Adamic Code: Difference between revisions

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===Features===

~~The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature~~

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"

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|-

! Consonant Inventories

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18)~~}} ~~Average (19-25)

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25) e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}}

|-

! Vowel Quality Inventories

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4)~~}} /~~ Average vowel inventory (5-6)

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6) e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}}

|-

! Consonant-Vowel Ratio

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|-

! Coding of Nominal Plurality

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change}} e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}}

|-

! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}} e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}}

|-

! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix}} e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}}

|-

! The Associative Plural

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals}} e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}}

|-

! Definite Articles

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun}} e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}}

|-

! Indefinite Articles

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'}} e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one' e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}}

|-

! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

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|-

! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features}} e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}}

|-

! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction}} e.g. ''atu'' "you"

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction e.g. ''atu'' "you"}}

|-

! Indefinite Pronouns

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites}} e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}}

|-

! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated}} e.g. ''sā āk’pá~~-sa~~'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}}

|-

! Person Marking on Adpositions

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking}} e.g. ''ām'' "before"

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking e.g. ''ām'' "before"}}

|-

! Number of Cases

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories}} e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}}

|-

! Asymmetrical Case-Marking

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}}

|-

! Position of Case Affixes

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"~~, ''ālbak'' "to the people"~~

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}}

|-

! Comitatives and Instrumentals

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation}} e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}}

|-

! Ordinal Numerals

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions}} e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}}

|-

! Distributive Numerals

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies}} e.g. ''khi'' "one each"

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}}

|-

! Numeral Classifiers

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}~~ e.g. ...~~

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}

|-

! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers

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|-

! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary~~ e.g. ...~~}}

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}}

|-

! Obligatory Possessive Inflection

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Number of Possessive Nouns

| 58B || {{No|None reported}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58B || {{No|None reported e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Possessive Classification

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}}

|-

! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"~~, ...~~

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}}

|-

! Adjectives without Nouns

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix}} e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}}

|-

! Action Nominal Constructions

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking}} e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}}

|-

! Noun Phrase Conjunction

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! The Optative

| 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}}

|}

|-

!Situational Possibility

| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}}

|-

====Notes====

!Epistemic Possibility

| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}}

* The WALS metrics ~~consider~~ solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" ~~[..~~.]

|-

!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking

==Phonology==

| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}}

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

|-

!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}}

|-

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

!Coding of Evidentiality

| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}}

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

|-

!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}}

|-

===Consonants===

!Verbal Number and Suppletion

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}}

|-

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

!Order of Subject, Object and Verb

! |

| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV) e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}}

! |

|-

! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

!Order of Subject and Verb

! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

| 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

|-

! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

!Order of Object and Verb

|-

| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

|-

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb

|

| 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV) e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}}

|

|-

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]

!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

|

| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Genitive and Noun

|

| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen) e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}}

|-

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

!Order of Adjective and Noun

| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]

| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Demonstrative and Noun

| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem) e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}}

|-

!Order of Numeral and Noun

| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}}

|-

!Order of Relative Clause and Noun

| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}}

|-

!Order of Degree Word and Adjective

| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg) e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}}

|-

!Position of Polar Question Particles

| 92A || {{No|No question particle e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}}

|-

!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}}

|-

!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause

| 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}}

|-

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

|-

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase

| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

|-

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

|-

!Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases

| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

|-

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

|-

!Alignment of Verbal Person Marking

| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

|-

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}}

|-

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

| 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}}

|-

!Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking

| 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}}

|-

!Order of Person Markers on the Verb

| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}}

|-

!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'

| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}}

|-

!Reciprocal Constructions

| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical. e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}}

|-

!Passive Constructions

| 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}}

|-

!Antipassive Constructions

| 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}}

|-

!Applicative Constructions

| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}}

|-

!Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}}

|-

!Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}}

|-

!Negative Morphemes

| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle e.g. ''la'' "not"}}

|-

!Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}}

|-

!Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}}

|-

!Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation

| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}}

|-

!Polar Questions

| 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}}

|-

!Predicative Possession

| 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}}

|-

!Predicative Adjectives

| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Nominal and Locational Predication

| 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl'' "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}}

|-

!Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals

| 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Comparative Constructions

| 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}}

|-

!Relativization on Subjects

| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}}

|-

!Relativization on Obliques

| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}}

|-

!'Want' Complement Subjects

| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}}

|-

!Purpose Clauses

| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}}

|-

!'When' Clauses

| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Reason Clauses

| 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Utterance Complement Clauses

| 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|}

====Notes====

* The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value".

==Phonology==

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

===Consonants===

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

! |

! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

|

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]

|

|-

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]

|

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| n̥ m

| l̥ r

|-

!K Type

| k g

| p b

| t d

|-

!S Type

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| f v

| t͡s ʔ

|-

~~!K Type~~

~~| k g~~

~~| p b~~

~~| t d~~

|}

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===Root-Pattern===

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist").

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist").

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted as first~~-class members~~, then ~~vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/)~~, and finally ~~semivowels as third-class members~~. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

: e.g.1 ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.

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: e.g.5 As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.

: e.g.6 Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer".

* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.

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|-

! 1st.Sin.

| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā//ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú

| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā/ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú

|-

! 2nd.Sin.

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|-

! 3rd.Sin.

| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || /ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á

| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || //ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á

|-

! 1st.Plu.

| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || /ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û

| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || //ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û

|-

! 2nd.Plu.

| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || /ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î

| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || //ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î

|-

! 3rd.Plu.

| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || /ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â

| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || //ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â

|-

! rowspan="1" |

Line 1,405:

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=====Degree=====

The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''~~gugīgánuta~~'' "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").

The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''iru gugīgá-nuta'' "I am the one bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

Line 2,329:

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===Construct State===

The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct ~~can always be~~ identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:

The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct is often identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:

: ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"

Line 2,729:

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=====Verbs=====

The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence.

The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence, except when participles, wherein they tend to be left-bound and close to the noun they modify (e.g. ''kûnira ka’áp'' "the dog is taken" (non-participle) and ''ká’ap kûniru'' "the taken dog" (participle)). However, the syntax of verbs still possesses a great effect upon nouns, pronouns, and pseudo-nouns. Excluding the extensive and often specific circumstances of objects (e.g. the difference between accusative ''asak āqfúlun'' "I spoke with him" and nominative ''asuk āqfúlun'' "I spoke next to him"), when subjects are treated, there is a limited array of responses on how the relationship among case and verbal inflection behave. The medio-passive voice for instance triggers the subject as nominative; the experimental, as oblique; the active, as ergative; the passive, as accusative; the causative, as dative (causer) and caseless (causee); and the obligative, as genitive (causee) and caseless (causer).

: ''asu gaflá'' "he eats" [medio-passive]

: ''sua aguál'' "he finds himself eating" [experimental]

: ''sā agulá'' "he eats it" [active]

: ''asa gafál'' "he is eaten" [passive]

: ''asi gualá-su'' "he makes him eat it" [causative]

: ''sia agáfl-us'' "he is made by him to eat it" [obligative]

====Modifier Order====

Line 2,817:

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===Subordinate Clauses===

In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence:

In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence; be it optimal for reflexion, anaphora, or against ambiguity:

: ''~~asa~~ amālá~~-su~~'' "he loves ~~him~~"

: ''sā amālá'' "he loves it" ⇒ ''sā'''s''' amālá'' "he loves himself"

: ''amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves ~~himself~~"

: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him" ⇒ ''amālá masa amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves whom loves him"

: ''~~amālá-~~'''s''' ~~masa amālá~~-su'' "he ~~loves whom loves~~ him"

: ''asi'''s''' m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him" / ''asi m’alá-sȳ'''s''''' "he makes her love herself"

====Absolute Clauses====

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Line 3,081:

|bbl r kbblt l sn hvl

|bîbl ara k-ábūla-t l-ā asānā áhūli

|~~bool~~>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not.while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not-while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"You can't read books while burning them" (COORDENATIVE CLAUSE)

}}

Line 2,973:

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=====Restrictive Clauses=====

[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").

[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ===Features===
-The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature
 {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 48: / Line 47: @@
 |-
 ! Consonant Inventories
-| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18)}}<br>Average (19-25)
+| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25)<br>e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}}
 |-
 ! Vowel Quality Inventories
-| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4)}} / Average vowel inventory (5-6)
+| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6)<br>e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}}
 |-
 ! Consonant-Vowel Ratio
@@ Line 150: / Line 149: @@
 |-
 ! Coding of Nominal Plurality
-| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change}} <br>e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"
+| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change<br>e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}}
 |-
 ! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
-| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"
+| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory<br>e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}}
 |-
 ! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
-| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix}}<br>e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"
+| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix<br>e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}}
 |-
 ! The Associative Plural
-| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals}}<br>e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"
+| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals<br>e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}}
 |-
 ! Definite Articles
-| 37A || {{Yes|	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"
+| 37A || {{Yes|	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}}
 |-
 ! Indefinite Articles
-| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"
+| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'<br>e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}}
 |-
 ! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
@@ Line 177: / Line 176: @@
 |-
 ! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
-| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"
+| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features<br>e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}}
 |-
 ! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
-| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives}}<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"
+| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}}
 |-
 ! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
-| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person}}<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"
+| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}}
 |-
 ! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
-| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction}}<br>e.g. ''atu'' "you"
+| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction<br>e.g. ''atu'' "you"}}
 |-
 ! Indefinite Pronouns
-| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites}}<br>e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"
+| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites<br>e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}}
 |-
 ! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
-| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated}}<br>e.g. ''sā āk’pá-sa'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"
+| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated<br>e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}}
 |-
 ! Person Marking on Adpositions
-| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking}}<br>e.g. ''ām'' "before"
+| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking<br>e.g. ''ām'' "before"}}
 |-
 ! Number of Cases
-| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories}}<br>e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive
+| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories<br>e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}}
 |-
 ! Asymmetrical Case-Marking
-| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"
+| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}}
 |-
 ! Position of Case Affixes
-| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ālbak'' "to the people"
+| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}}
 |-
 ! Comitatives and Instrumentals
-| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)
+| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}}
 |-
 ! Ordinal Numerals
-| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions}}<br>e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"
+| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions<br>e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}}
 |-
 ! Distributive Numerals
-| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies}}<br>e.g. ''khi'' "one each"
+| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies<br>e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}}
 |-
 ! Numeral Classifiers
-| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}<br>e.g. ...
+| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}
 |-
 ! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
@@ Line 222: / Line 221: @@
 |-
 ! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
-| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary<br>e.g. ...}}
+| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}}
 |-
 ! Obligatory Possessive Inflection
-| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns}}<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"
+| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}
 |-
 ! Number of Possessive Nouns
-| 58B || {{No|None reported}}<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"
+| 58B || {{No|None reported<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}
 |-
 ! Possessive Classification
-| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification}}<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"
+| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}}
 |-
 ! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses
-| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated}}<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale", ...
+| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}}
 |-
 ! Adjectives without Nouns
-| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix}}<br>e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"
+| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix<br>e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}}
 |-
 ! Action Nominal Constructions
-| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking}}<br>e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"
+| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking<br>e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}}
 |-
 ! Noun Phrase Conjunction
@@ Line 274: / Line 273: @@
 ! The Optative
 | 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent<br>e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}}
-|}
+|-
+!Situational Possibility
+| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}}
+|-
-====Notes====
+!Epistemic Possibility
+| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}}
-* The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]
+|-
+!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
-==Phonology==
+| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality<br>e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}}
-Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C<sup>2</sup>V<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>3</sup>(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:
+|-
+!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
-* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].
+| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials<br>e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}}
+|-
-* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].
+!Coding of Evidentiality
+| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle<br>e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}}
-* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.
+|-
+!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
-* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].
+| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}}
+|-
-===Consonants===
+!Verbal Number and Suppletion
-Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.
+| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}}
+|-
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
+!Order of Subject, Object and Verb
-! |
+| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV)<br>e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}}
-! |
+|-
-! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
+!Order of Subject and Verb
-! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
+| 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}
-! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
+|-
-! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
+!Order of Object and Verb
-|-
+| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}
-! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+|-
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
-|
+| 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV)<BR>e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}}
-|
+|-
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]
+!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
-|
+| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Order of Genitive and Noun
-|
+| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen)<BR>e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}}
 |-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+!Order of Adjective and Noun
-| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
+| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Order of Demonstrative and Noun
+| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem)<BR>e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}}
+|-
+!Order of Numeral and Noun
+| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}}
+|-
+!Order of Relative Clause and Noun
+| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}}
+|-
+!Order of Degree Word and Adjective
+| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg)<BR>e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}}
+|-
+!Position of Polar Question Particles
+| 92A || {{No|No question particle<BR>e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}}
+|-
+!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
+| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}}
+|-
+!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
+| 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}}
+|-
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
+| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
+|-
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase
+| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
+|-
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
+| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
+|-
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
+| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
+|-
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
+| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
+|-
+!Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
+| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
+|-
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
+| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}}
+|-
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
+| 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}}
+|-
+!Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
+| 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}}
+|-
+!Order of Person Markers on the Verb
+| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb<BR>e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}}
+|-
+!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
+| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}}
+|-
+!Reciprocal Constructions
+| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical.<BR>e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}}
+|-
+!Passive Constructions
+| 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}}
+|-
+!Antipassive Constructions
+| 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit<BR>e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}}
+|-
+!Applicative Constructions
+| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}}
+|-
+!Periphrastic Causative Constructions
+| 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}}
+|-
+!Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions
+| 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type<BR>e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}}
+|-
+!Negative Morphemes
+| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle<BR>e.g. ''la'' "not"}}
+|-
+!Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
+| 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym<BR>e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}}
+|-
+!Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
+| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}}
+|-
+!Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
+| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation<BR>e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}}
+|-
+!Polar Questions
+| 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only<BR>e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}}
+|-
+!Predicative Possession
+| 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive<BR>e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}}
+|-
+!Predicative Adjectives
+| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}
+|-
+!Nominal and Locational Predication
+| 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication<BR>e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl''  "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}}
+|-
+!Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
+| 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}
+|-
+!Comparative Constructions
+| 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative<BR>e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}}
+|-
+!Relativization on Subjects
+| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun<BR>e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}}
+|-
+!Relativization on Obliques
+| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy<BR>e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}}
+|-
+!'Want' Complement Subjects
+| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix<BR>e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}}
+|-
+!Purpose Clauses
+| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced<BR>e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}}
+|-
+!'When' Clauses
+| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|-
+!Reason Clauses
+| 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|-
+!Utterance Complement Clauses
+| 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|}
+====Notes====
+* The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value".
+==Phonology==
+Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C<sup>2</sup>V<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>3</sup>(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:
+* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].
+* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].
+* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.
+* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].
+===Consonants===
+Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.
+{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
+! |
+! |
+! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
+! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
+! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
+! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+|
+|
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]
+|
+|
+|
+|
+|-
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
+|
+|
 |
 |
@@ Line 629: / Line 791: @@
 | n̥ m
 | l̥ r
+|-
+!K Type
+| k g
+| p b
+| t d
 |-
 !S Type
@@ Line 634: / Line 801: @@
 | f v
 | t͡s ʔ
-|-
-!K Type
-| k g
-| p b
-| t d
 |}
@@ Line 907: / Line 1,069: @@
 ===Root-Pattern===
-One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist").
+One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist").
 The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:
-* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/), and finally semivowels as third-class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.
+* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.
 : e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.
@@ Line 922: / Line 1,084: @@
 : e.g.<sub>5</sub> As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.
+: e.g.<sub>6</sub> Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer".
 * '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.
@@ Line 1,220: / Line 1,384: @@
 |-
 ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā//ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú
+| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā/ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú
 |-
 ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
@@ Line 1,226: / Line 1,390: @@
 |-
 ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
-| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || /ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á
+| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || //ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á
 |-
 ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
-| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || /ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û
+| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || //ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û
 |-
 ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
-| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || /ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î
+| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || //ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î
 |-
 ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
-| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || /ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â
+| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || //ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
@@ Line 1,405: / Line 1,569: @@
 =====Degree=====
-The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''gugīgánuta'' "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").
+The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''iru gugīgá-nuta'' "I am the one bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 2,329: / Line 2,493: @@
 ===Construct State===
-The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct can always be identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:
+The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct is often identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:
 : ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"
@@ Line 2,729: / Line 2,893: @@
 =====Verbs=====
-The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence.
+The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence, except when participles, wherein they tend to be left-bound and close to the noun they modify (e.g. ''kûnira ka’áp'' "the dog is taken" (non-participle) and  ''ká’ap kûniru'' "the taken dog" (participle)). However, the syntax of verbs still possesses a great effect upon nouns, pronouns, and pseudo-nouns. Excluding the extensive and often specific circumstances of objects (e.g. the difference between accusative ''asak āqfúlun'' "I spoke with him" and nominative ''asuk āqfúlun'' "I spoke next to him"), when subjects are treated, there is a limited array of responses on how the relationship among case and verbal inflection behave. The medio-passive voice for instance triggers the subject as nominative; the experimental, as oblique; the active, as ergative; the passive, as accusative; the causative, as dative (causer) and caseless (causee); and the obligative, as genitive (causee) and caseless (causer).
+: ''asu gaflá'' "he eats" [medio-passive]
+: ''sua aguál'' "he finds himself eating" [experimental]
+: ''sā agulá'' "he eats it" [active]
+: ''asa gafál'' "he is eaten" [passive]
+: ''asi gualá-su'' "he makes him eat it" [causative]
+: ''sia agáfl-us'' "he is made by him to eat it" [obligative]
 ====Modifier Order====
@@ Line 2,817: / Line 2,993: @@
 ===Subordinate Clauses===
-In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence:
+In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence; be it optimal for reflexion, anaphora, or against ambiguity:
-: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him"
+: ''sā amālá'' "he loves it" ⇒ ''sā'''s''' amālá'' "he loves himself"
-: ''amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves himself"
+: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him" ⇒ ''amālá masa amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves whom loves him"
-: ''amālá-'''s''' masa amālá-su'' "he loves whom loves him"
+: ''asi'''s''' m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him" / ''asi m’alá-sȳ'''s''''' "he makes her love herself"
 ====Absolute Clauses====
@@ Line 2,905: / Line 3,081: @@
 |bbl r kbblt l sn hvl
 |bîbl ara k-ábūla-t l-ā asānā áhūli
-|bool>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not.while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not-while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}
 |"You can't read books while burning them" (<small>COORDENATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
 }}
@@ Line 2,973: / Line 3,149: @@
 =====Restrictive Clauses=====
-[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").
+[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)