Pre-Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name={{PAGENAME}} | |name={{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename=* | |nativename=*hūsanorzka | ||
|image= [[File:phus runic "hūsanorzka".jpg|303x79px|class=skin-invert]] | |||
|imagecaption=*hūsanorzka in early Húsnorsk runes, note the bound "ᛏᛋ" for "z", and the straightened shape of "k". | |||
|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ | |||
|states=Northern Kievan Rus | |states=Northern Kievan Rus | ||
|era=Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into [[Old Húsnorsk]] by the 12th century. | |era=Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into [[Old Húsnorsk]] by the 12th century. | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. | {{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in the other dialects of Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. As mentioned before, Pre-Húsnorsk is a dialect of Old Norse, though whether divergent or conservative is difficult to determine. | ||
Húsnorsk split early on, in the 8th century, as the Rus' began migrating around, due to this historic speaker population, Pre-Húsnorsk is also called Rus' Norse. It is hard to determine when exactly Húsnorsk became a distinct dialect, though it was certainly so by the mid 10th century. The difficulty of dating is largely due to spelling issues in the Younger Futhark, mostly from the small character inventory but a large phoneme inventory. Some independent developments resolve a few of the issues, but many remained. (see the orthography section) | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Name=== | ===Name=== | ||
''"Húsnorsk"'' is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as ''* | ''"Húsnorsk"'' is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as ''*hūsanorþka'', a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 750AD-1100AD), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically. | ||
===Development=== | ===Development=== | ||
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*Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before *z | *Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before *z | ||
*-Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. *habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk ''hæfą'')) | *-Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. *habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk ''hæfą'')) | ||
*stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r | *stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r | ||
*I and U umlaut begin: (causes the loss of /i, u/, and the shortening of /iː, uː/ | *j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels | ||
*I and U umlaut begin: (causes the loss of /i, u/, and the shortening of /iː, uː/) | |||
**with i: /e, ɛ, a, u, o/ > /i, e, ɛ, y, ø/ | **with i: /e, ɛ, a, u, o/ > /i, e, ɛ, y, ø/ | ||
**with u: /i, e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, ɔ, u/ | **with u: /i, e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, ɔ, u/ | ||
**with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/ | **with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/ | ||
**A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/, | |||
*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere. It also becomes ī before ʀ. | |||
*/au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/ | */au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/ | ||
*coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk | *coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk | ||
*At some point, /NC/ becomes /CC/ (eg. mp, mb, nt, nd, nk, ng > pp, bb, tt, dd, kk, gg) | *At some point, /NC/ becomes /CC/ (eg. mp, mb, nt, nd, nk, ng > pp, bb, tt, dd, kk, gg) | ||
*A notable feature is the seeming initial devoicing of approximants, thus losing the distinction between r/hr, l/hl, and w/hw. It's believed to be devoicing due to early descriptions by Swedish scholars. ("A people who cannot pronounce their initial Rs, Ls, and Ws without breath") | *A notable feature is the seeming initial devoicing of approximants, thus losing the distinction between r/hr, l/hl, and w/hw. It's believed to be devoicing due to early descriptions by Swedish scholars. ("A people who cannot pronounce their initial Rs, Ls, and Ws without breath") | ||
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| ʀ¹ | | ʀ¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | Approximant | ||
| w² | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | r², l²<sup>, </sup>³ | ||
| j² | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
#probably [ | #probably [ɹ̠˔]. | ||
#Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç] | |||
#likely [ʟ] in coda position. | #likely [ʟ] in coda position. | ||
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| ɛ ⟨æ⟩ | | ɛ ⟨æ⟩ | ||
| œ¹ | | œ¹ | ||
| ɔ | | ɔ ⟨ꜵ⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
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|} | |} | ||
#This sound was almost certainly distinct from /ø/ in Pre-Húsnorsk. | #This sound was almost certainly distinct from /ø/ in Pre-Húsnorsk. (/ø/ was written "ꜷ", while /œ/ was written "œ", the consistency between the two seems to point towards a strong distinction) | ||
Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk. | |||
==Orthography== | |||
The historic orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk is notoriously difficult to read, as it is with all historic texts in Old Norse. There are two main issues that contribute to this: | |||
*Letter forms often differ greatly from their modern counterparts, as well as the extensive use of ligatures, shorthand, and abbreviations. | |||
* | |||
Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg|24x20px|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą". | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential) | Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential) | ||
====Masculine patterns==== | ====Masculine patterns==== | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|abl}} | {{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|abl|1u=ꜵbl}} | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|ulf|1a=olf}} | {{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|ulf|1a=olf|1u=wolf}} | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-i|æl|}} | {{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-i|æl|1u=ꜵl|}} | ||
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====Neuter patterns==== | ====Neuter patterns==== | ||
{{ | {{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns n-a|māl|1u=mꜵ̄l|1i=mǣl}} | ||
{{ | {{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns n-a|īsladd|1u=īslꜵdd|1i=islædd}} | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
(Most of these need updating, I gotta finish evolving them all from Proto-Norse) | |||
Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''. | Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''. | ||
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=====Class 1===== | =====Class 1===== | ||
Class 1 is characterized by ''- | Class 1 is characterized by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past. | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grīpą|type=1|grīp|grip}} | ||
=====Class 2===== | =====Class 2===== | ||
Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past. | Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past. | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljūgą|type=2|ljūg|lug}} | ||
=====Class 3===== | =====Class 3===== | ||
Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past. | Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past. | ||
======Class 3-i====== | ======Class 3-i====== | ||
Characterized by ''-i-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated. | Characterized by ''-i-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated. | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=widdą|type=3-i|widd|udd|ydd}} | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=winną|type=3-i|winn|unn|ynn}} | ||
======Class 3-ja====== | ======Class 3-ja====== | ||
Characterized by ''-ja-'' in the present. | Characterized by ''-ja-'' in the present. | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=bjargą|type=3-ja|bjarg|burg|byrg}} | ||
======Class 3-y====== | ======Class 3-y====== | ||
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This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''. | This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''. | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=þrȳggą|type=3-y|þrȳgg|þrugg|þrygg}} | ||
This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''. The expected form is ''sykka'', but the present was analogized to ''-ȳ-'' to help distinguish the past subjunctive. | This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''. The expected form is ''sykka'', but the present was analogized to ''-ȳ-'' to help distinguish the past subjunctive. | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=sȳkką|type=3-y|sȳkk|sukk|sykk}} | ||
=====Class 4===== | =====Class 4===== | ||
=====Class 5===== | =====Class 5===== | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gjatą|paspar=t|type=5|gjat|gāt}} | ||
Variously appears as ''gjata''~''gæta'' | Variously appears as ''gjata''~''gæta'' | ||
=====Class 6===== | =====Class 6===== | ||
=====Class 7===== | =====Class 7===== | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gaggą|type=7|gagg|gjagg|1i=gjagg}} | ||
====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
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This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak. | This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak. | ||
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem= | {{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hæfą|haf|hafþ|1i=hæf|2i=hæfþ|2u=hꜵfþ|2t=hafz}} | ||
====Suppletive verbs==== | ====Suppletive verbs==== | ||