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Germian: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|image            = File:Germian Flag.png
|imagesize        = 185px
|imagecaption      = The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags. The crossing represents the intertwining of languages.
|name              = Germian
|nativename        = Germic
|pronunciation    = germiʃ
|created          = 2022
|setting          = [[Germanic languages]]
|states            = Anyone
|fam1              = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3              = [[w:North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germic]]
|CLCR              = -
|creator          = User:Jeppesper
|script1          = Latn
|notice            = IPA
}}


{{private}}


<!--  
Germian ('''Germic''' IPA: '''/germiʃ/''') is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, ''germ'' stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic.


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
==Qualities==
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 490px; text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |'''Alignment'''
|'''Neutral alignment'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Type'''
|'''Analytical'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Tonal'''
|'''No'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Genders'''
|'''None'''
|-
|}


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 490px; text-align:center;"
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
! scope="row" |'''Nouns decline according to'''
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
|'''Case'''


-->
'''Number'''


==Introduction==
'''Definiteness'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Verbs conjugate according to'''
|'''Tense'''


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
'''Aspect'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Adjectives decline according to'''
|'''Comparision'''
|-
|}


<!-- Example categories/headings:
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 490px; text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |'''100%'''
|'''Phonemic orthography'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''100%'''
|'''Consistent noun & adjective declensions'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''100%'''
|'''Consistent verb conjugations'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''0%'''
|'''Noun/Pronoun gender differentiation'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''+'''
|'''Swadesh inclusive'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''+'''
|'''GSRD inclusive'''
|-
|}


Goals
==Phonology==
Setting
===Consonants===
Inspiration
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; " |
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
!Labio-velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
!Nasal
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Bilabial_nasal.ogg m]
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Alveolar_nasal.ogg n]
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Velar_nasal.ogg ŋ]
|
|
|-
!Plosive
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg p] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg b]
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg t] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg d]
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg k] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg g]
|
|
|-
!Fricative
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Voiceless_labio-dental_fricative.ogg f] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Voiced_labio-dental_fricative.ogg v]
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg s] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg z]
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg ʃ]
|
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg h]
|-
!Approximant
|
|
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Palatal_approximant.ogg j]
|
|[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg w]
|
|-
!Trill
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Alveolar_trill.ogg r]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral app.
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg l]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Clusters
|
|
|
|
|
| [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ccr0E1z4uTk ks] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFJYfwbTZ8Q kw]
|
|
|-
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; " |
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!High
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Sv-sil.ogg iː] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Sv-syl.ogg yː]
|
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Sv-bot.ogg uː]
|-
!Near-high
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Sv-sill.ogg ɪ] [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Sv-syll.ogg ʏ]
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Sv-bott.ogg ʊ]
|
|-
!High-mid
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Sv-hel.ogg eː]
|
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Sv-m%C3%A5l.ogg oː]
|-
!Mid
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Low-mid
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Sv-h%C3%A4ll.ogg ɛ]
|
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Sv-moll.ogg ɔ]
|-
!Near-low
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Low
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Sv-matt.ogg a]
|
|
| [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Sv-mat.ogg ɑː]
|-
!Diphthongs
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTAzk9xm5i8 ɛ͡ɪ]
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ub9ONgsThKc a͡ɪ] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrWuLH_AYM4 a͡ʊ]
|
|
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-8ZqxVJMf8 ɔ͡ɪ] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Civ7UBZP99M&t ɔ͡ʊ]
|}
 
==Orthography==
===Alphabet===
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 900px; text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |Letter
|'''Aa'''
|'''Bb'''
|'''Cc'''
|'''Dd'''
|'''Ee'''
|'''Ff'''
|'''Gg'''
|'''Hh'''
|'''Ii'''
|'''Jj'''
|'''Kk'''
|'''Ll'''
|'''Mm'''
|'''Nn'''
|'''Oo'''
|'''Pp'''
|'''Qq'''
|'''Rr'''
|'''Ss'''
|'''Tt'''
|'''Uu'''
|'''Vv'''
|'''Ww'''
|'''Xx'''
|'''Yy'''
|'''Zz'''
|-
! scope="row" |Braille
|'''⠠⠁ ⠁'''
|'''⠠⠃ ⠃'''
|'''⠠⠉ ⠉'''
|'''⠠⠋ ⠋'''
|'''⠠⠑ ⠑'''
|'''⠠⠋ ⠋'''
|'''⠠⠛ ⠛'''
|'''⠠⠓ ⠓'''
|'''⠠⠊ ⠊'''
|'''⠠⠚ ⠚'''
|'''⠠⠨ ⠨'''
|'''⠠⠸ ⠸'''
|'''⠠⠍ ⠍'''
|'''⠠⠝ ⠝'''
|'''⠠⠕ ⠕'''
|'''⠠⠏ ⠏'''
|'''⠠⠟ ⠟'''
|'''⠠⠗ ⠗'''
|'''⠠⠎ ⠎'''
|'''⠠⠞ ⠞'''
|'''⠠⠥ ⠥'''
|'''⠠⠧ ⠧'''
|'''⠠⠺ ⠺'''
|'''⠠⠭ ⠭'''
|'''⠠⠽ ⠽'''
|'''⠠⠮ ⠮'''
|-
! scope="row" |Sound
|/a/
|/b/
|/ʃ/
|/d/
|/ɛ/
|/f/
|/g/
|/h/
|/ɪ/
|/j/
|/k/
|/l/
|/m/
|/n/
|/ɔ/
|/p/
|/kw/
|/r/
|/s/
|/t/
|/ʊ/
|/v/
|/w/
|/ks/
|/ʏ/
|/z/
|-
!Name
|/a/
|/beː/
|/ʃeː/
|/deː/
|/ɛ/
|/ɛf/
|/geː/
|/hoː/
|/ɪ/
|/jɛɪ/
|/kɛɪ/
|/ɛl/
|/ɛm/
|/ɛn/
|/ɔ/
|/peː/
|/kwuː/
|/ɛr/
|/ɛs/
|/teː/
|/ʊ/
|/vɛɪ/
|/wʏn/
|/ɛks/
|/ʏ/
|/zɛt/
|-
|}
 
===Digraphs & Diphthongs===
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 900px; text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |Digraphs & Diphthongs
|'''Aa aa'''
|'''Ee ee'''
|'''Ii ii'''
|'''Oo oo'''
|'''Uu uu'''
|'''Yy yy'''
|'''Ng ng'''
|'''Ai ai'''
|'''Ei ei'''
|'''Oi oi'''
|'''Au au'''
|'''Ou ou'''
|-
! scope="row" |Sound
|/ɑː/
|/eː/
|/iː/
|/oː/
|/uː/
|/yː/
|/ŋ/
|/a͡ɪ/
|/ɛ͡ɪ/
|/ɔ͡ɪ/
|/a͡ʊ/
|/ɔ͡ʊ/
|-
!Name
|lang a
|lang e
|lang i
|lang o
|lang u
|lang y
|/ɛŋ/
|/a͡ɪ/
|/ɛ͡ɪ/
|/ɔ͡ɪ/
|/a͡ʊ/
|/ɔ͡ʊ/
|-
|}
 
===Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds===
{| class="wikitable article-table" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 900px; text-align:center;"
! scope="row" |Foreign letters
|'''Ðð'''
|'''Þþ'''
|'''Åå'''
|'''Ææ Ää'''
|'''Öö Øø'''
|'''Üü'''
|'''ẞß'''
|-
! scope="row" |Foreign sounds
|/ð/
|/θ/
|/o/
|/æ/
|/œ/ /ø/
|/ɵ/ /ʉ/
|/s/
|-
!Germian translitteration
|dh
|th
|ao
|ae
|oe
|ue
|ss
|-
|}
 
==Phonotactics==
*Note: These phonotactics may  vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations.
 
1. There are no silent letters.
 
2. There is no phonemic reduced vowel sound like English's /ə/.
 
3. Multiple consonants, vowels and diphthong combinations interact as follows:
 
'''Double consonants (that aren't part of a digraph) are pronounced with a syllable break:'''
 
<small>'''Example:''' bb = /b.b/</small>
 
 
 
'''Vowels following each other that are not part of a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are <u>not</u> pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:'''
 
<small>'''Example:''' ia = /ɪa/
 
'''Example:''' iea = /ɪɛa/
 
'''Example:''' aioe = /a͡ɪ.ɔɛ/
</small>
 
 
 
'''The first 2 vowels that are viable as a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are the ones that will be pronounced as such:'''
 
<small>'''Example:''' aii = /a͡ɪ.ɪ/
 
'''<u>Not like:</u>''' aii = /a.iː/
 
'''Example:''' eei = /eː.ɪ/
 
'''<u>Not like:</u>''' eei = /ɛ.ɛ͡ɪ/</small>
 
 
 
'''Vowel digraph/diphthong pairs and single vowels that directly preceeds/follows a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:'''
 
<small>'''Example:''' aaeiou = /ɑː.ɛ͡ɪ.ɔ͡ʊ/
 
'''Example:''' eaa = /ɛ.ɑː/
 
'''Example:''' aio = /a͡ɪ.ɔ/
 
'''Example:''' aaa = /ɑː.a/</small>
 
==Grammar==
===Syntax===
Germian syntax follows a '''SVO''' (subject–verb–object) word order.
 
'''Descriptive examples:'''
 
<small>'''Example:''' Jaik<sup>1</sup> hav<sup>2</sup> ain<sup>3</sup> kat<sup>4</sup>. ⇄ I<sup>1</sup> have<sup>2</sup> a<sup>3</sup> cat<sup>4</sup>.
 
'''Example:''' Jaik<sup>1</sup> siien<sup>4</sup> nite<sup>3</sup> et<sup>5</sup>. ⇄ I<sup>1</sup> do<sup>2</sup> not<sup>3</sup> see<sup>4</sup> it<sup>5</sup>.
 
'''Example:''' Ain<sup>1</sup> roud<sup>2</sup> rous<sup>3</sup>. ⇄ A<sup>1</sup> red<sup>2</sup> rose<sup>3</sup>.
</small>
 
<sup>'''Example:''' Vat<sup>1</sup> wilte<sup>4</sup> duu<sup>3</sup> dun<sup>5 6</sup>? ⇄ What<sup>1</sup> do<sup>2</sup> you<sup>3</sup> want<sup>4</sup> to<sup>5</sup> do<sup>6</sup>?</sup>
 
<sup>'''Example:''' Vii<sup>1</sup> brauke<sup>2</sup> gouen<sup>3</sup> in<sup>4</sup> de<sup>5</sup> morgen<sup>6</sup>. ⇄ We<sup>1</sup> usually<sup>2</sup> walk<sup>3</sup> in<sup>4</sup> the<sup>5</sup> morning<sup>6</sup>.</sup>
 
<sup>'''Example:''' Siien<sup>4</sup> du<sup>2</sup> et<sup>5</sup> nite<sup>3</sup>? ⇄ Do<sup>1</sup> you (s.)<sup>2</sup> not<sup>3</sup> see<sup>4</sup> it<sup>5</sup>?</sup>
 
===Noun declenations===
====Case articles and number====
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; " |Example
! style="width: 90px; " |Singular
! style="width: 90px; " |Plural
|-
!Nominative-Definite
|de kat
|de kat'''es'''
|-
!Nominative-Indefinite
|ain kat
|(vleere) kat'''es'''
|-
!Possessive-Definite
|de kat'''ese'''
|de kat'''eses'''
|-
!Possessive-Indefinite
|ain kat'''ese'''
|(vleere) kat'''eses'''
|-
|}
 
=====Vocabulary=====
<sup>ain ⇄ a, an (singular indefinite article)</sup>
 
<sup>de ⇄ the (definite article)</sup>
 
<sup>kat ⇄ cat</sup>
 
<sup>vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")</sup>
 
=====Noun affixes=====
 
-'''er''' ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employ'''er''')
 
-'''iie''' ⇄ (making-object e.g. English's employ'''ee''')
 
-'''ing''' ⇄ (state/condition e.g. English's child'''hood''')
 
===Verb conjugations===
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1100px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 220px; " |Infinitive/Imperative:
sainen ⇄ to be
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Simple'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Progressive'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Perfect'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Imperfect'''
|-
!'''Present'''
|sain ⇄ am/is/are
|sain'''e''' ⇄ being
|'''ha'''sain'''en''' ⇄ have/has been
|
|-
!'''Past'''
|sain'''d''' ⇄ was/were
|sain'''de''' ⇄ was/were being
|'''had'''sain'''en''' ⇄ had been
|
|-
!'''Future'''
|'''vil''' sain ⇄ will be
|'''vil''' sain'''e''' ⇄ will become
|'''vil''' '''ha'''sain'''en''' ⇄ will have been
|
|-
!'''Conditional'''
|
|
|'''skalde''' '''ha'''sain'''en''' ⇄ would have been
|'''skalde''' sain ⇄ would be
|-
|}


-->
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1100px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 220px; " |Infinitive/Imperative:
dunen ⇄ to do
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Simple'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Progressive'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Perfect'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Imperfect'''
|-
!'''Present'''
|dun ⇄ do
|dun'''e''' ⇄ doing
|'''ha'''dun'''en''' ⇄ have/has done
|
|-
!'''Past'''
|dun'''d''' ⇄ did
|dun'''de''' ⇄ was/were doing
|'''had'''dun'''en''' ⇄ had done
|
|-
!'''Future'''
|'''vil''' dun ⇄ will do
|'''vil''' dun'''e''' ⇄ will be doing
|'''vil''' '''ha'''dun'''en''' ⇄ will have done
|
|-
!'''Conditional'''
|
|
|'''skalde''' '''ha'''dun'''en''' ⇄ would have done
|'''skalde''' dun ⇄ would do
|-
|}


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1100px; text-align:center;"
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
! style="width: 220px; " |Infinitive/Imperative:
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
haven ⇄ to have
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Simple'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Progressive'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Perfect'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Imperfect'''
|-
!'''Present'''
|hav ⇄ have
|hav'''e''' ⇄ having
|'''ha'''hav'''en''' ⇄ have/has had
|
|-
!'''Past'''
|hav'''d''' ⇄ had
|hav'''de''' ⇄ was/were having
|'''had'''hav'''en''' ⇄ had had
|
|-
!'''Future'''
|'''vil''' hav ⇄ will have
|'''vil''' hav'''e''' ⇄ will be having
|'''vil''' '''ha'''hav'''en''' ⇄ will have had
|
|-
!'''Conditional'''
|
|
|'''skalde''' '''ha'''hav'''en''' ⇄ would have had
|'''skalde''' hav ⇄ would have
|-
|}
 
=====Modal auxiliary verbs=====
berhauce ⇄ need
 
brauke ⇄ <span lang="sv" dir="ltr">brukar</span>, usually do
 
burt ⇄ ought
 
durfo ⇄ may, to be permitted to, to be allowed to, <span lang="de" dir="ltr">dürf</span>, <span lang="sv" dir="ltr">få</span>
 
kan ⇄ can, to be able
 
kaunde ⇄ could
 
moug ⇄ might
 
must ⇄ must
 
skal ⇄ shall
 
skalde ⇄ would
 
taure ⇄ dare
 
vil ⇄ will, going to
 
wilte ⇄ want
 
=====Verb affixes=====
-'''en''' ⇄ (making-verb)
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Example'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''(Making-verb)'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Progressive'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Example phrase'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Example phrase'''
|-
!'''vit ⇄ white'''
|vit'''en''' ⇄ whiten
|vit'''e''' ⇄ whitening
|vit'''en''' de tands ⇄ whiten the teeth
|de vit'''e''' faun de tands ⇄ the whitening of the teeth
|-
|}
 
'''rii'''- ⇄ (repeat)
 
'''un'''- ⇄ (deprive)
 
'''ike'''- ⇄ (negate)
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Example'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''(repeat)'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''(deprive)'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''(negate)'''
|-
!'''vit ⇄ white'''
|'''rii'''vit'''en''' ⇄ rewhiten
|'''un'''vit'''en''' ⇄ unwhiten
|'''ike-'''vit ⇄ non-white
|-
|}
 
===Adjective comparison===
-'''er''' ⇄ (comparative)
 
-'''est''' ⇄ (superlative)
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Example'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Positive/Negative'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Comparative'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Superlative'''
|-
!'''Adjective'''
|groos
|groos'''er'''
|groos'''est'''
|-
|}
<small>'''Example:''' Et sain groos. ⇄ It is big.
 
'''Example:''' Et sain grooser dan dat. ⇄ It is larger than that.
 
'''Example:''' Et sain (de) groosest. ⇄ It is the largest.
 
'''Example:''' Et sain klain. ⇄ It is small.
 
'''Example:''' Et sain klainer dan dat. ⇄ It is smaller than that.
 
'''Example:''' Et sain (de) klainest. ⇄ It is the smallest.
 
'''Example:''' Et sain fiiler dan dat. ⇄ It is more than that.
 
'''Example:''' Et sain klimer dan dat. ⇄ It is less than that.
 
'''Example:''' Jaik wilte meer. ⇄ I want (even) more.
 
'''Example:''' Jaik wilte haven vleere. ⇄ I want to have several ones.</small>
 
=====Vocabulary=====
<sup>dan ⇄ than</sup>
 
<sup>dat ⇄ that</sup>
 
<sup>de ⇄ the</sup>
 
<sup>et ⇄ it</sup>
 
<sup>fiil ⇄ many, much, a lot</sup>
 
<sup>groos ⇄ big</sup>
 
<sup>hav ⇄ have</sup>
 
<sup>jaik ⇄ I</sup>
 
<sup>klain ⇄ small</sup>
 
<sup>klim ⇄ little
</sup>
<sup>meer ⇄ even more, additional</sup>
 
<sup>sain ⇄ am/is/are</sup>
 
<sup>vleere ⇄ several</sup>
 
<sup>wilte ⇄ want</sup>
 
=====Adjective affix=====
 
-'''ic''' ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of)
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Example'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''gold ⇄ gold'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''hund ⇄ dog'''
|-
!-'''ic'''
|gold'''ic'''
|hund'''ic'''
|-
|}
 
===Personal pronouns===
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1000px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Personal pronouns'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Nominative'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Possesive'''
! style="width: 220px; " |'''Reflexive'''
|-
!'''1st person'''
|jaik ⇄ I
vii ⇄ we
|jaikse ⇄ my/mine
viise ⇄ our/ours
|jaikself ⇄ myself
viiselfs ⇄ ourselves
|-
!'''2nd person'''
|duu ⇄ you (s.)
juu ⇄ you (pl.)
|duuse ⇄ your/yours (s.)
juuse ⇄ you/yours (pl.)
|duuself ⇄ yourself (s.)
juuselfs ⇄ yourselves (pl.)
|-
!'''3rd person'''
|xiin ⇄ they/this one (s. proximate./s. former./standard)
 
diin ⇄ they/that one (s. obviative./s. post-former.)
 
et ⇄ it
 
dei ⇄ they (pl.)
 
|xiinse ⇄ theirs (s.)
 
diinse ⇄ theirs (s.)
 
etse ⇄ its
 
deise ⇄ theirs (pl.)
|xiinself ⇄ themself (s.)
 
diinself ⇄ themself (s.)
 
etself ⇄ itself
 
deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.)
|-
!'''Generic'''
|eim ⇄ one
|eimse ⇄ one's
|eimself ⇄ oneself
|}
 
===Numerals===
1. Ordinal numbers are marked by adding the suffix "-ce" to a number.
 
2. Spaces are used to group digits in numerals e.g. 20 000.
 
3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half").
 
4. The comma is used as the decimal separator.
 
===Capitalization===
Capital letters are used for the first word of a sentence and for proper nouns.
 
The proper nouns in Germian are exclusively: personal names, place names, marketed titles and organization names.
 
===Punctuation===
'''Apostrophe'''
 
The apostrophe ( ’, ' ), is used to mark letters omitted in contractions.
 
 
'''Brackets'''
 
Brackets ( [...], (...), {...}, ⟨...⟩ ), are used for parenthesis, explanation or comment.
 
Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the brackets when they apply only to the explanation or comment; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing the material, they are placed outside the marks.
 
 
'''Colon'''
 
The colon ( : ) is used to start an enumeration and it is used between two clauses when the second clause otherwise clarifies the first.
 
 
'''Comma'''
 
The comma ( , ) is used to disambiguate the meaning of sentences, by providing boundaries between clauses and phrases.
 
The comma is also used as the decimal separator.
 
 
'''Dash and hyphen'''
 
'''The (en-) dash (–) is used:'''
 
1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text.
 
2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada".
 
3. to mark someone speaking.
 
4. to mark the one who said something.
 
 
'''The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:'''
 
1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines.
 
2. to apply a prefix to a word for which there is no canonical compound word;
 
 
'''Ellipsis'''
 
An ellipsis ( ..., …, . . .) is used to mark omitted text or when a sentence trails off.
 
 
'''Exclamation mark'''
 
The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to mark an exclamation.
 
 
'''Period/full stop/full point'''
 
The character known as the period/full stop/full point ( . ) serves multiple purposes. It is used to mark the end of a sentence, to indicate abbreviation, including of names as initials, as well as a separation marker when listing things with numbers e.g. "1. 2. 3.".
 
 
'''Question mark'''
 
The question mark ( ? ) is used to mark the end of a sentence which is a question.
 
 
'''Quotation marks'''
 
Quotation marks ( ‘...’, “...”, '...', "..." ) are used in pairs to set off quotation, with two levels for distinguishing nested quotations: single and double. Germian texts favours double quotation marks for the primary quotation.
 
Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the quotation marks when they apply only to the quoted material; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing or introducing the material, they are placed outside the marks.
 
 
'''Semicolon'''
 
The semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate two independent but related clauses. The semicolon is also used to separate list items when the list items contain commas.
 
 
'''Slash'''
 
The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.
 
===Abbreviations===
Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.
 
==Word creation==
A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically e.g. through cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ
/ in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian. Sometimes there are more significant differences between words of the Germanic languages, but if they work well together they can just be merged together. When there are bigger differences between words of the four Germanic languages that can't be merged, then one can look at the word in other Germanic languages to even it out.
 
When words in the Germanic languages have differences that don't interact well, or when one just has an idea of an interesting sounding variation of the word that fits, then creative liberty can be pursued.
 
Sometimes there are many words for the same thing in a language, and for diversity's sake, many of them can have a Germian equivalent e.g. "cau" and "halo" from German's "ciao" and "hallo", "dae" from Dutch's "dag", "hei" from Swedish's "hej", "guutein" from English's "have a good one", and then Germian's exclusive "hae".
 
Sometimes there are strong similarities for a word within two of the four Germanic languages and between the other two Germanic languages but not between all four. Then both pairs get a Germian equivalent but with slightly different meanings e.g. German's "farb" with Swedish's "färg" made the Germian word "farb" (paint), and English's "color" with Dutch's "kleur" made the Germian word "kolur" (color).
 
====Compound words====
When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian:
 
 
''Closed compound words''
 
''Example:'' apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice
 
''Example:'' hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread
 
 
''Open compound words''
 
Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective.
 
''Example:'' video speil ⇄ video game
 
''Example:'' ful moon ⇄ full moon
 
 
''Hyphenated compound words''
 
Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb.
 
''Example:'' CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc
 
''Example:'' maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing
 
====Loan words====
Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography:
 
''Example:'' déjà vu ⇄ deica vue
 
 
Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word:
 
''Example:'' sushi ⇄ suci
 
''Example:'' motto ⇄ moto
 
''Example:'' niche ⇄ niic
 
 
Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages.
 
''Example:'' Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi
 
''Example:'' internet ⇄ internet
 
====Countries & languages====
Creating words for country/region and language names is done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic
 
Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic.
 
==Dictionary==
===Phrases===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| Jaik heiten... ⇄ My name is... || jaik ⇄ I || heiten ⇄ to be named, <span lang="de" dir="ltr">heiße</span>, <span lang="ne" dir="ltr">heet</span>, <span lang="sv" dir="ltr">heter</span>
|-
| Vat sain duuse name? ⇄ What is your name? || name ⇄ name || Spraten duu... ⇄ Do you speak...
|-
| Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak... || Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand. || Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet?
|-
| Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it? How is it going? || Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay? || Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay?
|-
| okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok || jaa ⇄ yes || nei ⇄ no
|-
| njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well || jee ⇄ yeah || naa ⇄ nah
|-
| maince ⇄ maybe || natuuric ⇄ of course || kain problem ⇄ no problem
|-
| antswer ⇄ answer || genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right || inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong
|-
| tangke ⇄ thanks || tangke duu/juu (s./pl.) ⇄ thank you || fiil tangke ⇄ thank you very much
|-
| stop! ⇄ stop! || help ⇄ help || akta! ⇄ look out!
|-
| sori ⇄ sorry || sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this || pardon ⇄ excuse me
|-
| spliise ⇄ please || ckol ⇄ cheers || grelsing ⇄ greeting
|-
| haloo ⇄ hello || hae ⇄ hi || hei ⇄ hey
|-
| dae ⇄ good day/bye/<span lang="ne" dir="ltr">dag</span> || guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye || cau ⇄ bye
|-
| adjoo ⇄ adieu || ferwel ⇄ farewell || sees vii ⇄ see us: see you/see you later
|-
| wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome || moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome || guut morgen ⇄ good morning
|-
| guut daag ⇄ good day || guut naftermiddaag ⇄ good afternoon || guut aufend ⇄ good evening
|-
| guut nact ⇄ good night || jaik eliibe duu ⇄ I love you || Vur fiil sain dit? ⇄ How much is this?
|-
|}
 
===Swadesh+===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# I ⇄ jaik
# we ⇄ vii
# you (singular) ⇄ duu
# you (plural) ⇄ juu
# they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
# they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
# it ⇄ et
# they (plural) ⇄ dei
# this ⇄ dit
# that ⇄ dat
# here ⇄ heir
# there ⇄ daar
# who ⇄ viim
#  whose ⇄ viis
# what ⇄ vat
#  why ⇄ vatfuur
#  which ⇄ velke
# where ⇄ veir
# when ⇄ van
# how ⇄ vur
#  what kind of, what something's like ⇄ vurvat
# not ⇄ nite
# all ⇄ al
#  none, no, not any ⇄ kain
# many ⇄ fiil
# few ⇄ veenig
# some ⇄ somige
# other ⇄ aader
# one ⇄ ein
# two ⇄ tvei
# three ⇄ drii
# four ⇄ fiir
# five ⇄ faif
# big ⇄ groos
# small ⇄ klain
# long ⇄ lang
# short ⇄ kort
# wide ⇄ breid
# narrow ⇄ smaal
# thick ⇄ dik
# thin ⇄ dun
# heavy ⇄ cveer
#  light ⇄ leict
# female ⇄ femlin
# male ⇄ manske
#  hermaphrodite ⇄ herm
#  androgyne ⇄ wenle
#  gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon)
#  genderless ⇄ zukjon (zunte-kjon)
#  cultural gender ⇄ qukjon (qultural-kjon)
#  inter(-sex/-gender) ⇄ jinen(-sec/-kjon)
#  endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon)
#  trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon)
#  diverse/variated/queer ⇄ veirai
# human ⇄ huumas
# child, youngling ⇄ kind
# child, progeny  ⇄ cinder
# spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing
# parent ⇄ elter
# animal ⇄ diir
# fish ⇄ fic
# bird ⇄ fogel
# dog ⇄ hund
# louse ⇄ laus
# snake ⇄ clang
# worm ⇄ wurm
#  nature ⇄ natuur
# tree ⇄ trai
# forest ⇄ skoog
# stick ⇄ stape
# fruit ⇄ fruut
# seed ⇄ saed
# leaf ⇄ lauv
# root ⇄ wrootcel
# bark (of a tree) ⇄ bark
# flower ⇄ blom
# grass ⇄ grais
# rope ⇄ roup
#  body ⇄ bodi
# organ ⇄ organ
# skin ⇄ skind
# leather ⇄ leder
# scale ⇄ sqeil
# meat ⇄ flec
# blood ⇄ blut
# bone ⇄ boun
# cartilage ⇄ brosk
# fat (noun) ⇄ feit
# grease ⇄ greis
# mucle ⇄ muskel
# guts ⇄ darm
# heart ⇄ hart
# brain ⇄ breihin
# liver ⇄ leever
# egg ⇄ eig
# horn ⇄ horn
# stinger ⇄ stakel
# antenna ⇄ anten
# tail ⇄ stvan
# feather ⇄ veder
# hair ⇄ har
# fur ⇄ fel
# head ⇄ hovd
# face ⇄ sicte
# ear ⇄ oor
# eye ⇄ ooge
# nose ⇄ noose
#  snout ⇄ snuut
# mouth ⇄ mund
# beard ⇄ bard
# mustasch ⇄ mustac
# lip ⇄ lip
# tooth ⇄ tand
# tongue ⇄ tunge
# foot ⇄ fut
# leg ⇄ leg
# knee ⇄ knii
# hand ⇄ hand
# finger ⇄ finger
# nail (body part) ⇄ nagel
# claw ⇄ klau
# wing ⇄ ving
# belly ⇄ belai
#  stomach ⇄ maage
#  neck ⇄ hals
# nape ⇄ nek
#  throat ⇄ keel
#  back ⇄ rug
# breast, boob ⇄ brost
#  chest ⇄ cest
#  ass, butt ⇄ bump
#  anus ⇄ anus
#  urethra ⇄ uretra
#  vagina ⇄ vagin
#  vagina (juvenile) ⇄ vip
#  clitoris ⇄ klitoris
#  womb ⇄ wuum
#  ovary ⇄ oovery
#  ovum ⇄ oovum
#  penis ⇄ peenis
#  penis (juvenile) ⇄ pik
#  scrotum, ballsack ⇄ skrung
#  male genitals ⇄ prung
#  glans ⇄ gleiskel
#  testicle ⇄ testikel
#  sperm ⇄ sperm
# to drink ⇄ dringken
# to eat ⇄ spiitsen
#  to nibble ⇄ knibelen
# to bite ⇄ baiten
# to suck ⇄ saugen
# to spit ⇄ speiten
# to vomit ⇄ sparfen
# to blow ⇄ blousen
# to breathe ⇄ andemen
# to laugh ⇄ lahen
# to see ⇄ siien
# to hear ⇄ hooren
# to know ⇄ visten
# to think ⇄ tengken
# to smell ⇄ raukten
#  to taste ⇄ spruufen
#  to feel (emotionally) ⇄ kenden
#  to feel (physicaly) ⇄ fuulen
#  to touch ⇄ rooren
#  to sense ⇄ sensen
# to fear ⇄ frangsten
# to sleep ⇄ slaapen
# to live ⇄ leven
# to die ⇄ cdurden
# to kill ⇄ douden
# to fight (combat) ⇄ straiden
# to fight (struggle) ⇄ kempen
# to hunt ⇄ jakten
# to hit ⇄ slaagen
# to cut ⇄ cneiden
# to chop ⇄ haken
# to stab ⇄ staben
# to share ⇄ deelen
# to split ⇄ spliten
# to scratch ⇄ skrapsen
# to dig ⇄ graven
# to swim ⇄ swimen
# to fly ⇄ fliigen
# to walk, to go ⇄ gouen
# to come ⇄ komen
# to lie (lay) ⇄ leegen
# to sit ⇄ siten
# to stand ⇄ standen
# to turn (intransitive) ⇄ dreiden
# to rise ⇄ staigen
# to fall ⇄ falen
# to give ⇄ geeven
# to take ⇄ neimen
# to hold ⇄ halden
# to squeeze ⇄ sqeesen
# to rub ⇄ ruben
# to wash ⇄ vasen
# to wipe ⇄ drooken
# to pull ⇄ pulen
# to push ⇄ druken
# to throw ⇄ troiven
#  to catch ⇄ fangen
# to tie ⇄ binden
# to sew ⇄ snaien
# to count ⇄ reekenen
# to say ⇄ saagen
# to sing ⇄ singen
# to play ⇄ spleien
# to float ⇄ flouten
# to sink ⇄ zingken
# to flow ⇄ floisen
# to swell ⇄ svelen
# to freeze ⇄ friisen
# to burn ⇄ brenen
#  fire ⇄ fiier
#  sun ⇄ son
#  star ⇄ ster
#  earth ⇄ erd
#  moon ⇄ mon
#  salt ⇄ salt
#  stone ⇄ steen
#  dust ⇄ stov
#  gravel ⇄ graus
#  boulder ⇄ boulder
#  ash ⇄ ask
#  mountain ⇄ berg
#  hill ⇄ houvel
# sand ⇄ sand
# road ⇄ veeg
# water ⇄ vaater
#  drop ⇄ drop
#  rain ⇄ regen
# river ⇄ flusd
# lake ⇄ see
# sea ⇄ haav
#  waterstream ⇄ vaaterstroum
#  waterfall ⇄ vaaterfal
#  snow ⇄ snee
#  ice ⇄ ais
# fog ⇄ neevel
# mist ⇄ mist
# tsunami ⇄ tsunaami
#  air ⇄ luft
# cloud ⇄ woln
# sky ⇄ himel
# wind ⇄ wind
# smoke ⇄ rook
# disaster ⇄ katastrof
#  color ⇄ kolur
#  paint ⇄ farb
# red ⇄ roud
# orange ⇄ oranc
# yellow ⇄ gelu
# lime ⇄ laim
# green ⇄ grun
# turquoise ⇄ turkois
# cyan ⇄ cyan
# azure ⇄ azor
# blue ⇄ blo
# purple ⇄ prila
# magenta ⇄ magent
# cerise ⇄ ceri
# white ⇄ vit
# gray ⇄ gro
# black ⇄ svart
# brown (dark orange colors) ⇄ brun
# pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz
# beige ⇄ beic
# tan ⇄ taen
# light ⇄ lict
# hazy ⇄ hazi
# dark ⇄ dunkel
# night ⇄ nact
# day ⇄ daag
# year ⇄ jaur
# warm ⇄ varm
# cold ⇄ kald
# full ⇄ fol
# empty ⇄ lemtom
# new ⇄ nue
# old ⇄ old
# good ⇄ guut
# bad ⇄ slect
# ripe, mature ⇄ raif
# rotten ⇄ rotnen
# clean ⇄ crein
# dirty ⇄ smotsic
# straight ⇄ strak
# bent ⇄ bougd
# round ⇄ rund
# sharp (as a knife) ⇄ cerp
# dull (as a knife) ⇄ dulp
# smooth ⇄ glat
#  ragged ⇄ rugd
# wet ⇄ vnot
# dry ⇄ drog
# near ⇄ neer
# far ⇄ faar
# right ⇄ rect
# left ⇄ lingks
#  center ⇄ centraal
#  north ⇄ nord
#  south ⇄ saud
#  east ⇄ oust
#  west ⇄ vest
# at ⇄ aton
# in ⇄ in
# with ⇄ mit
# and ⇄ end
# if ⇄ ifals
# because ⇄ soodat
# name ⇄ name
# correct, right ⇄ korekt, ret
# incorrect, false/wrong ⇄ inkorekt, falc 
}}
 
===Wordlists===
{{Special:PrefixIndex/Germian/|stripprefix=1}}
 
==Texts==
===Fragments 31===
'''Fragments 31''' — Sapfo — Anne Carson
 
Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske
 
das oposit duu siten
 
end hooren duu neer
 
spraaken soutlyt
 
 
en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde
 
maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost;
 
fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid
 
et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken
 
 
aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput
 
end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind,
 
Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges,
 
end jaikse oors buze
 
 
kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende
 
graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker
 
dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt
 
tsoo hacdurden.
 
 
aber alding must hatauren, sinds ...
 
 
------------------------------
 
 
That man seems to me to be equal to the gods
 
who is sitting opposite you
 
and hears you nearby
 
speaking sweetly
 
 
and laughing delightfully, which indeed
 
makes my heart flutter in my breast;
 
for when I look at you even for a short time,
 
it is no longer possible for me to speak


Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation


-->
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
but it is as if my tongue is broken
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation


-->
and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin,
===Orthography===
===Consonants===


===Vowels===
I cannot see anything with my eyes,
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
and my ears are buzzing
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:


Nouns
a cold sweat comes over me, trembling
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
seizes me all over, I am paler


==Syntax==
than grass, and I seem nearly
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
to have died.
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


<!-- Template area -->


but everything must be dared/endured, since ...


[[Category:Germian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Germian]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Germian"