Adamic Code: Difference between revisions

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'''Adamic''', (אדמס ~~קףל~~, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) ~~also referred to as '''Canonic''',~~ is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].

'''Adamic''' (אדמס קעל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].

It's cultivated form is known as [[Canonic Code|Canonic Code]], where the transitional tables take hold over grammatical features.

==Etymology==

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===Features===

~~The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature~~

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"

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|-

! Consonant Inventories

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18)~~}} ~~Average (19-25)

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25) e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}}

|-

! Vowel Quality Inventories

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4)~~}} /~~ Average vowel inventory (5-6)

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6) e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}}

|-

! Consonant-Vowel Ratio

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|-

! Coding of Nominal Plurality

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change}} e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}}

|-

! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}} e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}}

|-

! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix}} e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}}

|-

! The Associative Plural

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals}} e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}}

|-

! Definite Articles

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun}} e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}}

|-

! Indefinite Articles

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'}} e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one' e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}}

|-

! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

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|-

! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features}} e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}}

|-

! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction}} e.g. ''atu'' "you"

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction e.g. ''atu'' "you"}}

|-

! Indefinite Pronouns

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites}} e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}}

|-

! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated}} e.g. ''sā āk’pá~~-sa~~'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}}

|-

! Person Marking on Adpositions

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking}} e.g. ''ām'' "before"

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking e.g. ''ām'' "before"}}

|-

! Number of Cases

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories}} e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}}

|-

! Asymmetrical Case-Marking

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}}

|-

! Position of Case Affixes

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"~~, ''ālbak'' "to the people"~~

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}}

|-

! Comitatives and Instrumentals

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation}} e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}}

|-

! Ordinal Numerals

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions}} e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}}

|-

! Distributive Numerals

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies}} e.g. ''khi'' "one each"

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}}

|-

! Numeral Classifiers

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}~~ e.g. ...~~

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}

|-

! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers

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|-

! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary~~ e.g. ...~~}}

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}}

|-

! Obligatory Possessive Inflection

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Number of Possessive Nouns

| 58B || {{No|None reported}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58B || {{No|None reported e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Possessive Classification

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}}

|-

! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"~~, ...~~

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}}

|-

! Adjectives without Nouns

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix}} e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}}

|-

! Action Nominal Constructions

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking}} e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}}

|-

! Noun Phrase Conjunction

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! The Optative

| 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}}

|}

~~====Notes====~~

* The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]

~~==Phonology==~~

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

~~===Consonants===~~

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! |~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]~~

~~! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]~~

|-

! ~~rowspan=2~~ | ~~[[w:Nasal consonant~~|~~Nasal]]~~

!Situational Possibility

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant~~|~~Voiceless]]~~

| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}}

|

|-

|

!Epistemic Possibility

| ~~[[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal~~|~~n̥]]~~

| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}}

|

|-

|

!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking

|

| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}}

|

|-

!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality

| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}}

|-

!Coding of Evidentiality

| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}}

|-

!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}}

|-

!Verbal Number and Suppletion

| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}}

|-

!Order of Subject, Object and Verb

| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV) e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}}

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Subject and Verb

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]~~

| 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]~~

!Order of Object and Verb

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

~~| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiceless velar plosive~~|~~k]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Glottal stop~~|~~ʔ]]~~

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]~~

| 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV) e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}}

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive~~|~~d]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive~~|(dˀ)]]

~~| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|~~g]]

~~| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]~~

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=1~~ | ~~[[w:Affricate consonant~~|~~Affricate]]~~

!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Genitive and Noun

| ~~[[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate~~|~~t͡s]]~~

| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen) e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Adjective and Noun

|

| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}}

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]~~

!Order of Demonstrative and Noun

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem) e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}}

~~| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]~~

|

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]~~

|

|~~[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative~~|~~h]]~~

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Numeral and Noun

| ~~[[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]~~

| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}}

|

~~| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]~~

|

| ~~[[w:Voiced glottal fricative~~|~~ɦ]]~~

|-

! ~~rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]~~

!Order of Relative Clause and Noun

~~! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}}

|

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]~~

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=1~~ | ~~[[w:Lateral consonant~~|~~Lateral]]~~

!Order of Degree Word and Adjective

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant~~|~~Voiceless]]~~

| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg) e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}}

|

|-

|

!Position of Polar Question Particles

| ~~[[w:Lateral consonant~~|~~l̥]]~~

| 92A || {{No|No question particle e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}}

|

|-

|

!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

|

| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}}

|

|-

|}

!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause

| 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}}

~~====Notes====~~

|-

* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of <~~small~~>~~VOICE~~<~~/small~~>, <~~small>MANNER, and ARTICULATION</small~~>. ~~Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being~~ ''~~voiceless>voiced~~'' ~~in VOICE</small~~>, ''~~occlusive>sonorant>turbulent~~'' in <~~small~~>~~MANNER, and~~ ''~~guttural>labial>dental~~'' in <~~small>ARTICULATION</small~~>. As not ~~all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of~~ <~~small>VOICE</small~~>'~~s members)~~, ~~the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the~~ ''~~KHS~~-~~type~~'' and ~~the~~ ''~~IUA-type~~'', ~~with their proper compositions being named as expected:~~ ''~~K-type~~'', ''~~H-type~~'', ''S-~~type~~'', ''I-~~type'',~~ ''U-~~type~~'', ~~and~~ ''~~A-type~~'' ~~in order.~~

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

** /k, g, (kˀ)~~, (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part~~ of the ~~KIHS-type,~~ is ~~a major subgroup composed by plosive velars~~, ~~(quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants~~.

| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

*** /k, g/, part of the KI-~~type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.~~

|-

**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase

**** /g~~/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels~~.

| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-~~type~~, ~~suffering~~ the ~~same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

|-

**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.

|-

**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].

!Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases

**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is ~~[gʷ].~~

| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

*** /s, z/, part of the SI-~~type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.~~

|-

**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].

| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

** /p, ~~b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of~~ the ~~KUHS-type,~~ is ~~a major subgroup composed~~ by ~~plosive labials, (quasi~~-~~implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.~~

|-

*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.

!Alignment of Verbal Person Marking

**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].

| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].

|-

*** /(pˀ), ~~(bˀ)/ are also considered part of~~ the KU-~~type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].

| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}}

**** /bˀ/ may be realized as ~~[ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ]~~.

|-

*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is ~~[pʷ].~~

| 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}}

**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to ~~[ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].~~

|-

*** /f, v/, part of the SU-~~type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.~~

!Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking

**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].

| 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}}

**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].

|-

** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

!Order of Person Markers on the Verb

*** /t, d/, part of the KA-~~type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.~~

| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}}

**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'

*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-~~type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}}

**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Reciprocal Constructions

*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-~~type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.~~

| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical. e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}}

**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].

|-

**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].

!Passive Constructions

*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.

| 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}}

**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].

|-

**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

!Antipassive Constructions

| 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}}

|-

!Applicative Constructions

| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}}

|-

!Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}}

|-

!Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}}

|-

!Negative Morphemes

| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle e.g. ''la'' "not"}}

|-

!Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}}

|-

!Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}}

|-

!Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation

| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}}

|-

!Polar Questions

| 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}}

|-

!Predicative Possession

| 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}}

|-

!Predicative Adjectives

| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Nominal and Locational Predication

| 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl'' "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}}

|-

!Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals

| 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Comparative Constructions

| 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}}

|-

!Relativization on Subjects

| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}}

|-

!Relativization on Obliques

| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}}

|-

!'Want' Complement Subjects

| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}}

|-

!Purpose Clauses

| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}}

|-

!'When' Clauses

| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Reason Clauses

| 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Utterance Complement Clauses

| 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|}

===~~Vowels~~===

====Notes====

~~Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs~~. ~~Alternatively,~~ in ~~the poetic register~~, ~~diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/~~, ~~/o/~~, and /~~ɨ/~/ʉ~~/~~, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as~~ a ~~whole~~. ~~In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:~~

* The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value".

~~{| class~~=~~"nounderlines" cellspacing~~=~~"0px" cellpadding~~=~~0 style~~=~~"text-align~~:~~center; background-color~~:~~#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding~~:~~10px;"~~

==Phonology==

|~~- style="text-align:center; font-size~~:~~smaller;"~~

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

||

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | '''~~Front~~'''

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | ~~'''Near-front'''~~

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | ~~'''Central'''~~

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | ''~~'Near-back'~~''

~~| style=~~"~~width:60px;~~" ~~| ''~~'~~Back~~'''

|-

~~| style=~~"~~height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;~~" ~~| '~~''~~Close~~'''

~~| style=~~"~~height:210px;~~" ~~colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px~~;">[[~~Image~~:~~Blank vowel trapezoid.svg~~|~~300px~~]]~~<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">~~

~~{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"~~

|-

~~| style="width~~:~~300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |~~

~~~~

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

~~<div style="position~~:~~absolute; left:5%; width:2~~.~~33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">~~i, ~~iː</div>~~

~~<div style="position~~:~~absolute; left:43%; width:2~~.~~33em; top:0%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:~~#~~fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div>~~

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div>~~

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

~~~~

===Consonants===

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">~~(e, eː)</~~div>~~

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2~~.~~66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o~~, ~~oː)<~~/~~div>~~

~~~~

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

~~<div~~ style="~~position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font~~-~~size~~:~~120%; background:#fcfcfc~~;"~~>a, aː</div>~~

! |

|}

! |

~~</div></div>~~

! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

|-

! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

| ~~style~~=~~"height~~:~~30px; font-size:smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Near‑close'''~~

! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size~~:~~smaller; text-align:right;"~~ | ~~'''Close‑mid'''~~

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

|-

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

| ~~style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Mid'''~~

|

|-

|

| ~~style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''~~

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]

|-

|

| ~~style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''~~

|

|-

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"~~ | ~~'''Open'''~~

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|}

| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]

|

{|

|

|~~- style="vertical-align: top;"~~

|

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

|

~~|+Common Monophthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]

![[w:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front~~]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

![[w:~~Central vowel~~|~~Center~~]]

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]

| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]

|-

! ~~style="text-align~~: ~~left;"~~ | [[w:~~Short vowel~~|~~Short~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|i]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]

|[[w:~~Open front central vowel~~|a]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|u]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]

| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]

|

|-

! ~~style~~=~~"text-align: left;"~~ | [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|iː]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

|~~[[w:Open front central vowel~~|~~aː]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|uː]]

|

|}

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]

| ~~   ~~

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

~~|+Short Diphthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

![[w:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front~~]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

![[w:~~Central vowel~~|~~Center~~]]

| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

|

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]

|

|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]

|-

! ~~style="text-align: left;" |~~ [[w:~~Short vowel~~|~~Short~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~u̯i~~]]

| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]

|[[w:~~Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~i̯a~~]] ~~[[w:Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~u̯a]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|~~i̯u~~]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]

|

| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]

|-

! ~~style~~=~~"text-align: left;"~~ | [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~iu̯~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|~~[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~au̯]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|~~ui̯~~]]

|

|}

| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]

| ~~   ~~

|

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

|

~~|+Long Diphthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]

~~![[w:Front vowel|Front]]~~

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

~~![[w:Central vowel~~|~~Center]]~~

|

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

|

|-

| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]]

! ~~style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

|

~~|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯iː]]~~

|

~~|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]]~~ [[w:~~Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~u̯aː~~]]

|

|~~[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯uː]]~~

|

|-

~~! style="text-align: left;"~~ | [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

|~~[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iːu̯]]~~

|~~[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]~~

|~~[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uːi̯]]~~

|}

{|

====Notes====

|- ~~style="vertical~~-~~align~~: ~~top;"~~

* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in VOICE, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in MANNER, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in ARTICULATION. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of VOICE's members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order.

|

** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text~~-~~align: center;"~~

*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.

~~|+Monophtongized<br~~ /~~>Diphthongs~~

**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!

*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

![[~~w:Front vowel|Front~~]]

**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

![[~~w:Central vowel|Center~~]]

**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

![[~~w:Back vowel|Back~~]]

*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.

|-

**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].

~~! style="text-align: left~~;~~" |~~ [[~~w:Short vowel|Short~~]]

**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].

|[[~~w:Close~~-~~mid front unrounded vowel|e~~]]

*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.

|[[~~w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ<~~/~~span>~~]] ~ [[~~w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉ<~~/~~span>~~]]

**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].

|[[w~~:Close~~-~~mid back rounded vowel|o~~]]

**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].

|-

** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.

~~! style="text~~-~~align: left~~;~~" |~~ [[~~w:Long vowel|Long~~]]

*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.

|[[~~w:Close-mid~~ front ~~unrounded vowel|eː~~]]

**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].

|[[w:~~Close central unrounded vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="color:~~blue~~"~~>ɨː]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~"~~>ʉː]]~~

**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].

|~~[[w~~:~~Close-mid back rounded vowel~~|~~oː]]~~

*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

|}

**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].

| ~~&nbsp~~;~~  ~~

**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].

|

*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.

{| ~~class~~="~~wikitable~~" style="~~text-align~~: ~~center~~;"

**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].

|~~+Short Diphthongs~~

**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].

*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.

**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].

**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].

** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.

**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.

**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].

**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].

*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.

**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].

**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

===Vowels===

Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;"

|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"

||

| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''

|-

!

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''

~~![[w~~:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front]]~~

| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">

![[w:~~Central~~ vowel|~~Center~~]]

{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"

~~![[w~~:~~Back vowel|Back]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w~~:~~Short vowel|Short]]~~

| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

~~|[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]~~

~~|[[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~">~~i̯ʉ~~</~~span~~>~~]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~">~~u̯ɨ~~</~~span~~>]]

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]~~

|-

! style="~~text-align~~: left;~~" | [[w~~:~~Long vowel|Long]]~~

~~|[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]~~

~~|[[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~">~~ʉi̯~~</~~span~~>~~]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~">~~ɨu̯~~</~~span~~>]]

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]~~

|}

~~|    ~~

</div></div>

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

~~|+Long~~ ~~Diphthongs~~

|-

!

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''

~~![[w~~:~~Front vowel|Front]]~~

~~![[w~~:~~Central vowel|Center]]~~

~~![[w~~:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''

~~|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]~~

~~|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉː]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨː]]~~

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w:Long vowel~~|~~Long]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''

|~~[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~eːu̯]]~~

|-

|~~[[w:Central vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~"~~>ʉːi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~"~~>ɨːu̯]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]~~

|-

|}

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''

|}

~~====Notes====~~

{|

* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (POSITION) and ''short>long'' (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].

|

*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]

|+Common Monophthongs

*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.

** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.

*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

=~~==Coloration Table===~~

~~In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as~~ "~~coloration~~"~~, consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.~~

{| class="wikitable~~" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1~~" style="text-align:center;"

~~! -~~/+

~~! |I Type~~

~~! |U Type~~

~~! |A Type~~

|-

!~~H Type~~

!

| ~~h ɦ~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

| ~~n̥ m~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

| ~~l̥ r~~

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

!~~S Type~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~s z~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]

| ~~f v~~

|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]]

| ~~t͡s ʔ~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]

|-

!~~K Type~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

| ~~k g~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]

| ~~p b~~

|[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]

| ~~t d~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]

|}

|    

~~====Notes====~~

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

|+Short Diphthongs

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! ~~Root~~

!

! ~~Lemma~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! ~~Gloss~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

| ~~־ל־כ־נ־~~ ~~''-l-k-n-''~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~לכנ~~ ~~''luín''~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯i]]

~~| wolf~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯u]]

|-

| ~~־מ־ף־ר־~~ ~~''-m-f-r-''~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

~~| מףר~~ ~~''maúr''~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iu̯]]

| ~~death~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]

|-

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|ui̯]]

| ~~־ג־ל־ל־~~ ~~''-g-l-l-''~~

~~| גלל~~ ~~''gâl''~~

~~| cosmos~~

|}

|    

~~==Writing System==~~

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

~~Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet~~|~~Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]~~; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|~~glottal stop]]).~~

|+Long Diphthongs

~~===Ortography===~~

{|~~border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"~~ class="~~Unicode~~" style="~~vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080;~~ text-align:center~~; clear:both~~;"

|-

! ~~colspan=16 style="background-color~~:~~#fff7e9; font-family~~:~~inherit; font-weight~~:~~normal;"~~ | ~~'''Adamic Abjad'''~~

!

|-style="~~vertical~~-align:~~top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger~~;"

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>ה</big> h / i / ai̯~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | <~~big>ק</big> ɦ / iː / aːi̯~~

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

| style="~~width~~:~~6.25%;~~" ~~| <big>נ</big> ~~n̥ / u / au̯~~</~~small>

|-

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>מ</big> m / uː / aːu̯~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | <~~big>ל</big> l̥ / a / a~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯iː]]

| style="~~width~~:~~6.25%;~~" ~~| <big>ר</big> <~~small>r~~ / ~~aː / aː</small>

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]

|-style="~~vertical~~-align:~~top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger~~;"

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯uː]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>ס</big> s / i / i~~

|-

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | <~~big>ז</big> z / iː / iː~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

| style="~~width~~:~~6.25%;~~" ~~| <big>ע</big> <small~~>~~f / u / u~~</~~small~~>

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iːu̯]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>ו</big> v / uː / uː~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]

~~| style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>צ</big> t͡s / a / a~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uːi̯]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | <~~big>א</big> ʔ / aː / aː~~

|}

|-style="~~vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size~~:~~larger;~~"

|}

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big~~>כ</~~big> k / i / i̯a</small~~>

| ~~style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big> g / iː / i̯aː~~

{|

| ~~style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big> p / u / u̯a~~

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big> b / uː / u̯aː~~

|

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big> t / a / a~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

~~| style="width:6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>ד</big> d / aː / aː~~

|+Monophtongized Diphthongs

|-style="vertical-align:top~~; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger~~;"

~~| style="width:6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>כּ</big> kˀ / i / i̯a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big> gˀ / iː / i̯aː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big> pˀ / u / u̯a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big> bˀ / uː / u̯aː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big> tˀ / a / a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big> dˀ / aː / aː~~

|}

~~====Notes====~~

*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.

~~===Romanization===~~

{| ~~cellpadding~~="4" style="~~margin:auto;~~ text-align:center;"

|+ ~~Adamic Alphabet~~

|-

| ~~Aа /a/~~ || ~~Bb /b/ || Cc /t͡s/ || Dd /d/ || Ee /e/~~

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

| ~~Ff /f/~~ || ~~Gg /g/~~ || Hh<~~br/~~>~~/h/ || Ii~~ /i~~~i̯/~~ |~~| Jj~~ ~~/i̯/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]

|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉ]]

|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]

|-

| Kk ~~/k/~~ |~~| Ll~~ ~~/l̥/~~ || Mn ~~/m/~~ || ~~Nn /n̥/~~ || ~~Oo /o/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]

|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉː]]

|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Short Diphthongs

|-

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

| Pp<~~br/~~>~~/p/ || Qq~~ ~~/ɦ/~~ |~~| Rr~~<~~br/~~>~~/r/ || Ss~~ ~~/s/~~ || ~~Tt /t/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]

|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉ]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨ]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]

|-

| Uu /u~u̯/ || Vv ~~/v/~~ || Ww /~~u̯/~~ || Yy /ɨ~ʉ/ |~~| Zz~~ ~~/z/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]

|[[w:Central vowel|ʉi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|ɨu̯]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Long Diphthongs

|-

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]

|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉː]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨː]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]

|-

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]]

|[[w:Central vowel|ʉːi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|ɨːu̯]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]

|}

====Notes====

* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (POSITION) and ''short>long'' (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:

* ~~The letter <’>~~, ~~representing~~ the ~~glottal stop~~ (~~ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter~~ <Xx> ~~when alone as onset~~/~~coda.~~

** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].

** e.g. ''~~drā~~'' /~~draː/ "six".~~

*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.

*** c.e.g. ''~~drā’~~'' or ''~~drāx~~'' ~~/draːʔ/ "six"~~.

** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]

*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.

* Emphatic consonants use the ~~apostrophe <’>~~, ~~as <K’k’>~~, ~~<G’g’>~~, ~~<P’p’>~~, ~~<B’b’>~~, ~~<T’t’>~~, ~~and <D’d’>~~.

** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.

** e.~~g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction"~~.

*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

*** ~~c.e.g. ''~~-~~k-r-p-'' "detachment"~~.

* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.

** ~~e.g. ''ghīz''~~ /~~gɦiːz~~/ ~~"four"~~.

*** c.~~e.g. ''*gqīz''~~ /~~gɦiːz~~/ ~~"four"~~.

* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.

===Coloration Table===

** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

* Short and ~~long~~ vowels, ~~if relevantly stressed~~, ~~gain an accute (~~<V́>) and ~~circumflex accent (~~<V̂>~~) respectively.~~

In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.

** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//~~'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".~~

*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".

*If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

** e.g. ''-~~d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''~~/-~~/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".~~

! -/+

*** c.e.g. ''-m~~-f-~~r-~~'' ⇒ ''/~~-~~/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".~~

! |I Type

! |U Type

! |A Type

|-

!H Type

| h ɦ

| n̥ m

| l̥ r

|-

!K Type

| k g

| p b

| t d

|-

!S Type

| s z

| f v

| t͡s ʔ

|}

====Notes====

* In ~~diphthongs~~, the ~~second element bears~~ the ~~diacritical mark.~~

* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

{|

~~|- style="vertical-align: top;"~~

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

!! ~~colspan=4 | KIHS Characters~~

! Root

! Lemma

! Gloss

|-

!!| ~~Sign~~

| ־ל־כ־נ־ ''-l-k-n-''

!!| ~~Name~~

| לכנ ''luín''

!!| ~~IPA~~

| wolf

~~!!| Letter~~

|-

| כ

| ־מ־ף־ר־ ''-m-f-r-''

| ''~~kik~~'' ~~[[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]~~

| מףר ''maúr''

~~| /k/~~

| death

| ''Kk''

|-

| ג

| ־ג־ל־ל־ ''-g-l-l-''

| ''~~gīg~~'' [[w:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|~~/giːg/~~]]

| גלל ''gâl''

~~| /g/~~

| cosmos

| ~~''Gg''~~

|}

==Writing System==

Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]).

===Ortography===

{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;"

|-

| ה

! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''

| ''~~hih~~'' ~~[[w~~:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~hih~~/]]

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| /h/

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big> h / i / ai̯

| ~~''Hh''~~

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big> ɦ / iː / aːi̯

|-

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big> n̥ / u / au̯

| ק

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big> m / uː / aːu̯

| ~~''qīq'' [[w~~:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~ɦiːɦ~~/]]

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big> l̥ / a / a

| /ɦ/

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big> r / aː / aː

| ~~''Qq''~~

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

|-

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big> s / i / i

| ס

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big> z / iː / iː

| ~~''sis'' [[w~~:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~sis~~/]]

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ע</big> f / u / u

| /s/

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big> v / uː / uː

| ~~''Ss''~~

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big> t͡s / a / a

|-

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big> ʔ / aː / aː

| ז

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"

| ~~''zīz'' [[w~~:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~ziːz~~/]]

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big> k / i / i̯a

| /z/

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big> g / iː / i̯aː

| ''Zz''

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big> p / u / u̯a

|}

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big> b / uː / u̯aː

~~|    ~~

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big> t / a / a

|

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big> d / aː / aː

{| ~~class~~="~~wikitable~~" style="text-align:center;"

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big> kˀ / i / i̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big> gˀ / iː / i̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big> pˀ / u / u̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big> bˀ / uː / u̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big> tˀ / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big> dˀ / aː / aː

|}

====Notes====

*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.

===Romanization===

{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"

|+ Adamic Alphabet

|-

| Aа /a/ || Bb /b/ || Cc /t͡s/ || Dd /d/ || Ee /e/

|-

~~!! colspan=4~~ | ~~KUHS Characters~~

| Ff /f/ || Gg /g/ || Hh /h/ || Ii /i~i̯/ || Jj /i̯/

|-

!!| ~~Sign~~

| Kk /k/ || Ll /l̥/ || Mn /m/ || Nn /n̥/ || Oo /o/

!!| ~~Name~~

!!| ~~IPA~~

!!| ~~Letter~~

|-

| פ

| Pp /p/ || Qq /ɦ/ || Rr /r/ || Ss /s/ || Tt /t/

| ~~''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~pup~~/]]

| /p/

| ~~''Pp''~~

|-

| ב

| Uu /u~u̯/ || Vv /v/ || Ww /u̯/ || Yy /ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz /z/

~~| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb~~/]]

| /b/

| ~~''Bb''~~

|-

~~| נ~~

~~| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~n̥un̥~~/]]

~~| /n̥~~/

| ~~''Nn''~~

|-

~~| מ~~

~~| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~muːm~~/]]

| /m/

~~| ''Mm''~~

|-

| ף

~~| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~fuf~~/]]

| /f/

~~| ''Ff''~~

|-

~~| ו~~

| ~~''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~vuːv~~/]]

| /v/

~~| ''Vv''~~

|}

| ~~  &nbsp~~;

|

====Notes====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.

!! colspan=4 | ~~KAHS~~ Characters

** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".

|-

*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".

* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.

** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".

* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.

** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.

** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.

** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".

*If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).

** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".

*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".

* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.

** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

{|

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters

|-

!!| Sign

!!| Name

Line 845:

Line 927:

!!| Letter

|-

| ת

| כ

| ''~~tat~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~tat~~/]]

| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]

| /t/

| /k/

| ''Tt''

| ''Kk''

|-

| ד

| ג

| ''~~dād~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~daːd~~/]]

| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]]

| /d/

| /g/

| ''Dd''

| ''Gg''

|-

| ל

| ה

| ''~~lal~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~l̥al̥~~/]]

| ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]]

| /l̥/

| /h/

| ''Ll''

| ''Hh''

|-

| ר

| ק

| ''~~rār~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~raːr~~/]]

| ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]]

| /r/

| /ɦ/

| ''Rr''

| ''Qq''

|-

| צ

| ס

| ''~~cac~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~t͡sat͡s~~/]]

| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]]

| /~~t͡s~~/

| /s/

| ''Cc''

| ''Ss''

|-

| א

| ז

| ''~~’ā’~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~ʔaːʔ~~/]]

| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]]

| /ʔ/

| /z/

| ''’''

| ''Zz''

|}

|    

~~==Grammar==~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

~~Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation~~|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:

* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.

* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.

* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.

{| class="wikitable" style="~~width~~:~~100%"~~

~~! colspan="5" align="~~center"~~| Conjunct~~

|-

~~| align="center"| Triptote Formula~~

!! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters

~~| align="center"| Concatenation~~

~~| align="center"| Root-pattern~~

~~| align="center"| Concatenation~~

~~| align~~=~~"center"~~| ~~Triptote Formula~~

|-

| ~~align~~="center"| ~~Clitic~~

!!| Sign

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Affix~~

!!| Name

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Stem~~

!!| IPA

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Affix~~

!!| Letter

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Clitic~~

|-

| פ

| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]]

| /p/

| ''Pp''

|-

| ב

| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]

| /b/

| ''Bb''

|-

| נ

| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]

| /n̥/

| ''Nn''

|-

| מ

| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]]

| /m/

| ''Mm''

|-

| ף

| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]

| /f/

| ''Ff''

|-

| ו

| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]

| /v/

| ''Vv''

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

!! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters

|-

!!| Sign

!!| Name

!!| IPA

!!| Letter

|-

| ת

| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]]

| /t/

| ''Tt''

|-

| ד

| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]]

| /d/

| ''Dd''

|-

| ל

| ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]]

| /l̥/

| ''Ll''

|-

| ר

| ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]]

| /r/

| ''Rr''

|-

| צ

| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]]

| /t͡s/

| ''Cc''

|-

| א

| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]]

| /ʔ/

| ''’''

|}

===~~Root-Pattern~~===

==Grammar==

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist").

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/), and finally semivowels as third-class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

~~: e.g.1 ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.~~

: e.g.2 ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.

~~: e.g.3 ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.~~

~~: e.g.4 ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.~~

: e.g.5 As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.

* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.

~~: e.g.1 ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".~~

~~: e.g.2 ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.~~

: ~~e.g.3 ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-''~~ and ~~not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics"~~, ~~as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /~~w/.

Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:

* '''~~Rule 2~~ (~~2 syllables~~):''' ~~The first three members~~ are ~~counted to assume their respective positions~~, ~~except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster~~.

* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.

: ~~e.g~~.~~1~~ ''~~Plátōn~~'' ~~yields ''-p-l-t-~~'' and ~~not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-''~~ for ~~"metaphysics"~~.

* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.

: ~~e.g.2~~ ''~~Caesar~~'' ~~yields~~ ''~~-k-s-r-~~'' for ~~"political/militar might"~~.

* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.

: ~~e.g.3 ''Darwin'' yields ''~~-d-v-~~n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for~~ "~~biology~~"~~, because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.~~

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"

! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct

|-

| align="center"| Triptote Formula

| align="center"| Concatenation

| align="center"| Root-pattern

| align="center"| Concatenation

| align="center"| Triptote Formula

|-

| align="center"| Clitic

| align="center"| Affix

| align="center"| Stem

| align="center"| Affix

| align="center"| Clitic

|}

* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.

===Root-Pattern===

: e.g.~~1<~~/~~sub>~~ ''~~Sōkratēs~~'' ~~yields~~ ''-s-k-t-'' ~~for~~ "~~philosophy~~".

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist").

~~: e.g~~.~~2 ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic"~~, ~~as every bare initial vowel in~~ a ~~syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.~~

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

~~: e.g.3~~ ''~~Lavoisier~~'' ~~yields~~ ''~~-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry"~~.

* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

~~Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ~~. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

: e.g.1 ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.

: ''~~hocar~~'' ~~"fire" [Diluvian]~~ ⇒ ''~~-h-v-l-~~'' ~~"fire" [Adamic]~~.

: e.g.2 ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.

: ''~~qucar~~'' ~~"sound~~/~~speech" [Diluvian]~~ ⇒ ''~~-q-f-~~l-'' ~~"sound/speech" [Adamic]~~.

: e.g.3 ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.

: ''~~yammuhar~~'' ~~"sea" [Diluvian]~~ ⇒ ''~~-m-f-~~h-'' ~~"sea" [Adamic]~~.

: e.g.4 ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.

~~In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular~~. ~~Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h~~/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ ~~(not~~ /h/ ~~in this case)~~, ~~or the particle~~ /~~-t͡səɾ~~/ ~~regularly transforming into~~ /~~-l-~~/, ~~it is noticeable that vowels~~ are ~~not treated discriminately~~, ~~but~~ are ~~counted in order as much as consonants; instead~~, ~~secondary particles such as the~~ ''~~ya-~~'' ~~and~~ ''~~-(c)ar~~'' in ''~~yammuhar~~'' ~~are counted last~~ and ~~even neglected~~.

: e.g.5 As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.

~~Another special class~~ of ~~triconsonantal roots~~ is the ~~one containing those influenced by~~ the ~~[[Pangaean Code]]~~. ~~This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions~~, ~~or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g.~~ ''-q-h-f-'' "~~animalism~~" in ~~Adamic being from~~ ''~~uħihu~~'' "~~animal~~" ~~in Pangaean, rather than~~ ''au'' "~~animal~~" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.

: e.g.6 Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer".

: ''~~n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒~~ ''~~-n-’-r-~~'' ~~"instance" [Adamic]~~.

* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.

: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].

: e.g.1 ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".

: e.g.2 ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.

: e.g.3 ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.

* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.

: e.g.1 ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".

: e.g.2 ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".

: e.g.3 ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.

* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.

: e.g.1 ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".

: e.g.2 ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.

: e.g.3 ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".

Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].

: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic].

: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic].

In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.

Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.

: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic].

: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].

: ''n̠'' "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n-'' "aging" [Adamic].

Line 1,218:

Line 1,384:

|-

! 1st.Sin.

| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā//ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú

| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā/ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú

|-

! 2nd.Sin.

Line 1,224:

Line 1,390:

|-

! 3rd.Sin.

| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || /ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á

| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || //ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á

|-

! 1st.Plu.

| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || /ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û

| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || //ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û

|-

! 2nd.Plu.

| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || /ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î

| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || //ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î

|-

! 3rd.Plu.

| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || /ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â

| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || //ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â

|-

! rowspan="1" |

Line 1,403:

Line 1,569:

=====Degree=====

The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''~~gugīgánuta~~'' "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").

The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''iru gugīgá-nuta'' "I am the one bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

Line 2,321:

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|}

==Syntax ~~[...]~~==

==Syntax==

The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the [[w:Construct state|construct state]]; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject-Object (except when regarding pronouns); whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in ''mur liviatan iru'' "the dead whale"), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in ''āgūlá ūfā'' "he ate deadly"). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the [[w:Topic and comment|topic]], and the second, the [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]].

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===Construct State===

The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct ~~can always be~~ identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:

The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct is often identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:

: ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"

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=====Verbs=====

The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence.

The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence, except when participles, wherein they tend to be left-bound and close to the noun they modify (e.g. ''kûnira ka’áp'' "the dog is taken" (non-participle) and ''ká’ap kûniru'' "the taken dog" (participle)). However, the syntax of verbs still possesses a great effect upon nouns, pronouns, and pseudo-nouns. Excluding the extensive and often specific circumstances of objects (e.g. the difference between accusative ''asak āqfúlun'' "I spoke with him" and nominative ''asuk āqfúlun'' "I spoke next to him"), when subjects are treated, there is a limited array of responses on how the relationship among case and verbal inflection behave. The medio-passive voice for instance triggers the subject as nominative; the experimental, as oblique; the active, as ergative; the passive, as accusative; the causative, as dative (causer) and caseless (causee); and the obligative, as genitive (causee) and caseless (causer).

====Modifier Order====

: ''asu gaflá'' "he eats" [medio-passive]

: ''sua aguál'' "he finds himself eating" [experimental]

: ''sā agulá'' "he eats it" [active]

: ''asa gafál'' "he is eaten" [passive]

: ''asi gualá-su'' "he makes him eat it" [causative]

: ''sia agáfl-us'' "he is made by him to eat it" [obligative]

====Modifier Order====

Modifers may be left out, but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with their morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology, either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/verbal phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows.

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===Subordinate Clauses===

In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence:

In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence; be it optimal for reflexion, anaphora, or against ambiguity:

: ''~~asa~~ amālá~~-su~~'' "he loves ~~him~~"

: ''sā amālá'' "he loves it" ⇒ ''sā'''s''' amālá'' "he loves himself"

: ''amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves ~~himself~~"

: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him" ⇒ ''amālá masa amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves whom loves him"

: ''~~amalá-~~'''s''' ~~masa amālá~~-su'' "he ~~loves whom loves~~ him"

: ''asi'''s''' m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him" / ''asi m’alá-sȳ'''s''''' "he makes her love herself"

====Absolute Clauses====

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|bbl r kbblt l sn hvl

|bîbl ara k-ábūla-t l-ā asānā áhūli

|~~bool~~>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not.while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not-while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"You can't read books while burning them" (COORDENATIVE CLAUSE)

}}

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====Relative Clauses====

Relative clauses modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). ~~Heretoclitic~~ pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or ~~animacy and~~ case such as ''masu''; with he latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. ''murus su saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead" and ''muras masu'' "who is dead").

[[w:Relative clause|Relative clauses]] modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Clitics and heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or case such as ''masu''; with the latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. ''murus su, saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead" and ''muras masu'' "who is dead").

=====Non-Restrictive Clauses=====

[...]

[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Non-restrictive]] relations force right-bound order, where the verb follows the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated after the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''bîbliru, sa nā babál'' "the book, which is being read by me").

''bîbliru, sa babál'' "the book, which is being read"

~~[..~~.]

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~ץ מל סן קהף סכת~~

|top= ּאול ר ס כען ר מער

|~~ץ מל סן קהף סכת~~

|אול ר ס כען ר מער

|~~c ml sn qhf skt~~

|’vl r s kfn r mfr

|~~cu maliú āsunā aqqâf askút~~

|’ûl iru su kûn iru āmfár

|{{gcl|~~OBL~~}} ~~where~~.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}} ~~live~~.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IND~~}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}} ~~philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IND~~}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"~~I think it is where they live~~" (~~OBLIQUE CLAUSE~~)

|"the man, whose dog died" (NOMINATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~מפרת ץ סכת~~

|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער

|~~מפרת ץ סכת~~

|אול ר ס ר כען מער

|~~mfrt c skt~~

|’vl r s r kfn mf

|~~mur-at cu askút~~

|’ûl iru su iru kûn āmfár

|~~death~~.{{gcl|~~ADJ~~}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} {{gcl|~~NOM~~}} ~~philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IND~~}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"~~I think you are dead~~" (~~NOMINATIVE CLAUSE~~)

|"the man, who is the dog, died" (OBLIQUE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= ~~ץ בבל~~ ר ~~בבל ן גגפל~~

|top= אול ר ס כען ר מער

|~~ץ בבל~~ ר ~~בבל ן גגפל~~

|אול ר ס כען ר מער

|~~c bbl~~ r ~~bbl n ggfl~~

|’vl r s kfn r mfr

|~~ca bîbl ara ábūlu ana gigualá~~

|’ûl iru su kûn ira āmurá

|~~{{gcl|ERG}} book~~>~~inanimate~~>human {{gcl|~~NOMIC~~}}.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} ~~book.~~{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1~~}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} ~~food~~.{{gcl|~~CAU~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}~~>DEGREE~~

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"~~It made me eat less reading books~~" (~~ERGATIVE CLAUSE~~)

|"the man, who killd the dog" (ACCUSATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= ~~גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ~~

|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער

|~~גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ~~

|אול ר ס ר כען מער

|~~gfl nr gfl sn c qslnn~~

|’vl r s r kfn mfr

|~~gáfl nāra águlā sān ca āqilû-nūn~~

|’ûl iru su ira kûn māfár

|~~food~~>~~generic our~~.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} ~~food~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~PART~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} {{gcl|~~ACC~~}} ~~see~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~PART~~}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~We saw them eating our food~~" (~~ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE~~)

|"the man, who was killed by the dog" (ERGATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|~~top= ץ~~ ס ~~פכסן כּאפּס~~

|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ

|ץ ס ~~פכסן כּאפּס~~

|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ

|c s ~~p’ksn k’ps~~

|’vl r s kfn r p’k

|~~ci asa ipākâ-sān k’ap’á-~~su

|’ûl iru su kûn iri pâ’ak

|{{gcl|~~GEN}} {{gcl|3~~}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}} ~~take.~~{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|~~SJV~~}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} ~~destroy~~.{{gcl|~~PAS~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IND~~}}.{{gcl|~~SG}}-{{gcl|3~~}}.{{gcl|SG~~}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS~~}}

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"~~He will be killed if they catch him~~" (~~GENITIVE CLAUSE~~)

|"the man, taken to the dog" (DATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= ס ~~מאלסן ץ מאלס~~

|top= אול ר ס ר כען פאכ

|ס ~~מאלסן ץ מאלס~~

|אול ר ס ר כען פאכ

|s ~~m’lsn c m’ls~~

|’vl r s r kfn p’k

|~~asa umālâ-sān ci amālá-~~su

|’ûl iru su iri kûn pâ’ak

|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}} ~~love.~~{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|~~JUS~~}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} {{gcl|~~DAT~~}} ~~love~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG~~}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS~~}}

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"~~He loves them for them to love him~~" (~~DATIVE CLAUSE~~)

|"the man, taken from the dog" (GENITIVE RELATION)

}}

~~xûliru, sa kûniru āmfár "the man, whose dog died" (NOM)~~

~~xûliru, sa iru kûn, āmfár "the man, who is the dog, died" (OBL)~~

~~xûliru, sa kûnira āmurá "the man, who killd the dog" (ACC)~~

~~xûliru, sa ira kûn māfár "the man, who was killed by the dog" (ERG)~~

~~xûliru, sa kûniri pâxak "the man, taken to the dog" (DAT)~~

~~xûliru, sa iri kûn pâxak "the man, taken from the dog" (GEN)~~

=====Restrictive Clauses=====

Restrictive relations force left-bound ~~inversion~~, where the verb ~~preceded~~ the object

[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").

~~Inversion~~

~~''babál, sa bîbliru''~~ "the ~~book which is being read'~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר

|מער כען ר ס אול ר

|mfr kfn r s ’vl r

|āmfár kûn iru su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man whose dog died" (NOMINATIVE RELATION)

}}

[...]

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר

|מער ר כען ס אול ר

|mfr r kfn s ’vl r

|āmfár iru kûn su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man who is the dog died" (OBLIQUE RELATION)

}}

~~āmfár kûniru sa xûliru~~ "the man ~~whose~~ dog ~~died~~" (~~NOM~~)

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר

|מער כען ר ס אול ר

|mfr kfn r s ’vl r

|āmurá kûn ira su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man who killd the dog" (ACCUSATIVE RELATION)

}}

iru ~~kûn sa xûliru āmfár~~ "the man who is the dog ~~died~~" (~~OBL~~)

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר

|מער ר כען ס אול ר

|mfr r kfn s ’vl r

|māfár ira kûn su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man who was killed by the dog" (ERGATIVE RELATION)

}}

~~āmurá kûnira sa xûliru~~ "the man ~~who killd~~ the dog" (~~ACC~~)

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|top= פאך כען ר ס אול ר

|פאך כען ר ס אול ר

|p’k kfn r s ’vl r

|pâ’ak kûn iri su ’ûl iru

|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man taken to the dog" (DATIVE RELATION)

}}

~~māfár ira kûn sa xûliru "the man who was killed by the dog" (ERG)~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= פאך ר כען ס אול ר

~~pâxak kûniri sa xûliru "the man taken to the dog" (DAT)~~

|פאך ר כען ס אול ר

|p’k r kfn s ’vl r

~~pâxak iri kûn sa xûliru "the man taken from the dog" (GEN)~~

|pâ’ak iri kûn su ’ûl iru

|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

~~==Canonic==~~

|"the man taken from the dog" (GENITIVE RELATION)

~~[...]~~

~~Canonic onset clusters: [...]~~

~~[...] The language may gain considerable fusional morphology in the [[Adamic Code#Canonic|Canonic register]].~~

~~Canonic coda clusters: [...]~~

The Adamic Code can be spoken in a poetic register, called Canonic, where the Coloration Table is almost abused in grammatical restructuration. In this register, for example, sound laws follow coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, in such form that another language is created within the language after abandoning the system of patterns. Vide the translation of "I think the person is dead":

~~: ''avâla murá-su, askút'' (Adamic) > ''ālbai muris, sia'' (Canonic)~~

~~table...~~

~~diphthongs to monophthongs~~

~~iu > y, ui > ȳ~~

~~ia > e, ai > ē~~

~~ua > o, au > ō~~

~~triphthongs to diphthongs~~

~~ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy~~

~~ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē~~

~~ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō~~

~~in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).~~

~~===Sound Changes===~~

With the [[w:Phonological rule|generative notation]] developed in the 20th Century by [[w:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]] and [[w:Morris Halle|Morris Halle]]<ref name="Chomsky; Halle">[[w:The Sound Pattern of English|The Sound Pattern of English]] (1968).</ref>...

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! -/+~~

~~! |I-type~~

~~! |U-type~~

~~! |A-type~~

|-

~~!H-type~~

~~| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}~~

|-

~~!S-type~~

~~| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}~~

|-

~~!K-type~~

~~| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}~~

|}

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! -/+~~

~~! |I-type~~

~~! |U-type~~

~~! |A-type~~

|-

~~!H-type~~

~~| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is~~

|-

~~!S-type~~

~~| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is~~

|-

~~!K-type~~

~~| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is~~

|}

~~{{Phonorule|~~{~~V// <low>}|~~{~~V// nasal // <low>}~~|~~{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C0_}}~~

~~Coherent with Index Diachronica...~~

~~In Sca2~~

~~Sets: (non-supported)~~

~~Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence)~~

~~G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence)~~

~~ẞ=sz, Þ~~=~~fv, Ð=c'~~

~~ẞ→/#_/#_J~~

~~S→/#_/#_JWR~~

~~Categories:~~

~~V=yaeiouȳāēīōū~~

~~Y=yaeiou~~

~~Ȳ=ȳāēīōū~~

~~J=ieīē~~

~~W=uoūō~~

~~R=yaȳā~~

~~C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'~~

~~-=kpthnlsfc~~

~~+=gbdqmrzv'~~

~~K=kgpbtd~~

~~S=szfvc'~~

~~H=hqnmlr~~

~~Q=123456~~

~~1=kghqsz~~

~~2=pbnmfv~~

~~3=tdlrc'~~

~~I=khs~~

~~Ī=gqz~~

~~U=pnf~~

~~Ū=bmv~~

~~A=tlc~~

~~Ā=dr'~~

~~Rewrite rules:~~

~~i|1~~

~~u|2~~

~~nd|3~~

~~mb|4~~

~~lb|5~~

~~rd|6~~

~~Sound Changes:~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVCV~~

~~CV→/CV_CV~~

~~V→/CVCVC_#~~

~~V→/CVCVCC_#~~

~~ia→e/_~~

~~ai→ē/_~~

~~uo→o/_~~

~~au→ō/_~~

~~ui→ȳ/_~~

~~iu→y/_~~

~~K→S/[īē]_~~

~~K→H/[ūō]_~~

~~K→S/_J~~

~~K→H/_W~~

~~H→Q/R_R~~

~~C→/_#~~

~~[sz]→/#_/#_J~~

~~[sz]→/_#/J_#~~

~~[fv]→/#_/#_W~~

~~[fv]→/_#/W_#~~

~~[c']→/#_/#_R~~

~~[c']→/_#/R_#~~

~~+→-/_#~~

~~-→+/V_V~~

~~: ''asakata'' > ''*_sakata'' > ''*sa_ta'' > ''*'''s'''ata'' > ''*a'''t'''a'' > ''ada''~~

~~: ''asakasta'' > ''*_sakasta'' > ''*sakast_'' > ''*'''s'''akast'' > ''*akas'''t''''' > ''*aka'''s''''' > ''*a'''k'''a'' > ''aga''~~

~~: ''asakastar'' > ''*_sakastar'' > ''*'''s'''akastar'' > ''*a'''k'''astar'' > ''*agasta'''r''''' > ''agasta''~~

~~gīg~~

~~bībl~~

~~kun~~

~~saikat~~

~~daitas~~

~~būl~~

~~agalala~~

~~datasiu~~

~~avāla~~

>

zī

ī

hu

~~sēza~~

~~ē'a~~

mū

~~galba~~

~~dazy~~

~~ālba~~

~~stemic harmony in canonic:~~

~~sikūtí (-s-k-t-) > siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized~~

~~(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized~~

~~vocalic change~~

~~ka > ho, ky > hu~~

~~pa > fe, py >~~ fi

~~====Alternation====~~

~~'''Accrescence''' (...): type-1 consonants extend to ...~~

~~'''Excrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.~~

~~'''Decrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.~~

~~====Elision====~~

~~Apocape (1): in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel.~~

~~Syncope (2): in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.~~

~~Aphaeresis (3): in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.~~

~~====Epenthesis====~~

~~Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.~~

~~EX: ...~~

~~Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.~~

~~EX: 'atlya > adalyal~~

~~Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).~~

~~EX: palk > palsil~~

~~====Harmony====~~

~~(used in special cases of other laws)~~

~~Haplology:~~

~~dadasa > dasa~~

~~Compensatory lengthening~~

~~bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl~~

~~gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla~~

~~Metathesis: glides only where the stress is~~

~~garda, gráda, gadrá~~

~~adtís > addís~~

~~Final devoicing (''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')~~

~~Initial voicing~~

~~{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}~~

~~dad > dat~~

~~Intervocalic voicing~~

~~ata > ada~~

~~/ai̯/ > /eː/~~

~~/i̯a/ > /e/~~

~~/au̯/ > /oː/~~

~~/u̯a/ > /o/~~

~~/u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/~~

~~/i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/~~

~~/e/ > /i/~~

~~/o/ > /u/~~

~~Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.~~

~~skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)~~

~~gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)~~

~~krp > karda, karrēia (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)~~

~~qfl > qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)~~

~~karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"~~

~~i (concrete, active terms) / u (abstract, passive terms)~~

~~''qiat azīs hu'' "he saw the giant's dog"~~

~~''avāda sazēia'' "the temptations of humans"~~

~~k’ālú "to be in a place"~~

~~∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"~~

~~Íz > IgÁ~~

~~Úq > UgÁ~~

~~Í' > IdÁ~~

~~Úr > UdÁ~~

~~Ím > IbÁ~~

~~Úv > UbÁ~~

~~===Sandhi===~~

~~====Internal Euphony====~~

~~====External Euphony====~~

~~===Meter===~~

~~Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:~~

*(C)2V(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|light]])

*(C)2VV(C̥) ~ (C)2V̄(C̥) ~ (C)2VC̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|heavy]])

*(C)2V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)2VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)2V̄C̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|~~superheavy]])~~

~~Any other arrangement, such as ''(C)(C)V̄VC̬'', is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥~~ = ~~one non-sonorant consonant~~

~~light (μ1)~~

~~heavy~~ (~~μ2)~~

~~superheavy (μ3)~~

~~A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables up to 36 light syllables [...]~~

~~====Caesura====~~

~~====Elision====~~

~~KH- KH/HK -HK~~

~~monosyllabic stressed word attracts article~~

~~bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/ = bîbliru~~

~~... = bîbliru~~

~~canonic allophones~~

~~kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ~~

~~pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ~~

~~tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ~~

~~canonic clusters~~

~~hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd~~

~~kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr~~

~~the equivalent of ''lucifer'' "lightbearer" would be ''haípar'' (h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)~~

~~not pro-drop (subject is only ommitted in relative clauses)~~

~~suma "who?" > cu masu-ta "you being ...?", cu suma-ta "who are you?"~~

~~aliúma "where?" > cu maliú-ta "where are you going?", cu aliúma-ta "where are you from?"~~

~~OBL + ma = interrogative~~

~~the verb tends to be left-bound and close to the noun when a participle~~

~~kûnira kaxáp "the dog is taken"~~

~~káxap kûniru "the taken dog"~~

~~syntx of case and verb~~

~~''asak āqfúl-un'' "I spoke with him"~~

~~''masak āqfúl-un'' "whom I spoke with"~~

~~active:~~

~~ergative if subject; accusative if object~~

~~passive:~~

~~accusative if subject; ergative if object~~

~~xûlira, su bîblira aqilá, siktí aqilá "the philosopher sees the man, who sees the book"~~

~~''āvala aru k’a agaúl'' "if a man is strong he eats"~~

~~''k’ātásu āvala aru agaúl iāt'' "if a man eats he is strong"~~

~~āvala iru imfar~~

~~murásu āvala~~

~~combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels~~

~~EX: ask > asak~~

~~-k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs~~

~~-p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf~~

~~-t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc~~

~~-g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz~~

~~-b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv~~

~~-d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'~~

~~khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā~~

~~kihs 1~~

~~punf 2~~

~~talc 3~~

~~qīz 4~~

~~nūv 5~~

~~drā~~ 6

~~drāsi 7~~

~~nūca 8~~

~~qīfu 9~~

~~unū 10~~

~~unūs 11~~

~~udrā 12~~

~~udrās 13~~

~~udrāf 14~~

~~anū 15~~

~~anūs 16~~

~~anūf 17~~

~~adrā 18~~

~~adrās 19~~

~~īnū 20~~

~~īnūs 21~~

~~īnūf 22~~

~~īnūc 23~~

~~īdrā 24~~

~~ūnū 25~~

~~ūnūs 26~~

~~ūnūf 27~~

~~ūnūc 28~~

~~ūnūzi 29~~

~~ūdrā/ānū 30~~

~~...~~

~~ādrā 36~~

~~...~~

~~upādrā 72~~

~~...~~

~~īqādrā 144~~

~~...~~

~~ādupādrā 432~~

~~ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā~~

~~kihs ghīz ikh hzī~~

~~punf bmūv upn mvū~~

~~talc drā' atl r'ā~~

/

~~drāikh 7~~

~~ghīzu 8~~

~~talcatl 9~~

~~mūvu 10~~

~~...~~

~~drā'atl 18~~

~~drā'rā 36~~

~~''drā’ikh'' 7, ''drā’upn'' 12, ''drā’atl'' 18, ''drā’zī'' 24, ''drā’vū'' 30, ''drā’’ā'' 36~~

~~Non-finite verbs are (despite the name~~) ~~more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them~~

~~''murú appúral'' "I do not pretend to die"~~

~~''ígul mārasu'' "eating is good~~

~~''liviatan'' "whale"~~

~~''maubidik'' "sperm whale"~~

~~''bailzaibub'' "fly"~~

~~''drakula'' "bat"~~

~~''ganaisa'' "elephant"~~

~~''aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga'' "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"~~

~~3 genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter~~

~~mostly synthetic~~

~~====Canonic Inflection/Conjugation====~~

In the Canonic register of Adamic, affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. [...] There are 150 possibilities out of 36 permutations.

{| ~~class~~=~~"wikitable"~~

~~! rowspan="3" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | CANONIC DECLENSION~~

|-

~~! colspan="3" | Singular~~

~~! colspan="3"~~ | ~~Plural~~

|-

~~! Definite~~

~~! Indefinite~~

~~! Nomic~~

~~! Definite~~

~~! Indefinite~~

~~! Nomic~~

|-

~~! Nominative~~

| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r~~{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}~~

|-

~~! Accusative~~

| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Dative~~

~~| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -~~s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r~~{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}~~

|-

~~! Copulative~~

| ~~a-X-h~~{{~~ref|0~~|0}}{{~~ref~~|~~1|1~~}}{{~~ref|2~~|2}}{{~~ref|3~~|3}}~~, a-X-∅~~{{~~ref|4~~|4}}~~, ay-~~{{~~ref~~|~~A|A~~}}{{~~ref~~|~~B|B~~}} ~~|| a-X-n~~{{~~ref|0~~|0}}{{~~ref~~|~~1|1~~}}{{~~ref|2~~|2}}{{~~ref|3~~|3}}~~, a-X-∅~~{{~~ref~~|~~4|4~~}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Ergative~~

| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Genitive~~

| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{~~ref~~|~~1|1~~}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

|}

~~{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.~~

The canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices. That is: canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases. Vide the translation of "'I think that he is dead,' he said":

~~: ''"murá-su, askút," quat''~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~! rowspan="3" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | CANONIC CONJUGATION~~

|-

~~! colspan="3" | Singular~~

~~! colspan="3" | Plural~~

|-

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-~~person

~~! 3<sup~~>~~rd</sup~~>~~-person~~

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

|-

~~! Active Future~~

~~| -h~~{{~~ref~~|~~0|0~~}}{{~~ref|1~~|1}}{{~~ref~~|~~2|2~~}}{{~~ref~~|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Active Present~~

| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Active Past~~

| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Passive Future~~

~~| h-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A~~}}{{~~ref~~|B|B}} || n-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || l-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || q-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || m-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || r-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Passive Present~~

| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Passive Past~~

| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

|}

~~{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.~~

~~The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs''~~ "to the ~~giant" / ''azīs'' "~~the ~~giant's" with ''kāuf'' "I kill" / ''iāpa''~~ "~~I am killed".~~

~~''nun/nȳō'', ''lih/sȳē'', ''al/sȳa''~~ (~~nom)~~

~~''nuf~~/~~nȳu'', ''lis/sȳi'', ''ac/sȳa'' (acc)~~

~~''nuf/nȳua'', ''lis/sȳia'', ''at/sȳa'' (dat)~~

~~mū (n~~ > ~~m-u-u~~)

~~ry (l > r-i-u)~~

~~zō (∅ > z-a-u)~~

~~[[Adamic Code#Canonic|Triptote Inflection]]~~

~~[[w:Participle|infinite participles]]~~

~~==Example texts==~~

~~{{Kinship~~

~~|PaternalGrandMother=aa~~

~~|PaternalGrandFather=aaaaa~~

~~|MaternalGrandMother=aaaaaaaa~~

~~|MaternalGrandFather=~~

~~|PaternalAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalAunt=~~

~~|PaternalUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalUncle=~~

~~|Father=~~

~~|Mother=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUncle=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUncle=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUncle=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAunt=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAunt=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAunt=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUnclesWife=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUncle=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUncle=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUnclesWife=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUncle=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAunt=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAunt=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAunt=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUnclesSon=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUnclesSon=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAuntsSon=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAuntsSon=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|Sister=~~

~~|Self=~~

~~|Husband=~~

~~|Wife=~~

~~|LittleSister=~~

~~|TwinSister=~~

~~|BigSister=~~

~~|BigBrother=~~

~~|TwinBrother=~~

~~|LittleBrother=~~

~~|LittleSistersHusband=~~

~~|TwinSistersHusband=~~

~~|BigSistersHusband=~~

~~|BigBrothersWife=~~

~~|TwinBrothersWife=~~

~~|LittleBrothersWife=~~

~~|MaternalAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|HusbandSon=~~

~~|HusbandDaughter=~~

~~|WifeSon=~~

~~|WifeDaughter=~~

~~|TwinSisterNiece=~~

~~|TwinSisterNephew=~~

~~|LittleSisterNiece=~~

~~|LittleSisterNephew=~~

~~|BigSisterNiece=~~

~~|BigSisterNephew=~~

~~|TwinBrotherNiece=~~

~~|TwinBrotherNephew=~~

~~|LittleBrotherNiece=~~

~~|LittleBrotherNephew=~~

~~|BigBrotherNiece=~~

~~|BigBrotherNephew=~~

}}

~~{{Swadesh~~

~~|language=~~

~~|nativename=~~

~~|I=anu (nom.)~~

~~|you (singular)=atu (nom.)~~

~~|he=asu (nom.)~~

~~|we=~~

~~|you (plural)=~~

~~|they=~~

~~|this=~~

~~|that=~~

~~|here=~~

~~|there=~~

~~|who=~~

~~|what=~~

~~|where=~~

~~|when=~~

~~|how=~~

~~|not=~~

~~|all=~~

~~|many=~~

~~|some=~~

~~|few=~~

~~|other=~~

~~|one=~~

~~|two=~~

~~|three=~~

~~|four=~~

~~|five=~~

~~|big=~~

~~|long=~~

~~|wide=~~

~~|thick=~~

~~|heavy=~~

~~|small=~~

~~|short=~~

~~|narrow=~~

~~|thin=~~

~~|woman=~~

~~|man (adult male)=~~

~~|man (human being)=~~

~~|child=~~

~~|wife=~~

~~|husband=~~

~~|mother=~~

~~|father=~~

~~|animal=~~

~~|fish=~~

~~|bird=~~

~~|dog=kun~~

~~|louse=~~

~~|snake=~~

~~|worm=~~

~~|tree=~~

~~|forest=~~

~~|stick=~~

~~|fruit=~~

~~|seed=~~

~~|leaf=~~

~~|root=~~

~~|bark=~~

~~|flower=~~

~~|grass=~~

~~|rope=~~

~~|skin=~~

~~|meat=~~

~~|blood=~~

~~|bone=~~

~~|fat=~~

~~|egg=~~

~~|horn=~~

~~|tail=~~

~~|feather=~~

~~|hair=~~

~~|head=~~

~~|ear=~~

~~|eye=~~

~~|nose=~~

~~|mouth=~~

~~|tooth=~~

~~|tongue=~~

~~|fingernail=~~

~~|foot=~~

~~|leg=~~

~~|knee=~~

~~|hand=~~

~~|wing=~~

~~|belly=~~

~~|guts=~~

~~|neck=~~

~~|back=~~

~~|breast=~~

~~|heart=~~

~~|liver=~~

~~|drink=~~

~~|eat=~~

~~|bite=~~

~~|suck=~~

~~|spit=~~

~~|vomit=~~

~~|blow=~~

~~|breathe=~~

~~|laugh=~~

~~|see=~~

~~|hear=~~

~~|know=~~

~~|think=~~

~~|smell=~~

~~|fear=~~

~~|sleep=~~

~~|live=~~

~~|die=~~

~~|kill=~~

~~|fight=~~

~~|hunt=~~

~~|hit=~~

~~|cut=~~

~~|split=~~

~~|stab=~~

~~|scratch=~~

~~|dig=~~

~~|swim=~~

~~|fly=~~

~~|walk=~~

~~|come=~~

~~|lie=~~

~~|sit=~~

~~|stand=~~

~~|turn=~~

~~|fall=~~

~~|give=~~

~~|hold=~~

~~|squeeze=~~

~~|rub=~~

~~|wash=~~

~~|wipe=~~

~~|pull=~~

~~|push=~~

~~|throw=~~

~~|tie=~~

~~|sew=~~

~~|count=~~

~~|say=~~

~~|sing=~~

~~|play=~~

~~|float=~~

~~|flow=~~

~~|freeze=~~

~~|swell=~~

~~|sun=~~

~~|moon=~~

~~|star=~~

~~|water=~~

~~|rain=~~

~~|river=~~

~~|lake=~~

~~|sea=~~

~~|salt=~~

~~|stone=~~

~~|sand=~~

~~|dust=~~

~~|earth=~~

~~|cloud=~~

~~|fog=~~

~~|sky=~~

~~|wind=~~

~~|snow=~~

~~|ice=~~

~~|smoke=~~

~~|fire=~~

~~|ashes=~~

~~|burn=~~

~~|road=~~

~~|mountain=~~

~~|red=~~

~~|green=~~

~~|yellow=~~

~~|white=~~

~~|black=~~

~~|night=~~

~~|day=~~

~~|year=ka’n~~

~~|warm=~~

~~|cold=~~

~~|full=~~

~~|new=~~

~~|old=~~

~~|good=~~

~~|bad=~~

~~|rotten=~~

~~|dirty=~~

~~|straight=~~

~~|round=~~

~~|sharp=~~

~~|dull=~~

~~|smooth=~~

~~|wet=~~

~~|dry=~~

~~|correct=~~

~~|near=~~

~~|far=~~

~~|right=~~

~~|left=~~

~~|at=~~

~~|in=~~

~~|with=~~

~~|and=~~

~~|if=~~

~~|because=~~

~~|name=~~

}}

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 }}
-'''Adamic''', (אדמס קףל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) also referred to as '''Canonic''', is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].
+'''Adamic''' (אדמס קעל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].
+It's cultivated form is known as [[Canonic Code|Canonic Code]], where the transitional tables take hold over grammatical features.
 ==Etymology==
@@ Line 37: / Line 39: @@
 ===Features===
-The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature
 {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 |-
 ! Consonant Inventories
-| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18)}}<br>Average (19-25)
+| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25)<br>e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}}
 |-
 ! Vowel Quality Inventories
-| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4)}} / Average vowel inventory (5-6)
+| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6)<br>e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}}
 |-
 ! Consonant-Vowel Ratio
@@ Line 148: / Line 149: @@
 |-
 ! Coding of Nominal Plurality
-| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change}} <br>e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"
+| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change<br>e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}}
 |-
 ! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
-| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"
+| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory<br>e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}}
 |-
 ! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
-| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix}}<br>e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"
+| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix<br>e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}}
 |-
 ! The Associative Plural
-| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals}}<br>e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"
+| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals<br>e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}}
 |-
 ! Definite Articles
-| 37A || {{Yes|	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"
+| 37A || {{Yes|	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}}
 |-
 ! Indefinite Articles
-| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"
+| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'<br>e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}}
 |-
 ! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
@@ Line 175: / Line 176: @@
 |-
 ! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
-| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"
+| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features<br>e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}}
 |-
 ! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
-| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives}}<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"
+| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}}
 |-
 ! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
-| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person}}<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"
+| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}}
 |-
 ! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
-| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction}}<br>e.g. ''atu'' "you"
+| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction<br>e.g. ''atu'' "you"}}
 |-
 ! Indefinite Pronouns
-| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites}}<br>e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"
+| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites<br>e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}}
 |-
 ! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
-| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated}}<br>e.g. ''sā āk’pá-sa'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"
+| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated<br>e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}}
 |-
 ! Person Marking on Adpositions
-| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking}}<br>e.g. ''ām'' "before"
+| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking<br>e.g. ''ām'' "before"}}
 |-
 ! Number of Cases
-| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories}}<br>e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive
+| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories<br>e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}}
 |-
 ! Asymmetrical Case-Marking
-| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"
+| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}}
 |-
 ! Position of Case Affixes
-| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ālbak'' "to the people"
+| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}}
 |-
 ! Comitatives and Instrumentals
-| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)
+| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}}
 |-
 ! Ordinal Numerals
-| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions}}<br>e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"
+| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions<br>e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}}
 |-
 ! Distributive Numerals
-| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies}}<br>e.g. ''khi'' "one each"
+| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies<br>e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}}
 |-
 ! Numeral Classifiers
-| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}<br>e.g. ...
+| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}
 |-
 ! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
@@ Line 220: / Line 221: @@
 |-
 ! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
-| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary<br>e.g. ...}}
+| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}}
 |-
 ! Obligatory Possessive Inflection
-| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns}}<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"
+| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}
 |-
 ! Number of Possessive Nouns
-| 58B || {{No|None reported}}<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"
+| 58B || {{No|None reported<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}
 |-
 ! Possessive Classification
-| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification}}<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"
+| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}}
 |-
 ! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses
-| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated}}<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale", ...
+| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}}
 |-
 ! Adjectives without Nouns
-| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix}}<br>e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"
+| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix<br>e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}}
 |-
 ! Action Nominal Constructions
-| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking}}<br>e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"
+| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking<br>e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}}
 |-
 ! Noun Phrase Conjunction
@@ Line 272: / Line 273: @@
 ! The Optative
 | 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent<br>e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}}
-|}
-====Notes====
-* The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]
-==Phonology==
-Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C<sup>2</sup>V<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>3</sup>(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:
-* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].
-* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].
-* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.
-* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].
-===Consonants===
-Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! |
-! |
-! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
-! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
-! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
-! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+!Situational Possibility
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Epistemic Possibility
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]
+| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
-|
+| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality<br>e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}}
-|
+|-
+!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
+| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials<br>e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}}
+|-
+!Coding of Evidentiality
+| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle<br>e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}}
+|-
+!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
+| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}}
+|-
+!Verbal Number and Suppletion
+| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}}
+|-
+!Order of Subject, Object and Verb
+| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV)<br>e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}}
 |-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+!Order of Subject and Verb
-| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
+| 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}
-|
-|
-|
-|
-|
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
+!Order of Object and Verb
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}
-| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
-| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
-| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]
-| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
 |-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
-| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
+| 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV)<BR>e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}}
-| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]
-| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
+!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Order of Genitive and Noun
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
+| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen)<BR>e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Order of Adjective and Noun
-|
+| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}}
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
+!Order of Demonstrative and Noun
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem)<BR>e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}}
-| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]
-|
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
-|
-|
-|
-|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
 |-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+!Order of Numeral and Noun
-| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]
+| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}}
-|
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
-|
-|
-|
-| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
 |-
-! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]
+!Order of Relative Clause and Noun
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}}
-|
-|
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
-|
-|
-|
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
+!Order of Degree Word and Adjective
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg)<BR>e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Position of Polar Question Particles
-| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]]
+| 92A || {{No|No question particle<BR>e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
-|
+| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}}
-|
+|-
-|}
+!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
+| 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}}
-====Notes====
+|-
-* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small>. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in <small>VOICE</small>, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in <small>MANNER</small>, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in <small>ARTICULATION</small>. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of <small>VOICE</small>'s members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order.
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
-** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
+| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
-*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.
+|-
-**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase
-**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
-*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+|-
-**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
-**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
-*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.
+|-
-**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
-**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].
+| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
-*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.
+|-
-**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
-**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].
+| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
-** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.
+|-
-*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.
+!Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
-**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].
+| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
-**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].
+|-
-*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
-**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].
+| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}}
-**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].
+|-
-*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
-**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].
+| 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}}
-**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].
+|-
-*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.
+!Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
-**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].
+| 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}}
-**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].
+|-
-** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
+!Order of Person Markers on the Verb
-*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.
+| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb<BR>e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}}
-**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+|-
-**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
-*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}}
-**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+|-
-**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Reciprocal Constructions
-*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.
+| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical.<BR>e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}}
-**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].
+|-
-**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].
+!Passive Constructions
-*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.
+| 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}}
-**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].
+|-
-**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].
+!Antipassive Constructions
+| 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit<BR>e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}}
+|-
+!Applicative Constructions
+| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}}
+|-
+!Periphrastic Causative Constructions
+| 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}}
+|-
+!Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions
+| 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type<BR>e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}}
+|-
+!Negative Morphemes
+| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle<BR>e.g. ''la'' "not"}}
+|-
+!Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
+| 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym<BR>e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}}
+|-
+!Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
+| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}}
+|-
+!Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
+| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation<BR>e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}}
+|-
+!Polar Questions
+| 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only<BR>e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}}
+|-
+!Predicative Possession
+| 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive<BR>e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}}
+|-
+!Predicative Adjectives
+| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}
+|-
+!Nominal and Locational Predication
+| 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication<BR>e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl''  "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}}
+|-
+!Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
+| 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}
+|-
+!Comparative Constructions
+| 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative<BR>e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}}
+|-
+!Relativization on Subjects
+| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun<BR>e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}}
+|-
+!Relativization on Obliques
+| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy<BR>e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}}
+|-
+!'Want' Complement Subjects
+| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix<BR>e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}}
+|-
+!Purpose Clauses
+| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced<BR>e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}}
+|-
+!'When' Clauses
+| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|-
+!Reason Clauses
+| 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|-
+!Utterance Complement Clauses
+| 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|}
-===Vowels===
+====Notes====
-Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:
+* The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value".
-{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;"
+==Phonology==
-|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
+Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C<sup>2</sup>V<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>3</sup>(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:
-||
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
-|-
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
-| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
-{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
-|-
-| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
-<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
+* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].
-<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">i, iː</div>
-<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div>
+* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].
-<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div>
+* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.
+* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].
-<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
+===Consonants===
-<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(e, eː)</div>
+Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.
-<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o, oː)</div>
-<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
+{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">a, aː</div>
+! |
-|}
+! |
-</div></div>
+! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
-|-
+! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
+! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
+! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 |-
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
+! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
-|-
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
+|
-|-
+|
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]
-|-
+|
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
+|
+|
+|
 |-
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|}
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
+|
-{|
+|
-|- style="vertical-align: top;"
+|
+|
 |
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|
-|+Common<br />Monophthongs
 |-
-!
+! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]
+| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
+| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]
+| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
-|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]]
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]]
+| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]
+| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]
+|
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-|[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
+|
-|}
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+|
+|
 |
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-|+Short<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-!
+! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
+|
+|
+|
+|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯i</span>]]
+| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯u</span>]]
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
+|
+|
+|
+| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iu̯</span>]]
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ui̯</span>]]
+|
-|}
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+|
 |
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|
-|+Long<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-!
+! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+|
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|
-|-
+| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]]
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+|
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯iː</span>]]
+|
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯uː</span>]]
+|
-|-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iːu̯</span>]]
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">uːi̯</span>]]
-|}
 |}
-{|
+====Notes====
-|- style="vertical-align: top;"
+* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small>. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in <small>VOICE</small>, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in <small>MANNER</small>, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in <small>ARTICULATION</small>. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of <small>VOICE</small>'s members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order.
-|
+** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.
-|+Monophtongized<br />Diphthongs
+**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-|-
+**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-!
+*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.
-|-
+**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].
-|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
+*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.
-|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨ</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉ</span>]]
+**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].
-|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
+**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].
-|-
+** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.
-|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
+**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].
-|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨː</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉː</span>]]
+**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].
-|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
+*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
-|}
+**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].
-|
+*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].
-|+Short<br />Diphthongs
+**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].
+*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.
+**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].
+**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].
+** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
+*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.
+**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.
+**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].
+**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].
+*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.
+**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].
+**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].
+===Vowels===
+Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:
+{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
+||
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
 |-
-!
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉ</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨ</span>]]
+<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]
+<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">i, iː</div>
-|-
+<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div>
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div>
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨu̯</span>]]
+<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]
+<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(e, eː)</div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o, oː)</div>
+<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
+<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">a, aː</div>
 |}
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+</div></div>
-|
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-|+Long<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-!
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉː</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨː</span>]]
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]]
+|-
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉːi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨːu̯</span>]]
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]
+|-
-|}
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
+|-
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
 |}
-====Notes====
+{|
-* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (<small>POSITION</small>) and ''short>long'' (<small>LENGTH</small>); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
-** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].
+|
-*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]
+|+Common<br />Monophthongs
-*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.
-** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.
-*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.
-===Coloration Table===
-In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small> with vocalic <small>LENGTH</small> and <small>POSITION</small>.
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! -/+
-! |I Type
-! |U Type
-! |A Type
 |-
-!H Type
+!
-| h ɦ
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-| n̥ m
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
-| l̥ r
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-!S Type
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-| s z
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
-| f v
+|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]]
-| t͡s ʔ
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
 |-
-!K Type
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-| k g
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
-| p b
+|[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]
-| t d
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
 |}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-====Notes====
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:
+|+Short<br />Diphthongs
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-! Root
+!
-! Lemma
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-! Gloss
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-| ־ל־כ־נ־<br>''-l-k-n-''
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-| לכנ<br>''luín''
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯i</span>]]
-| wolf
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯u</span>]]
 |-
-| ־מ־ף־ר־<br>''-m-f-r-''
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-| מףר<br>''maúr''
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iu̯</span>]]
-| death
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]
-|-
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ui̯</span>]]
-| ־ג־ל־ל־<br>''-g-l-l-''
-| גלל<br>''gâl''
-| cosmos
 |}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-==Writing System==
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]).
+|+Long<br />Diphthongs
-===Ortography===
-{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;"
 |-
-! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''
+!
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big><br /><small>h / i / ai̯</small>
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big><br /><small>ɦ / iː / aːi̯</small>
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big><br /><small>n̥ / u / au̯</small>
+|-
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big><br /><small>m / uː / aːu̯</small>
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big><br /><small>l̥ / a / a</small>
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯iː</span>]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big><br /><small>r / aː / aː</small>
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯uː</span>]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big><br /><small>s / i / i</small>
+|-
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big><br /><small>z / iː / iː</small>
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ע</big><br /><small>f / u / u</small>
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iːu̯</span>]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big><br /><small>v / uː / uː</small>
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big><br /><small>t͡s / a / a</small>
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">uːi̯</span>]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big><br /><small>ʔ / aː / aː</small>
+|}
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"
+|}
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big><br /><small>k / i / i̯a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big><br /><small>g / iː / i̯aː</small>
+{|
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big><br /><small>p / u / u̯a</small>
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big><br /><small>b / uː / u̯aː</small>
+|
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big><br /><small>t / a / a</small>
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big><br /><small>d / aː / aː</small>
+|+Monophtongized<br />Diphthongs
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big><br /><small>kˀ / i / i̯a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big><br /><small>gˀ / iː / i̯aː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big><br /><small>pˀ / u / u̯a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big><br /><small>bˀ / uː / u̯aː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big><br /><small>tˀ / a / a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big><br /><small>dˀ / aː / aː</small>
-|}
-====Notes====
-*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.
-===Romanization===
-{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
-|+ Adamic Alphabet
 |-
-| Aа<br/>/a/ || Bb<br/>/b/ || Cc<br/>/t͡s/ || Dd<br/>/d/ || Ee<br/>/e/
+!
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-| Ff<br/>/f/ || Gg<br/>/g/ || Hh<br/>/h/ || Ii<br/>/i~i̯/ || Jj<br/>/i̯/
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
+|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨ</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉ</span>]]
+|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
 |-
-| Kk<br/>/k/ || Ll<br/>/l̥/ || Mn<br/>/m/ || Nn<br/>/n̥/ || Oo<br/>/o/
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
+|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨː</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉː</span>]]
+|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
+|}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|+Short<br />Diphthongs
+|-
+!
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-| Pp<br/>/p/ || Qq<br/>/ɦ/ || Rr<br/>/r/ || Ss<br/>/s/ || Tt<br/>/t/
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉ</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨ</span>]]
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]
 |-
-| Uu<br/>/u~u̯/ || Vv<br/>/v/ || Ww<br/>/u̯/ || Yy<br/>/ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz<br/>/z/
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨu̯</span>]]
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]
+|}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|+Long<br />Diphthongs
+|-
+!
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|-
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉː</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨː</span>]]
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]
+|-
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]]
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉːi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨːu̯</span>]]
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]
+|}
 |}
 ====Notes====
+* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (<small>POSITION</small>) and ''short>long'' (<small>LENGTH</small>); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:
-* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.
+** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].
-** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".
+*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.
-*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".
+** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]
+*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.
-* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.
+** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.
-** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".
+*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.
-*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".
-* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.
-** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
-*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
-* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.
+===Coloration Table===
-** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
-*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
-* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.
+In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small> with vocalic <small>LENGTH</small> and <small>POSITION</small>.
-** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".
-*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".
-*If relevantly  unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).
+{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".
+! -/+
-*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".
+! |I Type
+! |U Type
+! |A Type
+|-
+!H Type
+| h ɦ
+| n̥ m
+| l̥ r
+|-
+!K Type
+| k g
+| p b
+| t d
+|-
+!S Type
+| s z
+| f v
+| t͡s ʔ
+|}
+====Notes====
-* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.
+* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:
-** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
-*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
-{|
-|- style="vertical-align: top;"
-|
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters
+! Root
+! Lemma
+! Gloss
 |-
-!!| Sign
+| ־ל־כ־נ־<br>''-l-k-n-''
-!!| Name
+| לכנ<br>''luín''
-!!| IPA
+| wolf
-!!| Letter
 |-
-| כ
+| ־מ־ף־ר־<br>''-m-f-r-''
-| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]
+| מףר<br>''maúr''
-| /k/
+| death
-| ''Kk''
 |-
-| ג
+| ־ג־ל־ל־<br>''-g-l-l-''
-| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]]
+| גלל<br>''gâl''
-| /g/
+| cosmos
-| ''Gg''
+|}
+==Writing System==
+Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]).
+===Ortography===
+{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;"
 |-
-| ה
+! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''
-| ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]]
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
-| /h/
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big><br /><small>h / i / ai̯</small>
-| ''Hh''
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big><br /><small>ɦ / iː / aːi̯</small>
-|-
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big><br /><small>n̥ / u / au̯</small>
-| ק
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big><br /><small>m / uː / aːu̯</small>
-| ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]]
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big><br /><small>l̥ / a / a</small>
-| /ɦ/
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big><br /><small>r / aː / aː</small>
-| ''Qq''
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
-|-
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big><br /><small>s / i / i</small>
-| ס
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big><br /><small>z / iː / iː</small>
-| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]]
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ע</big><br /><small>f / u / u</small>
-| /s/
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big><br /><small>v / uː / uː</small>
-| ''Ss''
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big><br /><small>t͡s / a / a</small>
-|-
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big><br /><small>ʔ / aː / aː</small>
-| ז
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"
-| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]]
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big><br /><small>k / i / i̯a</small>
-| /z/
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big><br /><small>g / iː / i̯aː</small>
-| ''Zz''
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big><br /><small>p / u / u̯a</small>
-|}
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big><br /><small>b / uː / u̯aː</small>
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big><br /><small>t / a / a</small>
-|
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big><br /><small>d / aː / aː</small>
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big><br /><small>kˀ / i / i̯a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big><br /><small>gˀ / iː / i̯aː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big><br /><small>pˀ / u / u̯a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big><br /><small>bˀ / uː / u̯aː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big><br /><small>tˀ / a / a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big><br /><small>dˀ / aː / aː</small>
+|}
+====Notes====
+*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.
+===Romanization===
+{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
+|+ Adamic Alphabet
+|-
+| Aа<br/>/a/ || Bb<br/>/b/ || Cc<br/>/t͡s/ || Dd<br/>/d/ || Ee<br/>/e/
 |-
-!! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters
+| Ff<br/>/f/ || Gg<br/>/g/ || Hh<br/>/h/ || Ii<br/>/i~i̯/ || Jj<br/>/i̯/
 |-
-!!| Sign
+| Kk<br/>/k/ || Ll<br/>/l̥/ || Mn<br/>/m/ || Nn<br/>/n̥/ || Oo<br/>/o/
-!!| Name
-!!| IPA
-!!| Letter
 |-
-| פ
+| Pp<br/>/p/ || Qq<br/>/ɦ/ || Rr<br/>/r/ || Ss<br/>/s/ || Tt<br/>/t/
-| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]]
-| /p/
-| ''Pp''
 |-
-| ב
+| Uu<br/>/u~u̯/ || Vv<br/>/v/ || Ww<br/>/u̯/ || Yy<br/>/ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz<br/>/z/
-| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]
-| /b/
-| ''Bb''
-|-
-| נ
-| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]
-| /n̥/
-| ''Nn''
-|-
-| מ
-| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]]
-| /m/
-| ''Mm''
-|-
-| ף
-| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]
-| /f/
-| ''Ff''
-|-
-| ו
-| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]
-| /v/
-| ''Vv''
 |}
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-|
+====Notes====
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-|-
+* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.
-!! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters
+** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".
-|-
+*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".
+* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.
+** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".
+*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".
+* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.
+** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
+*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
+* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.
+** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
+*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
+* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.
+** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".
+*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".
+*If relevantly  unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).
+** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".
+*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".
+* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.
+** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
+*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
+{|
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters
+|-
 !!| Sign
 !!| Name
@@ Line 845: / Line 927: @@
 !!| Letter
 |-
-| ת
+| כ
-| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]]
+| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]
-| /t/
+| /k/
-| ''Tt''
+| ''Kk''
 |-
-| ד
+| ג
-| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]]
+| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]]
-| /d/
+| /g/
-| ''Dd''
+| ''Gg''
 |-
-| ל
+| ה
-| ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]]
+| ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]]
-| /l̥/
+| /h/
-| ''Ll''
+| ''Hh''
 |-
-| ר
+| ק
-| ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]]
+| ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]]
-| /r/
+| /ɦ/
-| ''Rr''
+| ''Qq''
 |-
-| צ
+| ס
-| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]]
+| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]]
-| /t͡s/
+| /s/
-| ''Cc''
+| ''Ss''
 |-
-| א
+| ז
-| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]]
+| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]]
-| /ʔ/
+| /z/
-| ''’''
+| ''Zz''
 |}
-|}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
-==Grammar==
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:
-* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.
-* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.
-* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.
-{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
-! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct
 |-
-| align="center"| Triptote Formula
+!! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters
-| align="center"| Concatenation
-| align="center"| Root-pattern
-| align="center"| Concatenation
-| align="center"| Triptote Formula
 |-
-| align="center"| Clitic
+!!| Sign
-| align="center"| Affix
+!!| Name
-| align="center"| Stem
+!!| IPA
-| align="center"| Affix
+!!| Letter
-| align="center"| Clitic
+|-
+| פ
+| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]]
+| /p/
+| ''Pp''
+|-
+| ב
+| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]
+| /b/
+| ''Bb''
+|-
+| נ
+| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]
+| /n̥/
+| ''Nn''
+|-
+| מ
+| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]]
+| /m/
+| ''Mm''
+|-
+| ף
+| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]
+| /f/
+| ''Ff''
+|-
+| ו
+| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]
+| /v/
+| ''Vv''
+|}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+!! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters
+|-
+!!| Sign
+!!| Name
+!!| IPA
+!!| Letter
+|-
+| ת
+| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]]
+| /t/
+| ''Tt''
+|-
+| ד
+| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]]
+| /d/
+| ''Dd''
+|-
+| ל
+| ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]]
+| /l̥/
+| ''Ll''
+|-
+| ר
+| ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]]
+| /r/
+| ''Rr''
+|-
+| צ
+| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]]
+| /t͡s/
+| ''Cc''
+|-
+| א
+| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]]
+| /ʔ/
+| ''’''
+|}
 |}
-===Root-Pattern===
+==Grammar==
-One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist").
-The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:
-* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/), and finally semivowels as third-class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.
-: e.g.<sub>4</sub> ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.
-: e.g.<sub>5</sub> As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.
-* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.
+Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:
-* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.
+* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".
+* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".
+* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.
+{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
+! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct
+|-
+| align="center"| Triptote Formula
+| align="center"| Concatenation
+| align="center"| Root-pattern
+| align="center"| Concatenation
+| align="center"| Triptote Formula
+|-
+| align="center"| Clitic
+| align="center"| Affix
+| align="center"| Stem
+| align="center"| Affix
+| align="center"| Clitic
+|}
-* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.
+===Root-Pattern===
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".
+One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist").
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.
+The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".
+* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.
-Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.
-: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.
-: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic].
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.
-: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic].
+: e.g.<sub>4</sub> ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.
-In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary  particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.
+: e.g.<sub>5</sub> As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.
-Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.
+: e.g.<sub>6</sub> Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer".
-: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic].
+* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.
-: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.
+* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.
+* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".
+Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.
+: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].
+: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic].
+: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic].
+In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary  particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.
+Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.
+: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic].
+: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].
 : ''n̠'' "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n-'' "aging" [Adamic].
@@ Line 1,218: / Line 1,384: @@
 |-
 ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā//ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú
+| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā/ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú
 |-
 ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
@@ Line 1,224: / Line 1,390: @@
 |-
 ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
-| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || /ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á
+| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || //ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á
 |-
 ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
-| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || /ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û
+| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || //ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û
 |-
 ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
-| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || /ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î
+| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || //ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î
 |-
 ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
-| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || /ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â
+| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || //ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
@@ Line 1,403: / Line 1,569: @@
 =====Degree=====
-The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''gugīgánuta'' "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").
+The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''iru gugīgá-nuta'' "I am the one bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 2,321: / Line 2,487: @@
 |}
-==Syntax [...]==
+==Syntax==
 The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the [[w:Construct state|construct state]]; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject-Object (except when regarding pronouns); whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in ''mur liviatan iru'' "the dead whale"), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in ''āgūlá ūfā'' "he ate deadly"). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the [[w:Topic and comment|topic]], and the second, the [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]].
@@ Line 2,327: / Line 2,493: @@
 ===Construct State===
-The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct can always be identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:
+The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct is often identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:
 : ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"
@@ Line 2,727: / Line 2,893: @@
 =====Verbs=====
-The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence.
+The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence, except when participles, wherein they tend to be left-bound and close to the noun they modify (e.g. ''kûnira ka’áp'' "the dog is taken" (non-participle) and  ''ká’ap kûniru'' "the taken dog" (participle)). However, the syntax of verbs still possesses a great effect upon nouns, pronouns, and pseudo-nouns. Excluding the extensive and often specific circumstances of objects (e.g. the difference between accusative ''asak āqfúlun'' "I spoke with him" and nominative ''asuk āqfúlun'' "I spoke next to him"), when subjects are treated, there is a limited array of responses on how the relationship among case and verbal inflection behave. The medio-passive voice for instance triggers the subject as nominative; the experimental, as oblique; the active, as ergative; the passive, as accusative; the causative, as dative (causer) and caseless (causee); and the obligative, as genitive (causee) and caseless (causer).
-====Modifier Order====
+: ''asu gaflá'' "he eats" [medio-passive]
+: ''sua aguál'' "he finds himself eating" [experimental]
+: ''sā agulá'' "he eats it" [active]
+: ''asa gafál'' "he is eaten" [passive]
+: ''asi gualá-su'' "he makes him eat it" [causative]
+: ''sia agáfl-us'' "he is made by him to eat it" [obligative]
+====Modifier Order====
 Modifers may be left out, but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with their morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology, either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/verbal phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows.
@@ Line 2,815: / Line 2,993: @@
 ===Subordinate Clauses===
-In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence:
+In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence; be it optimal for reflexion, anaphora, or against ambiguity:
-: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him"
+: ''sā amālá'' "he loves it" ⇒ ''sā'''s''' amālá'' "he loves himself"
-: ''amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves himself"
+: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him" ⇒ ''amālá masa amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves whom loves him"
-: ''amalá-'''s''' masa amālá-su'' "he loves whom loves him"
+: ''asi'''s''' m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him" / ''asi m’alá-sȳ'''s''''' "he makes her love herself"
 ====Absolute Clauses====
@@ Line 2,903: / Line 3,081: @@
 |bbl r kbblt l sn hvl
 |bîbl ara k-ábūla-t l-ā asānā áhūli
-|bool>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not.while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not-while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}
 |"You can't read books while burning them" (<small>COORDENATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
 }}
@@ Line 2,909: / Line 3,087: @@
 ====Relative Clauses====
-Relative clauses modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or animacy and case such as ''masu''; with he latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. ''murus su saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead" and ''muras masu'' "who is dead").
+[[w:Relative clause|Relative clauses]] modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Clitics and heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or case such as ''masu''; with the latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. ''murus su, saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead" and ''muras masu'' "who is dead").
 =====Non-Restrictive Clauses=====
-[...]
+[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Non-restrictive]] relations force right-bound order, where the verb follows the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated after the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''bîbliru, sa nā babál'' "the book, which is being read by me").
-''bîbliru, sa babál'' "the book, which is being read"
-[...]
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|top= ּאול ר ס כען ר מער
-|ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|אול ר ס כען ר מער
-|c ml sn qhf skt
+|’vl r s kfn r mfr
-|cu maliú āsunā aqqâf askút
+|’ûl iru su kûn iru āmfár
-|{{gcl|OBL}} where.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PLU}} live.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|"I think it is where they live" (<small>OBLIQUE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"the man, whose dog died" (<small>NOMINATIVE RELATION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= מפרת ץ סכת
+|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער
-|מפרת ץ סכת
+|אול ר ס ר כען מער
-|mfrt c skt
+|’vl r s r kfn mf
-|mur-at cu askút
+|’ûl iru su iru kûn āmfár
-|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|NOM}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|"I think you are dead" (<small>NOMINATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"the man, who is the dog, died" (<small>OBLIQUE RELATION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
-|top= ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל
+|top= אול ר ס כען ר מער
-|ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל
+|אול ר ס כען ר מער
-|c bbl r bbl n ggfl
+|’vl r s kfn r mfr
-|ca bîbl ara ábūlu ana gigualá
+|’ûl iru su kûn ira āmurá
-|{{gcl|ERG}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|CAU}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}><small>DEGREE</small>
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|"It made me eat less reading books" (<small>ERGATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"the man, who killd the dog" (<small>ACCUSATIVE RELATION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
-|top= גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ
+|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער
-|גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ
+|אול ר ס ר כען מער
-|gfl nr gfl sn c qslnn
+|’vl r s r kfn mfr
-|gáfl nāra águlā sān ca āqilû-nūn
+|’ûl iru su ira kûn māfár
-|food>generic our.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|ACC}} see.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"We saw them eating our food" (<small>ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"the man, who was killed by the dog" (<small>ERGATIVE RELATION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
-|top= ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס
+|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ
-|ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס
+|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ
-|c s p’ksn k’ps
+|’vl r s kfn r p’k
-|ci asa ipākâ-sān k’ap’á-su
+|’ûl iru su kûn iri pâ’ak
-|{{gcl|GEN}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} take.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} destroy.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|"He will be killed if they catch him" (<small>GENITIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"the man, taken to the dog" (<small>DATIVE RELATION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
-|top= ס מאלסן ץ מאלס
+|top= אול ר ס ר כען פאכ
-|ס מאלסן ץ מאלס
+|אול ר ס ר כען פאכ
-|s m’lsn c m’ls
+|’vl r s r kfn p’k
-|asa umālâ-sān ci amālá-su
+|’ûl iru su iri kûn pâ’ak
-|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|JUS}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DAT}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|"He loves them for them to love him" (<small>DATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"the man, taken from the dog" (<small>GENITIVE RELATION</small>)
 }}
-xûliru, sa kûniru āmfár "the man, whose dog died" (NOM)
-xûliru, sa iru kûn, āmfár "the man, who is the dog, died" (OBL)
-xûliru, sa kûnira āmurá  "the man, who killd the dog" (ACC)
-xûliru, sa ira kûn māfár "the man, who was killed by the dog" (ERG)
-xûliru, sa kûniri pâxak "the man, taken to the dog" (DAT)
-xûliru, sa iri kûn pâxak  "the man, taken from the dog" (GEN)
 =====Restrictive Clauses=====
-Restrictive relations force left-bound inversion, where the verb preceded the object
+[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").
-Inversion
-''babál, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read'
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|mfr kfn r s ’vl r
+|āmfár kûn iru su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man whose dog died" (<small>NOMINATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
-[...]
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|mfr r kfn s ’vl r
+|āmfár iru kûn su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man who is the dog died" (<small>OBLIQUE RELATION</small>)
+}}
-āmfár kûniru sa xûliru "the man whose dog died" (NOM)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|mfr kfn r s ’vl r
+|āmurá kûn ira su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man who killd the dog" (<small>ACCUSATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
-iru kûn sa xûliru āmfár "the man who is the dog died" (OBL)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|mfr r kfn s ’vl r
+|māfár ira kûn su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man who was killed by the dog" (<small>ERGATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
-āmurá kûnira sa xûliru "the man who killd the dog" (ACC)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+|top= פאך כען ר ס אול ר
+|פאך כען ר ס אול ר
+|p’k kfn r s ’vl r
+|pâ’ak kûn iri su ’ûl iru
+|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man taken to the dog" (<small>DATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
-māfár ira kûn sa xûliru "the man who was killed by the dog" (ERG)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+|top= פאך ר כען ס אול ר
-pâxak kûniri sa xûliru "the man taken to the dog" (DAT)
+|פאך ר כען ס אול ר
+|p’k r kfn s ’vl r
-pâxak iri kûn sa xûliru "the man taken from the dog" (GEN)
+|pâ’ak iri kûn su ’ûl iru
+|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-==Canonic==
+|"the man taken from the dog" (<small>GENITIVE RELATION</small>)
-[...]
-Canonic onset clusters: [...]
-[...] The language may gain considerable fusional morphology in the [[Adamic Code#Canonic|Canonic register]].
-Canonic coda clusters: [...]
-The Adamic Code can be spoken in a poetic register, called Canonic, where the Coloration Table is almost abused in grammatical restructuration. In this register, for example, sound laws follow coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, in such form that another language is created within the language after abandoning the system of patterns. Vide the translation of "I think the person is dead":
-:  ''avâla murá-su, askút'' (Adamic) > ''ālbai muris, sia'' (Canonic)
-table...
-diphthongs to monophthongs
-iu > y, ui > ȳ
-ia > e, ai > ē
-ua > o, au > ō
-triphthongs to diphthongs
-ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
-ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
-ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō
-in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).
-===Sound Changes===
-With the [[w:Phonological rule|generative notation]] developed in the 20<sup>th</sup> Century by [[w:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]] and [[w:Morris Halle|Morris Halle]]<ref name="Chomsky; Halle">[[w:The Sound Pattern of English|The Sound Pattern of English]] (1968).</ref>...
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! -/+
-! |I-type
-! |U-type
-! |A-type
-|-
-!H-type
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-|-
-!S-type
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-|-
-!K-type
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! -/+
-! |I-type
-! |U-type
-! |A-type
-|-
-!H-type
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-|-
-!S-type
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-|-
-!K-type
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-|}
-{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}
-Coherent with Index Diachronica...
-In Sca2
-Sets: (non-supported)
-Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence)
-G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence)
-ẞ=sz, Þ=fv, Ð=c'
-ẞ→/#_/#_J
-S→/#_/#_JWR
-Categories:
-V=yaeiouȳāēīōū
-Y=yaeiou
-Ȳ=ȳāēīōū
-J=ieīē
-W=uoūō
-R=yaȳā
-C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
--=kpthnlsfc
-+=gbdqmrzv'
-K=kgpbtd
-S=szfvc'
-H=hqnmlr
-Q=123456
-=kghqsz
-=pbnmfv
-=tdlrc'
-I=khs
-Ī=gqz
-U=pnf
-Ū=bmv
-A=tlc
-Ā=dr'
-Rewrite rules:
-i|1
-u|2
-nd|3
-mb|4
-lb|5
-rd|6
-Sound Changes:
-V→/#_CVVCVVCVV
-V→/#_CVCVVCVV
-V→/#_CVVCVCVV
-V→/#_CVVCVVCV
-V→/#_CVCVCVV
-V→/#_CVCVVCV
-V→/#_CVVCVCV
-V→/#_CVCVCV
-V→/#_CVVCVV
-V→/#_CVCVV
-V→/#_CVVCV
-V→/#_CVCV
-CV→/CV_CV
-V→/CVCVC_#
-V→/CVCVCC_#
-ia→e/_
-ai→ē/_
-uo→o/_
-au→ō/_
-ui→ȳ/_
-iu→y/_
-K→S/[īē]_
-K→H/[ūō]_
-K→S/_J
-K→H/_W
-H→Q/R_R
-C→/_#
-[sz]→/#_/#_J
-[sz]→/_#/J_#
-[fv]→/#_/#_W
-[fv]→/_#/W_#
-[c']→/#_/#_R
-[c']→/_#/R_#
-+→-/_#
--→+/V_V
-: ''asakata'' > ''*_sakata'' > ''*sa_ta'' > ''*'''s'''ata'' > ''*a'''t'''a'' > ''ada''
-: ''asakasta'' > ''*_sakasta'' > ''*sakast_'' > ''*'''s'''akast'' > ''*akas'''t''''' > ''*aka'''s''''' > ''*a'''k'''a'' > ''aga''
-: ''asakastar'' > ''*_sakastar'' > ''*'''s'''akastar'' > ''*a'''k'''astar'' > ''*agasta'''r''''' > ''agasta''
-gīg
-bībl
-kun
-saikat
-daitas
-būl
-agalala
-datasiu
-avāla
->
-zī
-ī
-hu
-sēza
-ē'a
-mū
-galba
-dazy
-ālba
-stemic harmony in canonic:
-sikūtí (-s-k-t-) >  siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized
-(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized
-vocalic change
-ka > ho, ky > hu
-pa > fe, py > fi
-====Alternation====
-'''Accrescence''' (...): type-1 consonants extend to ...
-'''Excrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.
-'''Decrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.
-====Elision====
-Apocape (1): in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel.
-Syncope (2): in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.
-Aphaeresis (3): in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
-====Epenthesis====
-Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
-EX: ...
-Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
-EX: 'atlya > adalyal
-Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
-EX: palk > palsil
-====Harmony====
-(used in special cases of other laws)
-Haplology:
-dadasa > dasa
-Compensatory lengthening
-bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
-gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla
-Metathesis: glides only where the stress is
-garda, gráda, gadrá
-adtís > addís
-Final devoicing (''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')
-Initial voicing
-{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}
-dad > dat
-Intervocalic voicing
-ata > ada
-/ai̯/ > /eː/
-/i̯a/ > /e/
-/au̯/ > /oː/
-/u̯a/ > /o/
-/u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/
-/i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/
-/e/ > /i/
-/o/ > /u/
-Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.
-skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)
-gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)
-krp > karda, karrēia  (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)
-qfl >  qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)
-karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"
-i (concrete, active terms) / u  (abstract, passive terms)
-''qiat azīs hu'' "he saw the giant's dog"
-''avāda sazēia'' "the temptations of humans"
-k’ālú "to be in a place"
-∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"
-Íz > IgÁ
-Úq > UgÁ
-Í' > IdÁ
-Úr > UdÁ
-Ím > IbÁ
-Úv > UbÁ
-===Sandhi===
-====Internal Euphony====
-====External Euphony====
-===Meter===
-Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:
-*(C)<sup>2</sup>V(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|light]])
-*(C)<sup>2</sup>VV(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>V̄(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>VC̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|heavy]])
-*(C)<sup>2</sup>V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>V̄C̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|superheavy]])
-Any other arrangement, such as ''(C)(C)V̄VC̬'', is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥ = one non-sonorant consonant
-light (μ<sub>1</sub>)
-heavy (μ<sub>2</sub>)
-superheavy (μ<sub>3</sub>)
-A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables up to 36 light syllables [...]
-====Caesura====
-====Elision====
-KH- KH/HK -HK
-monosyllabic stressed word attracts article
-bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/ = bîbliru
-... = bîbliru
-canonic allophones
-kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ
-pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ
-tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ
-canonic clusters
-hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd
-kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr
-the equivalent of ''lucifer'' "lightbearer" would be ''haípar'' (h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)
-not pro-drop (subject is only ommitted in relative clauses)
-suma "who?" > cu masu-ta "you being ...?", cu suma-ta "who are you?"
-aliúma "where?" > cu maliú-ta "where are you going?", cu aliúma-ta "where are you from?"
-OBL + ma = interrogative
-the verb tends to be left-bound and close to the noun when a participle
-kûnira kaxáp "the dog is taken"
-káxap kûniru "the taken dog"
-syntx of case and verb
-''asak āqfúl-un'' "I spoke with him"
-''masak āqfúl-un'' "whom I spoke with"
-active:
-ergative if subject; accusative if object
-passive:
-accusative if subject; ergative if object
-xûlira, su bîblira aqilá, siktí aqilá "the philosopher sees the man, who sees the book"
-''āvala aru k’a agaúl'' "if a man is strong he eats"
-''k’ātásu āvala aru agaúl iāt'' "if a man eats he is strong"
-āvala iru imfar
-murásu āvala
-combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels
-EX: ask > asak
--k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs
--p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf
--t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc
--g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz
--b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv
--d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'
-khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā
-kihs 1
-punf 2
-talc 3
-qīz 4
-nūv 5
-drā 6
-drāsi 7
-nūca 8
-qīfu 9
-unū 10
-unūs 11
-udrā 12
-udrās 13
-udrāf 14
-anū 15
-anūs 16
-anūf 17
-adrā 18
-adrās 19
-īnū 20
-īnūs 21
-īnūf 22
-īnūc 23
-īdrā 24
-ūnū 25
-ūnūs 26
-ūnūf 27
-ūnūc 28
-ūnūzi 29
-ūdrā/ānū 30
-...
-ādrā 36
-...
-upādrā 72
-...
-īqādrā 144
-...
-ādupādrā 432
-ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā
-kihs ghīz  ikh hzī
-punf bmūv upn mvū
-talc drā' atl r'ā
-/
-drāikh 7
-ghīzu 8
-talcatl 9
-mūvu 10
-...
-drā'atl 18
-drā'rā 36
-''drā’ikh'' 7, ''drā’upn'' 12, ''drā’atl'' 18, ''drā’zī'' 24, ''drā’vū'' 30, ''drā’’ā'' 36
-Non-finite verbs are (despite the name) more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them
-''murú appúral'' "I do not pretend to die"
-''ígul mārasu'' "eating is good
-''liviatan'' "whale"
-''maubidik'' "sperm whale"
-''bailzaibub'' "fly"
-''drakula'' "bat"
-''ganaisa'' "elephant"
-''aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga'' "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"
-genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter
-mostly synthetic
-====Canonic Inflection/Conjugation====
-In the Canonic register of Adamic, affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. [...] There are 150 possibilities out of 36 permutations.
-{| class="wikitable"
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="6" | CANONIC DECLENSION
-|-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
-! colspan="3" | Plural
-|-
-! Definite
-! Indefinite
-! Nomic
-! Definite
-! Indefinite
-! Nomic
-|-
-! Nominative
-| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Accusative
-| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Dative
-| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Copulative
-| a-X-h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Ergative
-| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Genitive
-| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-|}
-{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
-The canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices. That is: canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases. Vide the translation of "'I think that he is dead,' he said":
-: ''"murá-su, askút," quat''
-{| class="wikitable"
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="6" | CANONIC CONJUGATION
-|-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
-! colspan="3" | Plural
-|-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-|-
-! Active Future
-| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Active Present
-| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Active Past
-| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Passive Future
-| h-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || n-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || l-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || q-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || m-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || r-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Passive Present
-| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Passive Past
-| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-|}
-{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
-The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "to the giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāuf'' "I kill" / ''iāpa'' "I am killed".
-''nun/nȳō'', ''lih/sȳē'', ''al/sȳa'' (nom)
-''nuf/nȳu'', ''lis/sȳi'', ''ac/sȳa'' (acc)
-''nuf/nȳua'', ''lis/sȳia'', ''at/sȳa'' (dat)
-mū (n > m-u-u)
-ry (l > r-i-u)
-zō (∅ > z-a-u)
-[[Adamic Code#Canonic|Triptote Inflection]]
-[[w:Participle|infinite participles]]
-==Example texts==
-{{Kinship
-|PaternalGrandMother=aa
-|PaternalGrandFather=aaaaa
-|MaternalGrandMother=aaaaaaaa
-|MaternalGrandFather=
-|PaternalAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalAunt=
-|PaternalUnclesWife=
-|PaternalUncle=
-|Father=
-|Mother=
-|PaternalTwinUnclesWife=
-|PaternalTwinUncle=
-|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
-|PaternalYoungerUncle=
-|PaternalOlderUnclesWife=
-|PaternalOlderUncle=
-|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalTwinAunt=
-|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalYoungerAunt=
-|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalOlderAunt=
-|MaternalTwinUnclesWife=
-|MaternalTwinUncle=
-|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
-|MaternalYoungerUncle=
-|MaternalOlderUnclesWife=
-|MaternalOlderUncle=
-|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
-|MaternalTwinAunt=
-|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
-|MaternalYoungerAunt=
-|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
-|MaternalOlderAunt=
-|PaternalTwinUnclesSon=
-|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
-|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
-|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
-|PaternalOlderUnclesSon=
-|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
-|PaternalTwinAuntsSon=
-|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
-|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
-|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
-|PaternalOlderAuntsSon=
-|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalTwinUnclesSon=
-|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
-|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
-|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
-|MaternalOlderUnclesSon=
-|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
-|MaternalTwinAuntsSon=
-|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
-|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalOlderAuntsSon=
-|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
-|Sister=
-|Self=
-|Husband=
-|Wife=
-|LittleSister=
-|TwinSister=
-|BigSister=
-|BigBrother=
-|TwinBrother=
-|LittleBrother=
-|LittleSistersHusband=
-|TwinSistersHusband=
-|BigSistersHusband=
-|BigBrothersWife=
-|TwinBrothersWife=
-|LittleBrothersWife=
-|MaternalAuntsSon=
-|MaternalAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalUnclesSon=
-|MaternalUnclesDaughter=
-|HusbandSon=
-|HusbandDaughter=
-|WifeSon=
-|WifeDaughter=
-|TwinSisterNiece=
-|TwinSisterNephew=
-|LittleSisterNiece=
-|LittleSisterNephew=
-|BigSisterNiece=
-|BigSisterNephew=
-|TwinBrotherNiece=
-|TwinBrotherNephew=
-|LittleBrotherNiece=
-|LittleBrotherNephew=
-|BigBrotherNiece=
-|BigBrotherNephew=
-}}
-{{Swadesh
-|language=
-|nativename=
-|I=anu (nom.)
-|you (singular)=atu (nom.)
-|he=asu (nom.)
-|we=
-|you (plural)=
-|they=
-|this=
-|that=
-|here=
-|there=
-|who=
-|what=
-|where=
-|when=
-|how=
-|not=
-|all=
-|many=
-|some=
-|few=
-|other=
-|one=
-|two=
-|three=
-|four=
-|five=
-|big=
-|long=
-|wide=
-|thick=
-|heavy=
-|small=
-|short=
-|narrow=
-|thin=
-|woman=
-|man (adult male)=
-|man (human being)=
-|child=
-|wife=
-|husband=
-|mother=
-|father=
-|animal=
-|fish=
-|bird=
-|dog=kun
-|louse=
-|snake=
-|worm=
-|tree=
-|forest=
-|stick=
-|fruit=
-|seed=
-|leaf=
-|root=
-|bark=
-|flower=
-|grass=
-|rope=
-|skin=
-|meat=
-|blood=
-|bone=
-|fat=
-|egg=
-|horn=
-|tail=
-|feather=
-|hair=
-|head=
-|ear=
-|eye=
-|nose=
-|mouth=
-|tooth=
-|tongue=
-|fingernail=
-|foot=
-|leg=
-|knee=
-|hand=
-|wing=
-|belly=
-|guts=
-|neck=
-|back=
-|breast=
-|heart=
-|liver=
-|drink=
-|eat=
-|bite=
-|suck=
-|spit=
-|vomit=
-|blow=
-|breathe=
-|laugh=
-|see=
-|hear=
-|know=
-|think=
-|smell=
-|fear=
-|sleep=
-|live=
-|die=
-|kill=
-|fight=
-|hunt=
-|hit=
-|cut=
-|split=
-|stab=
-|scratch=
-|dig=
-|swim=
-|fly=
-|walk=
-|come=
-|lie=
-|sit=
-|stand=
-|turn=
-|fall=
-|give=
-|hold=
-|squeeze=
-|rub=
-|wash=
-|wipe=
-|pull=
-|push=
-|throw=
-|tie=
-|sew=
-|count=
-|say=
-|sing=
-|play=
-|float=
-|flow=
-|freeze=
-|swell=
-|sun=
-|moon=
-|star=
-|water=
-|rain=
-|river=
-|lake=
-|sea=
-|salt=
-|stone=
-|sand=
-|dust=
-|earth=
-|cloud=
-|fog=
-|sky=
-|wind=
-|snow=
-|ice=
-|smoke=
-|fire=
-|ashes=
-|burn=
-|road=
-|mountain=
-|red=
-|green=
-|yellow=
-|white=
-|black=
-|night=
-|day=
-|year=ka’n
-|warm=
-|cold=
-|full=
-|new=
-|old=
-|good=
-|bad=
-|rotten=
-|dirty=
-|straight=
-|round=
-|sharp=
-|dull=
-|smooth=
-|wet=
-|dry=
-|correct=
-|near=
-|far=
-|right=
-|left=
-|at=
-|in=
-|with=
-|and=
-|if=
-|because=
-|name=
 }}