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| nativename = Kiganimedi, Kiganí, luga kiganimedi, luga kiganí, luga ya kiganimedi | | nativename = Kiganimedi, Kiganí, luga kiganimedi, luga kiganí, luga ya kiganimedi | ||
| pronunciation = kiɡaniˈmɛdi | | pronunciation = kiɡaniˈmɛdi | ||
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Ganymedian | |||
| speakers = 3 million | | speakers = 3 million | ||
| image = File:Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png|thumb|Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite | | image = File:Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite.png|thumb|Ganymede - Perijove 34 Composite | ||
| imagecaption = [[w:Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] before colonisation, now the home of the Ganymedian language | | imagecaption = [[w:Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] before colonisation, now the home of the Ganymedian language | ||
| imagesize = 200px | |||
| date = 2276 | | date = 2276 | ||
| familycolor = Mixed | | familycolor = Mixed | ||
| Line 16: | Line 18: | ||
| script2 = Arab | | script2 = Arab | ||
| official = Ganymede | | official = Ganymede | ||
| stand1 = ''Noma ya Akademia'' | |||
| dia1 = Tros dialects</br> | |||
** Central Tros | |||
** Outer Tros | |||
| dia2 = Gran Catena dialects | |||
** Catenito | |||
** Kenyatown | |||
** Río Seco | |||
| dia3 = Sakari | |||
| minority = [[w:Hár (crater)|Hár Colony]], Governorate of Callisto | | minority = [[w:Hár (crater)|Hár Colony]], Governorate of Callisto | ||
| posteriori = [[w:Swahili|Swahili]], [[w:Spanish language in the Americas|Latin American Spanish]], [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Hindi language|Hindi]], [[w:French language|French]] | | posteriori = [[w:Swahili|Swahili]], [[w:Spanish language in the Americas|Latin American Spanish]], [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Hindi language|Hindi]], [[w:French language|French]] | ||
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| agency = Akademia Kiganimedi | | agency = Akademia Kiganimedi | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ganymedian'''{{efn|''Kiganimedi'' or ''Kiganí'' [[ | '''Ganymedian'''{{efn|''Kiganimedi'' or ''Kiganí'' [[IPA for Ganymedian|[kiɡaniˈmɛdi]]]; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''ganimedés'', ''idioma ganimedés'', ''lengua ganimedesa''; [[w:Swahili|Swahili]]: ''Kiganimedi''}} or '''Ganymedese''', '''Ganymede Creole''', '''Ganymede Pidgin''' and historically called in linguistics '''Swahilish''', is a [[w:Mixed language|mixed language]] and the native language of most Ganymedians, the descendants of human colonists of the Galilean moon [[w:Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]]. It is primarily a [[w:Creole language|creole language]] with [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[w:Swahili|Swahili]] as primary lexifiers, though it has influence from other languages such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[w:French language|French]]. It is spoken natively by around 3 million Ganymedians, and is the most spoken natural extraterrestrial language (NEL) in the Solar System. | ||
Ganymedian developed through the [[w:Creolisation|creolisation]] of Latin American and East African space migrants, primarily incentivised to go there by recruitment efforts from American colonists. These migrants were primarily settled in the [[w:Enki Catena|Enki Catena]] (now Gran Catena) and the nearby [[w:Neith (crater)|Neith]] crater (now Neís); the proximity of the colonies led to significant cultural exchange and subsequent linguistic creolisation due to the absence of a widely known common language like the interplanetary lingua franca English. With the Great Exodus in 2210, American colonists especially on Galilean moons left en masse and returned to Earth, leaving the rest of the Ganymedians to occupy and subsequently resettle the formerly American colonies of Tros, Diment and New Washington; this led to a nominal declaration of independence by governor Kamari Karaskio from Tros in 2222, forming the First Republic of Ganymede, with Ganymedian, Swahili and Spanish as official languages; the nascent Republic of Ganymede was the first nation to make a [[w:Creole language|creole language]] and NEL an official language. In the constitution of the subsequent Second Republic of Ganymede in 2267, Ganymedian was declared the sole official language of the nation, which it remains to this day. | Ganymedian developed through the [[w:Creolisation|creolisation]] of Latin American and East African space migrants, primarily incentivised to go there by recruitment efforts from American colonists. These migrants were primarily settled in the [[w:Enki Catena|Enki Catena]] (now Gran Catena) and the nearby [[w:Neith (crater)|Neith]] crater (now Neís); the proximity of the colonies led to significant cultural exchange and subsequent linguistic creolisation due to the absence of a widely known common language like the interplanetary lingua franca English. With the Great Exodus in 2210, American colonists especially on Galilean moons left en masse and returned to Earth, leaving the rest of the Ganymedians to occupy and subsequently resettle the formerly American colonies of Tros, Diment and New Washington; this led to a nominal declaration of independence by governor Kamari Karaskio from Tros in 2222, forming the First Republic of Ganymede, with Ganymedian, Swahili and Spanish as official languages; the nascent Republic of Ganymede was the first nation to make a [[w:Creole language|creole language]] and NEL an official language. In the constitution of the subsequent Second Republic of Ganymede in 2267, Ganymedian was declared the sole official language of the nation, which it remains to this day. | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Stop/</br>Affricate | ! rowspan=2 | Stop/</br>Affricate | ||
! <small>voiceless</small> | ! <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| p || t || | | p || t || tʃ || k | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| Line 54: | Line 65: | ||
/r/ is almost exclusively a trill, though it can also become a tap in fast speech. /x~h/ are much more variable, to an almost idiolectal level, with even adjacent neighbourhoods reported having either a velar /x/ or glottal /h/ realisation. Velar /x/ is more common in predominantly Muslim areas, probably due to the influence of [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]]. The Akademia does not officially hold a preference for either realisation, though it represents both sounds with the Spanish letter ⟨j⟩, which traditionally represents a velar /x/ in Spanish. | /r/ is almost exclusively a trill, though it can also become a tap in fast speech. /x~h/ are much more variable, to an almost idiolectal level, with even adjacent neighbourhoods reported having either a velar /x/ or glottal /h/ realisation. Velar /x/ is more common in predominantly Muslim areas, probably due to the influence of [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]]. The Akademia does not officially hold a preference for either realisation, though it represents both sounds with the Spanish letter ⟨j⟩, which traditionally represents a velar /x/ in Spanish. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Like its mother languages of Spanish and Swahili, Ganymedian has five vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. These vowels correspond with Spanish /a, e, i, o, u/ and Swahili /ɑ, ɛ, i, ɔ, u/. /a/ is mostly described as central /ä/ to back /ɑ/, while /e/ and /o/ are usually raised to /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in stressed word-medial and word-initial syllables, though they are always close-mid /e/ and /o/ before nasals and word-finally. These vowels are never reduced, even when unstressed. Swahili long vowels were merged entirely with short vowels, though they often end up stressed to compensate, such as ''kontó'' "sheep, livestock" from {{mn|sw|kondoo}}. | Like its mother languages of Spanish and Swahili, Ganymedian has five vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. These vowels correspond with Spanish /a, e, i, o, u/ and Swahili /ɑ, ɛ, i, ɔ, u/. /a/ is mostly described as central /ä/ to back /ɑ/, while /e/ and /o/ are usually raised to /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in stressed word-medial and word-initial syllables, though they are always close-mid /e/ and /o/ before nasals and word-finally. These vowels are never reduced, even when unstressed. Swahili long vowels were merged entirely with short vowels, though they often end up stressed to compensate, such as ''kontó'' "sheep, livestock" from {{mn|sw|kondoo}}. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
Countable nouns fall into two classes, colloquially called ''pañola'' and ''kiswa'' nouns (cf. [[#Numerals|§ Numerals]]), though they are officially called class I and class II by the Akademia Kiganimedi. Class I or ''kiswa'' nouns are generally perceived as being derived from Swahili, so plurals are formed with the prefix ''wa-'' (from the plural of Swahili class II, {{l|sw|wa-}}), such as {{l|gnym|watoto}} "children", {{l|gnym|wayaí}} "eggs" and {{l|gnym|wafimbo}} "sticks". If a class I word begins with a /u/, such as {{l|gnym|uñama}} "animal", then the plural is instead formed by stressing the initial /u/, so the plural of ''uñama'' is {{l|gnym|úñama}}. Class II nouns or ''pañola'' nouns are contrastingly perceived as derived from Spanish, and thus their plurals are formed with the suffix ''-si'' (derived from [[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]] of Spanish pluraliser {{l|es|-s}}), as in {{l|gnym|chuchosi}} "dogs", {{l|gnym|furutasi}} "fruits" and {{l|gnym|piyesi}} "feet". However, there are some outliers to this rule; for example, {{l|gnym|maño}} "feather" is a class II noun with regular plural {{l|gnym|mañosi}}, despite being derived from {{mn|sw|manyoya}} "feathers", probably due to its similarity to {{l|gnym|mano}} "hand" from {{mn|es|mano}} "hand". | |||
Additionally, some words can change meaning depending on the appropriate class-based pluraliser, much like in Spanish with grammatical gender: for example, standard {{l|gnym|chuchosi}} "dogs", class II, refers to dogs, while {{l|gnym|wachucho}}, class I, refers to whips (both derived from different regional meanings of {{mn|es|chucho}}). [[w:Folk etymology|Reanalysis]] also frequently obscures and yields new nouns and often different classes to go along with them, such as class I {{l|gnym|lombí}} "worm, snitch" being derived from now obselete class II {{l|gnym|lombisi}} from {{mn|es|lombriz}} "worm"; ''lombisi'' was reanalysed as {{com|gnym|nocat=1|lombí|-si}}, hence yielding singular ''lombí''. | |||
===Personal pronouns=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person | |||
| ''mi'' || ''nosi'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup><small>nd</small></sup> person | |||
| ''tu'' || ''uté'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> person | |||
| ''ye'' || ''wa'' | |||
|} | |||
''Nosi'' is the preferred form of the Akademia Kiganimedi, though in colloquial speech the full form is rarely used; the standard form itself is a portmanteau of {{mn|es|nos}} and {{mn|sw|sisi}}, as a compromise between the two forms that are dominant among Latin American- and East African-originating communities respectively. More common, colloquial forms include {{l|gnym|nos}}, {{l|gnym|nó}} (to differentiate from {{l|gnym|no}}), {{l|gnym|sisi}}, {{l|gnym|sí}} (to differentiate from {{l|gnym|si}} "yes") or even simply {{l|gnym|n}} (cf. {{mn|ht|n}}, contracted form of {{l|ht|nou}} "we"). | |||
Personal pronouns are made possessive by placing them after the possessum, e.g. ''miti mi'' "my tree", ''karo tu'' "your car", etc. | |||
===Determiners=== | |||
===Demonstratives=== | |||
Ganymedian has three postpositional demonstrative determiners: proximal ''te'' (from {{mn|es|este}}), medial ''se'' (from {{l|es|ese}}) and distal ''aké'' (from {{l|es|aquel}}). | |||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Similarly to [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]], Ganymedians are familiar with two sets of numerals for different purposes, divided along lines of Swahili-derived (''kiswa'') or Spanish-derived (''pañola'') numerals: | Similarly to [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]], Ganymedians are familiar with two sets of numerals for different purposes, divided along lines of Swahili-derived (''kiswa'') or Spanish-derived (''pañola'') numerals: | ||
| Line 85: | Line 120: | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| ''saba'' || ''sete'' || {{mn|sw|saba}}, {{mn|es|siete}} | | ''saba'' || ''sete'' || {{mn|sw|saba}}, {{mn|es|siete}} | ||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| ''nane'' || ''ocho'' || {{mn|sw|nane}}, {{mn|es|ocho}} | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| ''tisa'' || ''niwe'' || {{mn|sw|tisa}}, from {{mn|ar|تِسْعَة}};</br>{{mn|es|nueve}} | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| ''kumi'' || ''dise'' || {{mn|sw|kumi}}, {{mn|es|diez}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
Although boundaries are blurry and different by region, the Akademia recommends counting objects and people with ''kiswa'' numerals, e.g. '''''sita''' parosi na '''saba''' chuchosi'' "six birds and seven dogs" or ''tabla para '''bili''', nomba'' "table for two, please", and using ''pañola'' numerals for everything else, most commonly reading the date or time, e.g. ''ni '''quato''' ya mesi'' "it's the fourth of the month" or ''wa tatana ya '''dise''' na media'' "they will meet at half past ten". | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
The grammatical function of verbs in Ganymedian are mostly derived from Swahili, although the actual root terms are fairly often derived from Spanish as well. This leads to an agglutinative but otherwise simple verb system based on prefixes, somewhat similar to the complex [[w:Swahili grammar#Tenses, aspects and moods|tense-aspect-mood]] system of Swahili, though notably omitting any inflections based on the person of the subject or the object. | |||
====Tense==== | |||
Past and future tense are represented by the prefixes ''li-'' and ''ta-'' respectively, derived from the same infixes in Swahili. As there is no continuous mood, these prefixes can refer to both perfect and imperfect events, e.g.: | |||
* ''Ye '''likome''' pani'' can mean "He '''ate''' bread", "He '''has eaten''' bread" or "He '''was eating''' bread" | |||
* ''Tu '''tareja''' soni'' can mean "You '''will hear''' the sound", "You '''will have heard''' the sound" or "You '''will be hearing''' the sound" | |||
* ''Mi '''litana''' ye en festa'' can mean "I '''met him''' at a party", "I '''had met''' him at a party" or "I '''was meeting''' him at a party". | |||
==Example texts== | |||
===Lord's Prayer=== | |||
<poem> | |||
Papá nosi keni en seyosi, | |||
Nombe tu ni santifiya. | |||
Reno tu cha, | |||
Tani faña tu, | |||
En duña komo en seyo. | |||
Doa pani nosi ya diya te ya nosi | |||
Na pedona wadambi nosi | |||
Komo pedona kudambi nosi; | |||
Na no yebe nosi en tetasioni | |||
Pero libira nosi ya malo. | |||
</poem> | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
<references group="lower-alpha"/> | <references group="lower-alpha"/> | ||
[[Category: Ganymedian language]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] | [[Category: Ganymedian language]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] | ||
Revision as of 23:22, 21 May 2026
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
| Ganymedian | |
|---|---|
| Ganymedese, Ganymede Creole, Ganymede Pidgin, Swahilish | |
| Kiganimedi, Kiganí, luga kiganimedi, luga kiganí, luga ya kiganimedi | |
Ganymede before colonisation, now the home of the Ganymedian language | |
| Pronunciation | [kiɡaniˈmɛdi] |
| Created by | Jukethatbox |
| Date | 2026 |
| Ethnicity | Ganymedians |
| Native speakers | 3 million (2276) |
Spanish-Swahili Creole
| |
Standard form | Noma ya Akademia
|
Dialects |
|
| Sources | Swahili, Latin American Spanish, Portuguese, English, Hindi, French |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Ganymede |
Recognised minority language in | Hár Colony, Governorate of Callisto |
| Regulated by | Akademia Kiganimedi |
Ganymedian[a] or Ganymedese, Ganymede Creole, Ganymede Pidgin and historically called in linguistics Swahilish, is a mixed language and the native language of most Ganymedians, the descendants of human colonists of the Galilean moon Ganymede. It is primarily a creole language with Spanish and Swahili as primary lexifiers, though it has influence from other languages such as Portuguese, English, Hindi and French. It is spoken natively by around 3 million Ganymedians, and is the most spoken natural extraterrestrial language (NEL) in the Solar System.
Ganymedian developed through the creolisation of Latin American and East African space migrants, primarily incentivised to go there by recruitment efforts from American colonists. These migrants were primarily settled in the Enki Catena (now Gran Catena) and the nearby Neith crater (now Neís); the proximity of the colonies led to significant cultural exchange and subsequent linguistic creolisation due to the absence of a widely known common language like the interplanetary lingua franca English. With the Great Exodus in 2210, American colonists especially on Galilean moons left en masse and returned to Earth, leaving the rest of the Ganymedians to occupy and subsequently resettle the formerly American colonies of Tros, Diment and New Washington; this led to a nominal declaration of independence by governor Kamari Karaskio from Tros in 2222, forming the First Republic of Ganymede, with Ganymedian, Swahili and Spanish as official languages; the nascent Republic of Ganymede was the first nation to make a creole language and NEL an official language. In the constitution of the subsequent Second Republic of Ganymede in 2267, Ganymedian was declared the sole official language of the nation, which it remains to this day.
Ganymedian is the primary language of instruction on Ganymede, and is also a popular second language to be taught in other places in the Solar System, especially among the Galilean moons, where it functions as a de facto lingua franca alongside English. It is officially regulated in Ganymede by the Akademia Kiganimedi, which regulates its official use in government communications. Outside of official use however, it is generally split into three distinct dialect groups: Tros, Gran Catena and Sakari. It has also spoken natively in Ganymedian diaspora communities, especially on Callisto, where it holds a minority language status in the colony of Hár.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ~ŋg | |
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | f | s | x~h | ||
| Trill | r | ||||
| (Lateral) Approximant | w | l | j | ||
Voiced stops /b, d, g/ are prone to either lenite to fricatives or approximants /β, ð, ɣ/ or to fortify to implosives /ɓ, ɗ, ɠ/ depending on speaker; generally, a speaker with more Hispanic heritage will gravitate towards the former set of allophones and a speaker with more East African heritage will gravitate towards the latter. The Akademia Kiganimedi has recommended a "neutral" pulmonic realisation as shown in the table above since 2255.
/r/ is almost exclusively a trill, though it can also become a tap in fast speech. /x~h/ are much more variable, to an almost idiolectal level, with even adjacent neighbourhoods reported having either a velar /x/ or glottal /h/ realisation. Velar /x/ is more common in predominantly Muslim areas, probably due to the influence of Arabic. The Akademia does not officially hold a preference for either realisation, though it represents both sounds with the Spanish letter ⟨j⟩, which traditionally represents a velar /x/ in Spanish.
Vowels
Like its mother languages of Spanish and Swahili, Ganymedian has five vowels: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. These vowels correspond with Spanish /a, e, i, o, u/ and Swahili /ɑ, ɛ, i, ɔ, u/. /a/ is mostly described as central /ä/ to back /ɑ/, while /e/ and /o/ are usually raised to /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in stressed word-medial and word-initial syllables, though they are always close-mid /e/ and /o/ before nasals and word-finally. These vowels are never reduced, even when unstressed. Swahili long vowels were merged entirely with short vowels, though they often end up stressed to compensate, such as kontó "sheep, livestock" from Swahili kondoo.
Grammar
Nouns
Countable nouns fall into two classes, colloquially called pañola and kiswa nouns (cf. § Numerals), though they are officially called class I and class II by the Akademia Kiganimedi. Class I or kiswa nouns are generally perceived as being derived from Swahili, so plurals are formed with the prefix wa- (from the plural of Swahili class II, wa-), such as watoto "children", wayaí "eggs" and wafimbo "sticks". If a class I word begins with a /u/, such as uñama "animal", then the plural is instead formed by stressing the initial /u/, so the plural of uñama is úñama. Class II nouns or pañola nouns are contrastingly perceived as derived from Spanish, and thus their plurals are formed with the suffix -si (derived from epenthesis of Spanish pluraliser -s), as in chuchosi "dogs", furutasi "fruits" and piyesi "feet". However, there are some outliers to this rule; for example, maño "feather" is a class II noun with regular plural mañosi, despite being derived from Swahili manyoya "feathers", probably due to its similarity to mano "hand" from Spanish mano "hand".
Additionally, some words can change meaning depending on the appropriate class-based pluraliser, much like in Spanish with grammatical gender: for example, standard chuchosi "dogs", class II, refers to dogs, while wachucho, class I, refers to whips (both derived from different regional meanings of Spanish chucho). Reanalysis also frequently obscures and yields new nouns and often different classes to go along with them, such as class I lombí "worm, snitch" being derived from now obselete class II lombisi from Spanish lombriz "worm"; lombisi was reanalysed as lombí + -si, hence yielding singular lombí.
Personal pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | mi | nosi |
| 2nd person | tu | uté |
| 3rd person | ye | wa |
Nosi is the preferred form of the Akademia Kiganimedi, though in colloquial speech the full form is rarely used; the standard form itself is a portmanteau of Spanish nos and Swahili sisi, as a compromise between the two forms that are dominant among Latin American- and East African-originating communities respectively. More common, colloquial forms include nos, nó (to differentiate from no), sisi, sí (to differentiate from si "yes") or even simply n (cf. Haitian Creole n, contracted form of nou "we").
Personal pronouns are made possessive by placing them after the possessum, e.g. miti mi "my tree", karo tu "your car", etc.
Determiners
Demonstratives
Ganymedian has three postpositional demonstrative determiners: proximal te (from Spanish este), medial se (from ese) and distal aké (from aquel).
Numerals
Similarly to Japanese, Ganymedians are familiar with two sets of numerals for different purposes, divided along lines of Swahili-derived (kiswa) or Spanish-derived (pañola) numerals:
| n. | Numerals | Etymology | |
|---|---|---|---|
| kiswa | pañola | ||
| 1 | mocha | uno | Swahili moja, Spanish uno |
| 2 | bili | dosi | Swahili mbili, Spanish dos |
| 3 | tatu | Swahili tatu | |
| 4 | ene | quato | Swahili nne, Spanish cuatro |
| 5 | tano | sinko | Swahili tano, Spanish cinco |
| 6 | sita | sise | Swahili sita, Spanish seis |
| 7 | saba | sete | Swahili saba, Spanish siete |
| 8 | nane | ocho | Swahili nane, Spanish ocho |
| 9 | tisa | niwe | Swahili tisa, from Arabic تِسْعَة (tisʕa); Spanish nueve |
| 10 | kumi | dise | Swahili kumi, Spanish diez |
Although boundaries are blurry and different by region, the Akademia recommends counting objects and people with kiswa numerals, e.g. sita parosi na saba chuchosi "six birds and seven dogs" or tabla para bili, nomba "table for two, please", and using pañola numerals for everything else, most commonly reading the date or time, e.g. ni quato ya mesi "it's the fourth of the month" or wa tatana ya dise na media "they will meet at half past ten".
Verbs
The grammatical function of verbs in Ganymedian are mostly derived from Swahili, although the actual root terms are fairly often derived from Spanish as well. This leads to an agglutinative but otherwise simple verb system based on prefixes, somewhat similar to the complex tense-aspect-mood system of Swahili, though notably omitting any inflections based on the person of the subject or the object.
Tense
Past and future tense are represented by the prefixes li- and ta- respectively, derived from the same infixes in Swahili. As there is no continuous mood, these prefixes can refer to both perfect and imperfect events, e.g.:
- Ye likome pani can mean "He ate bread", "He has eaten bread" or "He was eating bread"
- Tu tareja soni can mean "You will hear the sound", "You will have heard the sound" or "You will be hearing the sound"
- Mi litana ye en festa can mean "I met him at a party", "I had met him at a party" or "I was meeting him at a party".
Example texts
Lord's Prayer
Papá nosi keni en seyosi,
Nombe tu ni santifiya.
Reno tu cha,
Tani faña tu,
En duña komo en seyo.
Doa pani nosi ya diya te ya nosi
Na pedona wadambi nosi
Komo pedona kudambi nosi;
Na no yebe nosi en tetasioni
Pero libira nosi ya malo.
Notes
- ^ Kiganimedi or Kiganí [kiɡaniˈmɛdi]; Spanish: ganimedés, idioma ganimedés, lengua ganimedesa; Swahili: Kiganimedi