =ttu- VLZ2
happ-ttu- to.transform.using.fire
hanaptu- n dev (a) cooking
hašnapturûl- n an ii a cook "a man of cooking", ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-
hašnaptukkûrûl- n an ii a baker
akkwaku- n in ii a meal reduplication of "bread", akku-akku-
akku-, -kkû- n in ii bread
haptukkû- v inc to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread
manne n an ii animal similar to a dog
rûl n an ii man
kên n an ii female (of an animal)
êrš- v int to.belong *wēr=š- (to.belong=VLZ3)
ertu- v tr to.adhere, to.make.be.with *wêr=ttu- (to.belong=VLZ2)
etna-, -(e)tn(a)- without *tə
tə-na- > ət-na- > etna-/atna-
-reš-, -raš- p nom noun modifier in respect of a verbal root
an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun.
happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]
to.burn-
"the.burning.man"
adjectivization through gerundives?
pešš-, -pepš- n an ii tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion
haptupepš- v tr to.brew.tea
hanaptupepš- n dev (a) teabrew(ing)
-šnV- p ver (infix) -šnV- (V=reduplication of the root vowel as short vowel regardless of original length); the verb receives a noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
lann-, -lan- n in ii house, shelter
-eš p nom singular indefinite; etymologically related to he word for "one" êš < *weš, form which resurfaces when after a vowel (e.g.
-a-*weš > -aweš; -u-*weš > -ubeš)
-Vkti p sup -Vkti (suffix); it marks the topic of a question
xapr=aš-
aqqe-, -qqe- n in ii clay
êš nu one *weš
haptuqqe- v inc to.cook.clay
elaš-, -elš- n in ii place, room *welaš
haptubelaš- n in ii oven < *haff-ettu-welaš-
xakš-, -akš- n in ii milk
-(a)lu(l)- p "with [an]", "containing [in]" commitative (an); subject demoting particle while incorporating
hanaptupepšlulakš- n inc "a teabrewing with milk"
bâl-, -bâl- n in ii knife
bâldu- v tr "to.transform.using.a.knife", to.chop.up bâl=ttu-
ošša n an ii woman
hûr- v to.sing
zâš-, -zaš- n an ii onion
luh-
bâltuzaš- v inc "to.onion-up.chop" The lenited -tt- (> -d-) of the VLZ2 resurfaces as -t- before the sibilant-vowel-sibilant sequence


=SAMPLES=
=SAMPLES=
Line 1,017: Line 1,175:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''Manxên eye'Rûl''›
| {{cardo|Manxên eye'Rûl}}
|-
|-
| /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/
| /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/
Line 1,031: Line 1,189:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''wânelššappš-''›
| {{cardo|wânelššappš-}}
|-
|-
| /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/
| /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/
Line 1,045: Line 1,203:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''aššašakti''›
| {{cardo|aššašakti}}
|-
|-
| /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/
| /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/
Line 1,054: Line 1,212:
|-
|-
| "to.be.there-?", "do they just stay there?"
| "to.be.there-?", "do they just stay there?"
|-
|}
----
{|
|-
| 1) eyyapparaxtani, e=y-happ=a-ra=x-ta-n-i
|-
| 2) happarazôn, Ø-happ=a-ra=z-ô-n-Ø
|-
| 3) {happ-}, happarazôr
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
| colspan=8| ''enkapprazôr''
|-
| colspan=8| e=n-happ=a-ra=z-Ø-Ø-ô-r-Ø
|-
| e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø
|-
| {{sc|2s.gen}} || to.burn={{sc|tr}} || {{sc|pres.fut.ipf}} || {{sc|dir}} || {{sc|unspec}} || {{sc|ipf}} || {{sc|neg}} || {{sc|ind}}
|-
| colspan=8| ‹›, ""
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,071: Line 1,256:
|-
|-
|}
|}
--!>
-->


=HISTORICAL NOTES=
=HISTORICAL NOTES=
Line 1,077: Line 1,262:
The accent shifted from first to last syllable over time, which garnered some of the most distinctive sound changes in the evolution of the language.
The accent shifted from first to last syllable over time, which garnered some of the most distinctive sound changes in the evolution of the language.


*yek-wer- > yekwer > yekker > ekker
{|
*tə yek-wer- > têkwer > têkker > tekêr
|-
*wag_G-wer- > wakwer > akuer > akler
| *yek-wer- || > yekwer || > yekker || > ekker || ← ''Haššûl''
|-
| || > yekwer || > yekuər || > ikûr || ← ''Katzôr''
|-
| || || > yikuər || > çiɣʷâr/ʃiɣwâ || ← ''Hečjûr''
|-
|
|-
| *tə yek-wer- || > têkwer || > têkker || > tekêr || ← ''Haššûl''
|-
| || > tyekwer || > tyekuər || > tikûr || ← ''Katzôr''
|-
| || || > dyikuər || > diɣʷâr/diɣwâ || ← ''Hečjûr''
|-
|
|-
| *wagˠ-wer- || > wakwer || > akuer || > akler || ← ''Haššûl''
|-
| || > wakwer || > wakuər || > wakûr || ← ''Katzôr''
|-
| || || > ləkuər || > elkʷâr/elkwâ || ← ''Hečjûr''
|-
| || || || > elkûr || ← '' ''
|}




 
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