Adamic Code: Difference between revisions

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'''Adamic''', (אדמס ~~קףל~~, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) ~~also referred to as '''Canonic''',~~ is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].

'''Adamic''' (אדמס קעל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].

It's cultivated form is known as [[Canonic Code|Canonic Code]], where the transitional tables take hold over grammatical features.

==Etymology==

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===Features===

~~The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature~~

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"

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|-

! Consonant Inventories

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18)~~}} ~~Average (19-25)

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25) e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}}

|-

! Vowel Quality Inventories

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4)~~}} /~~ Average vowel inventory (5-6)

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6) e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}}

|-

! Consonant-Vowel Ratio

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|-

! Coding of Nominal Plurality

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change}} e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}}

|-

! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}} e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}}

|-

! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix}} e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}}

|-

! The Associative Plural

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals}} e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}}

|-

! Definite Articles

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun}} e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}}

|-

! Indefinite Articles

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'}} e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one' e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}}

|-

! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

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|-

! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features}} e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}}

|-

! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction}} e.g. ''atu'' "you"

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction e.g. ''atu'' "you"}}

|-

! Indefinite Pronouns

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites}} e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}}

|-

! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated}} e.g. ''sā āk’pá~~-sa~~'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}}

|-

! Person Marking on Adpositions

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking}} e.g. ''ām'' "before"

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking e.g. ''ām'' "before"}}

|-

! Number of Cases

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories}} e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}}

|-

! Asymmetrical Case-Marking

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}}

|-

! Position of Case Affixes

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"~~, ''ālbak'' "to the people"~~

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}}

|-

! Comitatives and Instrumentals

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation}} e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}}

|-

! Ordinal Numerals

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions}} e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}}

|-

! Distributive Numerals

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies}} e.g. ''khi'' "one each"

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}}

|-

! Numeral Classifiers

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}~~ e.g. ...~~

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}

|-

! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers

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|-

! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary~~ e.g. ...~~}}

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}}

|-

! Obligatory Possessive Inflection

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Number of Possessive Nouns

| 58B || {{No|None reported}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58B || {{No|None reported e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Possessive Classification

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}}

|-

! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"~~, ...~~

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}}

|-

! Adjectives without Nouns

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix}} e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}}

|-

! Action Nominal Constructions

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking}} e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}}

|-

! Noun Phrase Conjunction

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! The Optative

| 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}}

|}

~~====Notes====~~

* The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]

~~==Phonology==~~

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

~~===Consonants===~~

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! |~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]~~

~~! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]~~

|-

! ~~rowspan=2~~ | ~~[[w:Nasal consonant~~|~~Nasal]]~~

!Situational Possibility

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant~~|~~Voiceless]]~~

| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}}

|

|-

|

!Epistemic Possibility

| ~~[[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal~~|~~n̥]]~~

| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}}

|

|-

|

!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking

|

| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}}

|

|-

!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality

| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}}

|-

!Coding of Evidentiality

| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}}

|-

!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}}

|-

!Verbal Number and Suppletion

| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}}

|-

!Order of Subject, Object and Verb

| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV) e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}}

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Subject and Verb

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]~~

| 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]~~

!Order of Object and Verb

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

~~| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiceless velar plosive~~|~~k]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Glottal stop~~|~~ʔ]]~~

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]~~

| 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV) e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}}

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive~~|~~d]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive~~|(dˀ)]]

~~| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|~~g]]

~~| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]~~

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=1~~ | ~~[[w:Affricate consonant~~|~~Affricate]]~~

!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Genitive and Noun

| ~~[[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate~~|~~t͡s]]~~

| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen) e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Adjective and Noun

|

| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}}

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]~~

!Order of Demonstrative and Noun

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem) e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}}

~~| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]~~

|

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]~~

|

|~~[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative~~|~~h]]~~

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Numeral and Noun

| ~~[[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]~~

| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}}

|

~~| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]~~

|

| ~~[[w:Voiced glottal fricative~~|~~ɦ]]~~

|-

! ~~rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]~~

!Order of Relative Clause and Noun

~~! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}}

|

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]~~

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=1~~ | ~~[[w:Lateral consonant~~|~~Lateral]]~~

!Order of Degree Word and Adjective

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant~~|~~Voiceless]]~~

| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg) e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}}

|

|-

|

!Position of Polar Question Particles

| ~~[[w:Lateral consonant~~|~~l̥]]~~

| 92A || {{No|No question particle e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}}

|

|-

|

!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

|

| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}}

|

|-

|}

!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause

| 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}}

~~====Notes====~~

|-

* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of <~~small~~>~~VOICE~~<~~/small~~>, <~~small>MANNER, and ARTICULATION</small~~>. ~~Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being~~ ''~~voiceless>voiced~~'' ~~in VOICE</small~~>, ''~~occlusive>sonorant>turbulent~~'' in <~~small~~>~~MANNER, and~~ ''~~guttural>labial>dental~~'' in <~~small>ARTICULATION</small~~>. As not ~~all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of~~ <~~small>VOICE</small~~>'~~s members)~~, ~~the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the~~ ''~~KHS~~-~~type~~'' and ~~the~~ ''~~IUA-type~~'', ~~with their proper compositions being named as expected:~~ ''~~K-type~~'', ''~~H-type~~'', ''S-~~type~~'', ''I-~~type'',~~ ''U-~~type~~'', ~~and~~ ''~~A-type~~'' ~~in order.~~

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

** /k, g, (kˀ)~~, (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part~~ of the ~~KIHS-type,~~ is ~~a major subgroup composed by plosive velars~~, ~~(quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants~~.

| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

*** /k, g/, part of the KI-~~type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.~~

|-

**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase

**** /g~~/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels~~.

| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-~~type~~, ~~suffering~~ the ~~same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

|-

**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.

|-

**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].

!Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases

**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is ~~[gʷ].~~

| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

*** /s, z/, part of the SI-~~type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.~~

|-

**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].

| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

** /p, ~~b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of~~ the ~~KUHS-type,~~ is ~~a major subgroup composed~~ by ~~plosive labials, (quasi~~-~~implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.~~

|-

*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.

!Alignment of Verbal Person Marking

**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].

| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].

|-

*** /(pˀ), ~~(bˀ)/ are also considered part of~~ the KU-~~type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].

| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}}

**** /bˀ/ may be realized as ~~[ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ]~~.

|-

*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is ~~[pʷ].~~

| 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}}

**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to ~~[ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].~~

|-

*** /f, v/, part of the SU-~~type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.~~

!Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking

**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].

| 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}}

**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].

|-

** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

!Order of Person Markers on the Verb

*** /t, d/, part of the KA-~~type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.~~

| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}}

**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'

*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-~~type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}}

**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Reciprocal Constructions

*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-~~type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.~~

| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical. e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}}

**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].

|-

**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].

!Passive Constructions

*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.

| 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}}

**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].

|-

**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

!Antipassive Constructions

| 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}}

|-

!Applicative Constructions

| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}}

|-

!Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}}

|-

!Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}}

|-

!Negative Morphemes

| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle e.g. ''la'' "not"}}

|-

!Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}}

|-

!Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}}

|-

!Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation

| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}}

|-

!Polar Questions

| 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}}

|-

!Predicative Possession

| 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}}

|-

!Predicative Adjectives

| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Nominal and Locational Predication

| 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl'' "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}}

|-

!Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals

| 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Comparative Constructions

| 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}}

|-

!Relativization on Subjects

| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}}

|-

!Relativization on Obliques

| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}}

|-

!'Want' Complement Subjects

| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}}

|-

!Purpose Clauses

| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}}

|-

!'When' Clauses

| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Reason Clauses

| 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Utterance Complement Clauses

| 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|}

===~~Vowels~~===

====Notes====

~~Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs~~. ~~Alternatively,~~ in ~~the poetic register~~, ~~diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/~~, ~~/o/~~, and /~~ɨ/~/ʉ~~/~~, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as~~ a ~~whole~~. ~~In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:~~

* The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value".

~~{| class~~=~~"nounderlines" cellspacing~~=~~"0px" cellpadding~~=~~0 style~~=~~"text-align~~:~~center; background-color~~:~~#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding~~:~~10px;"~~

==Phonology==

|~~- style="text-align:center; font-size~~:~~smaller;"~~

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

||

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | '''~~Front~~'''

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | ~~'''Near-front'''~~

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | ~~'''Central'''~~

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | ''~~'Near-back'~~''

~~| style=~~"~~width:60px;~~" ~~| ''~~'~~Back~~'''

|-

~~| style=~~"~~height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;~~" ~~| '~~''~~Close~~'''

~~| style=~~"~~height:210px;~~" ~~colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px~~;">[[~~Image~~:~~Blank vowel trapezoid.svg~~|~~300px~~]]~~<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">~~

~~{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"~~

|-

~~| style="width~~:~~300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |~~

~~~~

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

~~<div style="position~~:~~absolute; left:5%; width:2~~.~~33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">~~i, ~~iː</div>~~

~~<div style="position~~:~~absolute; left:43%; width:2~~.~~33em; top:0%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:~~#~~fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div>~~

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div>~~

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

~~~~

===Consonants===

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">~~(e, eː)</~~div>~~

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2~~.~~66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o~~, ~~oː)<~~/~~div>~~

~~~~

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

~~<div~~ style="~~position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font~~-~~size~~:~~120%; background:#fcfcfc~~;"~~>a, aː</div>~~

! |

|}

! |

~~</div></div>~~

! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

|-

! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

| ~~style~~=~~"height~~:~~30px; font-size:smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Near‑close'''~~

! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size~~:~~smaller; text-align:right;"~~ | ~~'''Close‑mid'''~~

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

|-

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

| ~~style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Mid'''~~

|

|-

|

| ~~style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''~~

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]

|-

|

| ~~style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''~~

|

|-

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"~~ | ~~'''Open'''~~

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|}

| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]

|

{|

|

|~~- style="vertical-align: top;"~~

|

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

|

~~|+Common Monophthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]

![[w:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front~~]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

![[w:~~Central vowel~~|~~Center~~]]

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]

| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]

|-

! ~~style="text-align~~: ~~left;"~~ | [[w:~~Short vowel~~|~~Short~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|i]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]

|[[w:~~Open front central vowel~~|a]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|u]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]

| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]

|

|-

! ~~style~~=~~"text-align: left;"~~ | [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|iː]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

|~~[[w:Open front central vowel~~|~~aː]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|uː]]

|

|}

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]

| ~~   ~~

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

~~|+Short Diphthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

![[w:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front~~]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

![[w:~~Central vowel~~|~~Center~~]]

| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

|

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]

|

|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]

|-

! ~~style="text-align: left;" |~~ [[w:~~Short vowel~~|~~Short~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~u̯i~~]]

| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]

|[[w:~~Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~i̯a~~]] ~~[[w:Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~u̯a]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|~~i̯u~~]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]

|

| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]

|-

! ~~style~~=~~"text-align: left;"~~ | [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~iu̯~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|~~[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~au̯]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|~~ui̯~~]]

|

|}

| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]

| ~~   ~~

|

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

|

~~|+Long Diphthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]

~~![[w:Front vowel|Front]]~~

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

~~![[w:Central vowel~~|~~Center]]~~

|

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

|

|-

| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]]

! ~~style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

|

~~|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯iː]]~~

|

~~|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]]~~ [[w:~~Open front unrounded vowel~~|~~u̯aː~~]]

|

|~~[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯uː]]~~

|

|-

~~! style="text-align: left;"~~ | [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

|~~[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iːu̯]]~~

|~~[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]~~

|~~[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uːi̯]]~~

|}

{|

====Notes====

|- ~~style="vertical~~-~~align~~: ~~top;"~~

* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in VOICE, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in MANNER, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in ARTICULATION. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of VOICE's members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order.

|

** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text~~-~~align: center;"~~

*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.

~~|+Monophtongized<br~~ /~~>Diphthongs~~

**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!

*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

![[~~w:Front vowel|Front~~]]

**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

![[~~w:Central vowel|Center~~]]

**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

![[~~w:Back vowel|Back~~]]

*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.

|-

**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].

~~! style="text-align: left~~;~~" |~~ [[~~w:Short vowel|Short~~]]

**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].

|[[~~w:Close~~-~~mid front unrounded vowel|e~~]]

*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.

|[[~~w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ<~~/~~span>~~]] ~ [[~~w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉ<~~/~~span>~~]]

**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].

|[[w~~:Close~~-~~mid back rounded vowel|o~~]]

**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].

|-

** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.

~~! style="text~~-~~align: left~~;~~" |~~ [[~~w:Long vowel|Long~~]]

*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.

|[[~~w:Close-mid~~ front ~~unrounded vowel|eː~~]]

**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].

|[[w:~~Close central unrounded vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="color:~~blue~~"~~>ɨː]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~"~~>ʉː]]~~

**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].

|~~[[w~~:~~Close-mid back rounded vowel~~|~~oː]]~~

*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

|}

**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].

| ~~&nbsp~~;~~  ~~

**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].

|

*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.

{| ~~class~~="~~wikitable~~" style="~~text-align~~: ~~center~~;"

**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].

|~~+Short Diphthongs~~

**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].

*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.

**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].

**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].

** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.

**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.

**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].

**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].

*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.

**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].

**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

===Vowels===

Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;"

|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"

||

| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''

|-

!

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''

~~![[w~~:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front]]~~

| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">

![[w:~~Central~~ vowel|~~Center~~]]

{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"

~~![[w~~:~~Back vowel|Back]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w~~:~~Short vowel|Short]]~~

| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

~~|[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]~~

~~|[[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~">~~i̯ʉ~~</~~span~~>~~]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~">~~u̯ɨ~~</~~span~~>]]

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]~~

|-

! style="~~text-align~~: left;~~" | [[w~~:~~Long vowel|Long]]~~

~~|[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]~~

~~|[[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~">~~ʉi̯~~</~~span~~>~~]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~">~~ɨu̯~~</~~span~~>]]

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]~~

|}

~~|    ~~

</div></div>

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

~~|+Long~~ ~~Diphthongs~~

|-

!

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''

~~![[w~~:~~Front vowel|Front]]~~

~~![[w~~:~~Central vowel|Center]]~~

~~![[w~~:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''

~~|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]~~

~~|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉː]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨː]]~~

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w:Long vowel~~|~~Long]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''

|~~[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~eːu̯]]~~

|-

|~~[[w:Central vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~"~~>ʉːi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~"~~>ɨːu̯]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]~~

|-

|}

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''

|}

~~====Notes====~~

{|

* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (POSITION) and ''short>long'' (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].

|

*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]

|+Common Monophthongs

*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.

** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.

*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

=~~==Coloration Table===~~

~~In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as~~ "~~coloration~~"~~, consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.~~

{| class="wikitable~~" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1~~" style="text-align:center;"

~~! -~~/+

~~! |I Type~~

~~! |U Type~~

~~! |A Type~~

|-

!~~H Type~~

!

| ~~h ɦ~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

| ~~n̥ m~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

| ~~l̥ r~~

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

!~~S Type~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~s z~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]

| ~~f v~~

|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]]

| ~~t͡s ʔ~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]

|-

!~~K Type~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

| ~~k g~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]

| ~~p b~~

|[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]

| ~~t d~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]

|}

|    

~~====Notes====~~

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

|+Short Diphthongs

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! ~~Root~~

!

! ~~Lemma~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! ~~Gloss~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

| ~~־ל־כ־נ־~~ ~~''-l-k-n-''~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~לכנ~~ ~~''luín''~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯i]]

~~| wolf~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯u]]

|-

| ~~־מ־ף־ר־~~ ~~''-m-f-r-''~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

~~| מףר~~ ~~''maúr''~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iu̯]]

| ~~death~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]

|-

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|ui̯]]

| ~~־ג־ל־ל־~~ ~~''-g-l-l-''~~

~~| גלל~~ ~~''gâl''~~

~~| cosmos~~

|}

|    

~~==Writing System==~~

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

~~Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet~~|~~Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]~~; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|~~glottal stop]]).~~

|+Long Diphthongs

~~===Ortography===~~

{|~~border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"~~ class="~~Unicode~~" style="~~vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080;~~ text-align:center~~; clear:both~~;"

|-

! ~~colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''~~

!

~~|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big> h / i~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big> ɦ / iː~~

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big> n̥ / u~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big> m / uː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big> l̥ / a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big> r / aː~~

~~|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big> s / i~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big> z / iː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ף</big> f / u~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big> v / uː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big> t͡s / a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big> ʔ / aː~~

~~|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big> k / i~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big> g / iː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big> p / u~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big> b / uː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big> t / a~~

~~| style="width~~:~~6.25%;" | <big>ד</big> d / aː~~

|~~-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"~~

~~| style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>כּ</big> kˀ / i~~

~~| style="width~~:~~6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big> gˀ / iː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big> pˀ / u~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big> bˀ / uː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big> tˀ / a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big> dˀ / aː~~

|}

~~====Notes====~~

*The symbols <ס> and <ף> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.

~~===Romanization===~~

~~{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"~~

|~~+ Adamic Alphabet~~

|-

| Aа<~~br/~~>~~/a/ || Bb~~ ~~/b/~~ || ~~Cc /t͡s/~~ || Dd<~~br/~~>~~/d/ || Ee~~ ~~/e/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯iː]]

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯uː]]

|-

| ~~Ff /f/ |~~| ~~Gg /g/ || Hh /h/~~ || Ii<~~br/~~>~~/i~i̯/ || Jj~~ ~~/i̯/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

|-

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iːu̯]]

| ~~Kk /k/ || Ll /l̥/ || Mn /m/ || Nn /n̥/~~ || ~~Oo /o/~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]

|-

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uːi̯]]

| Pp<~~br/~~>~~/p/ || Qq /ɦ/ || Rr /r/ || Ss /s/ || Tt~~ ~~/t/~~

|}

|-

| ~~Uu /u~u̯/ || Vv /v/ || Ww /u̯/ || Yy /ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz /z/~~

|}

~~====Notes====~~

{|

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.

|

** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".

|+Monophtongized Diphthongs

* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.

** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".

* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.

** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.

** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.

** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".

*If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).

** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".

*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".

* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.

** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

{|

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

!! ~~colspan=4~~ | ~~KIHS Characters~~

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

!!| ~~Sign~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

!!| ~~Name~~

|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]

!!| ~~IPA~~

|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉ]]

!!| ~~Letter~~

|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]

|-

| כ

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

| ~~''kik''~~ [[w:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~kik~~/]]

|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]

| ~~/k/~~

|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉː]]

| ~~''Kk''~~

|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Short Diphthongs

|-

~~| ג~~

!

~~| ''gīg''~~ [[w:~~Help:IPA~~|~~/giːg/~~]]

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

| ~~/g/~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

| ~~''Gg''~~

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

| ה

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~''hih''~~ [[w:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~hih~~/]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]

| ~~/h/~~

|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉ]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨ]]

| ~~''Hh''~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]

|-

| ק

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

~~| ''qīq''~~ [[w:~~Help:IPA~~|~~/ɦiːɦ/~~]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]

| ~~/ɦ/~~

|[[w:Central vowel|ʉi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|ɨu̯]]

| ~~''Qq''~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]

|-

~~| ס~~

| ~~''sis''~~ [[w:~~Help~~:~~IPA|/sis~~/]]

| /s/

~~| ''Ss''~~

|-

~~| ז~~

| ~~''zīz''~~ [[w:~~Help:IPA~~|~~/ziːz/~~]]

~~| /z/~~

~~| ''Zz''~~

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Long Diphthongs

|-

!! ~~colspan=4~~ | ~~KUHS Characters~~

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

!!| ~~Sign~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

!!| ~~Name~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]

!!| ~~IPA~~

|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉː]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨː]]

!!| ~~Letter~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]

|-

| פ

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

| ~~''pup''~~ [[w:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~pup~~/]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]]

| /p/

|[[w:Central vowel|ʉːi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|ɨːu̯]]

| ''Pp''

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]

|}

====Notes====

* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (POSITION) and ''short>long'' (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:

** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].

*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.

** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]

*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.

** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.

*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

===Coloration Table===

In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

! -/+

! |I Type

! |U Type

! |A Type

|-

~~| ב~~

!H Type

| ~~''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]~~

| h ɦ

| ~~/b/~~

| n̥ m

| ~~''Bb''~~

| l̥ r

|-

~~| נ~~

!K Type

| ~~''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]~~

| k g

| ~~/n̥/~~

| p b

| ~~''Nn''~~

| t d

|-

| מ

!S Type

| ~~''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|~~/muːm/]]~~

| s z

| ~~/m/~~

| f v

| ~~''Mm''~~

| t͡s ʔ

|}

====Notes====

* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

~~| ף~~

! Root

~~| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]~~

! Lemma

~~| /f/~~

! Gloss

~~| ''Ff''~~

|-

| ו

| ־ל־כ־נ־ ''-l-k-n-''

| ''~~vūv~~'' ~~[[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]~~

| לכנ ''luín''

~~| /v/~~

| wolf

| ''Vv''

|}

~~|    ~~

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

|-

~~!! colspan=4~~ | ~~KAHS Characters~~

| ־מ־ף־ר־ ''-m-f-r-''

| מףר ''maúr''

| death

|-

!!| ~~Sign~~

| ־ג־ל־ל־ ''-g-l-l-''

!!| ~~Name~~

| גלל ''gâl''

!!| ~~IPA~~

| cosmos

!!| ~~Letter~~

|}

==Writing System==

Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]).

===Ortography===

{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;"

|-

| ת

! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''

| ''~~tat~~'' ~~[[w~~:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~tat~~/]]

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| /t/

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big> h / i / ai̯

| ''Tt''

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big> ɦ / iː / aːi̯

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big> n̥ / u / au̯

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big> m / uː / aːu̯

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big> l̥ / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big> r / aː / aː

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big> s / i / i

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big> z / iː / iː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ע</big> f / u / u

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big> v / uː / uː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big> t͡s / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big> ʔ / aː / aː

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big> k / i / i̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big> g / iː / i̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big> p / u / u̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big> b / uː / u̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big> t / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big> d / aː / aː

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big> kˀ / i / i̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big> gˀ / iː / i̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big> pˀ / u / u̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big> bˀ / uː / u̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big> tˀ / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big> dˀ / aː / aː

|}

====Notes====

*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.

===Romanization===

{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"

|+ Adamic Alphabet

|-

| ד

| Aа /a/ || Bb /b/ || Cc /t͡s/ || Dd /d/ || Ee /e/

| ~~''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~daːd~~/]]

| /d/

| ~~''Dd''~~

|-

| ל

| Ff /f/ || Gg /g/ || Hh /h/ || Ii /i~i̯/ || Jj /i̯/

| ~~''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~l̥al̥~~/]]

| /l̥/

| ~~''Ll''~~

|-

| ר

| Kk /k/ || Ll /l̥/ || Mn /m/ || Nn /n̥/ || Oo /o/

| ~~''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~raːr~~/]]

| /r/

| ~~''Rr''~~

|-

| צ

| Pp /p/ || Qq /ɦ/ || Rr /r/ || Ss /s/ || Tt /t/

| ~~''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~t͡sat͡s~~/]]

| /~~t͡s~~/

| ~~''Cc''~~

|-

| א

| Uu /u~u̯/ || Vv /v/ || Ww /u̯/ || Yy /ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz /z/

| ~~''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~ʔaːʔ~~/]]

| /ʔ/

| ~~''’''~~

|}

==~~Grammar~~==

====Notes====

* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.

** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".

*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".

* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.

** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".

~~Adamic~~ is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. ~~Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:~~

* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.

** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

* The ~~field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''')~~ and ~~vowels ('''~~''-''''~~') in a predefined order inside the root~~-~~pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as~~ '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.

* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.

** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

* ~~The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]]~~, ~~a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]~~. ~~Its primary morphological marker is~~ '''~~concatenation~~'''~~, wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language~~.

* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.

** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".

* ~~The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]]~~, ~~interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined~~ by ~~a "vacuum space"~~ ('''''_'''''). ~~Its primary morphological marker is the~~ '''~~triptote formula~~'''~~, which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language~~.

*If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).

** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".

*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".

{| class="wikitable" style="~~width~~:~~100%~~"

* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.

! colspan=~~"5" align="center"~~| ~~Conjunct~~

** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

|-

*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Triptote Formula~~

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Concatenation~~

{|

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Root-pattern~~

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Concatenation~~

|

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Triptote Formula~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters

|-

!!| Sign

!!| Name

!!| IPA

!!| Letter

|-

| כ

| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]

| /k/

| ''Kk''

|-

| ~~align="center"| Clitic~~

| ג

~~| align="center"| Affix~~

| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]]

~~| align="center"| Stem~~

| /g/

~~| align="center"| Affix~~

| ''Gg''

| ~~align="center"| Clitic~~

|-

|}

| ה

| ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]]

~~===Root-Pattern===~~

| /h/

| ''Hh''

~~One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root~~ ''~~-d-v-n-~~'' ~~denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with~~ [[w:~~Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w~~:~~Triconsonantal root~~|~~Triconsonantal Root~~]]~~, whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root~~|~~Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.~~g~~. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a~~/'' ~~yielding~~ ''~~daívan'' "biologist").~~

|-

| ק

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

| ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]]

| /ɦ/

* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/), and finally semivowels as third-~~class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.~~

| ''Qq''

|-

~~: e.g.1~~ ''m'' ~~and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.~~

| ס

| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]]

: e.g.2 ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.

| /s/

| ''Ss''

: ~~e.g.3<~~/~~sub> ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore~~ /~~ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.~~

|-

| ז

~~: e.g.4<~~/~~sub> ''~~h~~'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore~~ /~~ħ/ ⇒~~ ''h''~~, and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.~~

| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]]

| /z/

~~: e.g.5 As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become~~ ''z'' ~~and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as~~ /i/, /e/~~, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.~~

| ''Zz''

|}

* '''~~Rule 1 (1 syllable):~~'~~'' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.~~

|    

~~: e.g.1 ''Planck'' yields ''~~-~~p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

~~: e.g.2~~ ''~~Grimm~~'' ~~yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as~~ /r/ ~~is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.~~

!! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters

|-

~~: e.g.3<~~/~~sub> ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-~~s~~-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as~~ /~~a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.~~

!!| Sign

!!| Name

* '''~~Rule 2 (2 syllables):~~'~~'' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.~~

!!| IPA

!!| Letter

~~: e.g.1 ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p~~-~~l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".~~

|-

| פ

~~: e.g.2~~ ''~~Caesar~~'' ~~yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".~~

| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]]

| /p/

: ~~e.g.3 ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because~~ /ɹ/ ~~acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster~~ /ɹw/.

| ''Pp''

|-

* ''''~~Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.~~

| ב

| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]

: ~~e.g.1 ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy~~".

| /b/

| ''Bb''

~~: e.g.2 ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t~~-~~'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.~~

|-

| נ

~~: e.g.3 ''Lavoisier'' yields ''~~-~~l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".~~

| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]

| /n̥/

Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

| ''Nn''

|-

~~: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''~~-~~h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].~~

| מ

| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]]

: ''~~qucar~~'' ~~"sound/speech"~~ [~~Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech"~~ [~~Adamic].~~

| /m/

| ''Mm''

: ~~''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian~~] ~~⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic~~].

~~In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents~~ /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''~~yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.~~

Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.

: ''n'' ~~"instance"~~ [~~Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance"~~ [~~Adamic].~~

: ~~''na'' "nearness~~/~~society" [Diluvian~~] ~~⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic~~].

: ''n̠'' ~~"ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n~~-~~'' "aging" [Adamic].~~

Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.

: ''~~-q-h-f-~~'' ~~"animalism" + ''-p-’-r-'' "bearing" = ''-q-p-r-'' "ensnaring".~~

Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; adjuncts of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.

~~====Nouns====~~

~~Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality:~~

*thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36.

*six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid.

*two densities: sparse and dense.

*three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated.

*six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman.

*two formalities: informal and formal.

They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations (CLASS x ELEMENT x DENSITY x COMPOSITION), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (CLASSIFIER x FORMALITY), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (∅). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as [[w:~~Construct state~~|~~state~~]]:

*two states: [[w:Absolute state|absolute]] and [[w:Construct state|~~construct]].~~

The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a DEFINITION</~~small> morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article ''iru'' "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula ''-~~/~~-/-/-~~'' ~~and~~ ''-~~///-~~'' ~~(as well as non-finite verbs of formula~~ ''-///~~'' and ''~~///-'') not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond ''-///-''. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in ''adūna muri'' "biology of dying" and the noun in ''~~adūna ari maur~~'' ~~"biology of death".~~

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | STATE~~

|-

~~! Absolute~~

| ף

| ~~-/-/-/- |~~| -//~~/- || /-// |~~| //~~-/ || -/-/-/ || /-/-/-~~

| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]

|-

| /f/

~~! Construct~~

| ''Ff''

~~| -///- || -///- || /-/V/ || /V/-/ || -/V//, -//V/ || /V//-, //V/-~~

|-

| ו

| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]

| /v/

| ''Vv''

|}

|    

Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word ''kûn'' "dog", for example, in the sentence ''kûniru'' "the dog" (ABSOLUTE) contains the article ''iru'' "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in ''kufin'' "the dog" (CONSTRUCT), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of ''-i-'' (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because ''kûn'' (''kúfn'', ''kúun'', et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula ''/-//'' (''k-fn''), programmed to become ''/-/V/'' (''k-fVn''). The process may be less straightforward in other instances:

|

~~: ''āvála'' "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ ''aūla'' "humanity" (-///-).~~

~~: ''(i)saíkat aru'' "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ ''iskat'' "a philosopher" (-//V/).~~

~~: ''babalú aru'' "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ ''babla'' "an idea of confusion" (/V//-).~~

~~=====Edenic Nouns=====~~

The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ''ādáma'' "ancestry" out of the root ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="1" | EDENIC NOUNS~~

|-

! ~~Plain~~

!! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters

| ~~a/a/a/a~~

|-

! ~~Reduced~~

!!| Sign

| ~~a///a~~

!!| Name

!!| IPA

!!| Letter

|-

|}

| ת

| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]]

~~=====Postdiluvian Nouns=====~~

| /t/

| ''Tt''

~~Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as~~ ''~~-q-h-f-~~'' "animalism", its essence can be extracted as ''qâhf'' "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as ''-k-’-n-'' "passage of time" yielding ''kâ’n'' "year", ''kû’n'' "old person", and ''kî’n'' "clock".

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! rowspan="2"~~ |

~~! colspan="2"~~ | ~~POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS~~

|-

~~! Formal~~

| ד

~~! Informal~~

| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]]

| /d/

| ''Dd''

|-

~~! a~~

| ל

| /á/~~/ |~~| //á/

| ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]]

| /l̥/

| ''Ll''

|-

~~! au~~

| ר

| /ú/~~/ |~~| //ú/

| ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]]

| /r/

| ''Rr''

|-

~~! ao~~

| צ

| /û/~~/ |~~| //û/

| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]]

| /t͡s/

| ''Cc''

|-

~~! aa~~

| א

| /â// || /~~/â/~~

| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]]

| /ʔ/

| ''’''

|}

==Grammar==

Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:

* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.

* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.

* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"

! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct

|-

~~! ae~~

| align="center"| Triptote Formula

| ~~/î//~~ || ~~//î/~~

| align="center"| Concatenation

|-

| align="center"| Root-pattern

~~! ai~~

| align="center"| Concatenation

| ~~/í// |~~| ~~//í/~~

| align="center"| Triptote Formula

|-

| align="center"| Clitic

| align="center"| Affix

| align="center"| Stem

| align="center"| Affix

| align="center"| Clitic

|}

===~~==Prediluvian Nouns==~~===

===Root-Pattern===

~~Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes~~. A root ~~such as~~ ''-m-f-r-'' "~~death~~" ~~can yield~~ ''~~ímufar~~'' "~~poison~~", ''~~maífar~~'' "~~deceased~~", ''~~mafaúra~~'' "~~lifespan (until death~~)~~", et cetera~~.

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist").

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

~~! rowspan="2" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS~~ (I)

* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

|-

~~! h~~

: e.g.1 ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.

~~! ɦ~~

~~! ħ~~

~~! ʕ~~

~~! χ~~

~~! ʁ~~

|-

~~! h~~

~~| í/-/-/- || -/-/í/- || iá/-/-/- || -/-/iá/- || iú/-/-/- || -/-/iú/-~~

|-

~~! ɦ~~

~~| -/í/-/- || -/-/-/í || -/iá/-/- || -/-/-/iá || -/iú/-/- || -/-/-/iú~~

|-

~~! ħ~~

~~| aí/-/-/- || -/-/aí/- || á/-/-/- || -/-/á/- || aú/-/-/- || -/-/aú/-~~

|-

~~! ʕ~~

~~| -/aí/-/- || -/-/-/aí || -/á/-/- || -/-~~/-/~~á || -~~/~~aú/-/- || -/-/-/aú~~

|-

~~! χ~~

~~| uí/-/-/- || -/-/uí/- || uá/-/-/- || -/-/uá/- || ú/-/-/- || -/-/ú/-~~

|-

~~! ʁ~~

~~| -/uí/-/- || -/-/-/uí || -/uá/-/- || -/-/-/uá || -/ú/-/- || -/-/-/ú~~

|-

|}

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align~~:~~center;"~~

: e.g.2 ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.

~~! rowspan="2" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II)~~

|-

~~! X̰~~

~~! X~~

~~! X̤~~

~~! X̰̃~~

~~! X̃~~

~~! X̤̃~~

|-

~~! ə~~

~~| a<///>u || a<///>a || a<///>i || a<///>ū || a<///>ā || a<///>ī~~

|-

~~! u~~

~~| u<///>u || u<///>a || u<///>i || u<///>ū || u<///>ā || u<///>ī~~

|-

~~! o~~

~~| ū<///>u || ū<///>a || ū<///>i || ū<///>ū || ū<///>ā || ū<///>ī~~

|-

~~! a~~

~~| ā<///>u || ā<///>a || ā<///>i || ā<///>ū || ā<///>ā || ā<///>ī~~

|-

! e

~~| ī~~<~~///~~>~~u || ī<///>a || ī<///>i || ī<///>ū || ī<///>ā || ī~~<///>ī

|-

~~! i~~

~~| i<~~///~~>u || i<~~/~~//>a || i<///>i || i<///>ū || i<///>ā || i<///>ī~~

|-

|}

~~====Verbs====~~

: e.g.3 ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.

~~Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood~~, ~~number~~, and ~~aspect, or by form:~~

: e.g.4 ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.

*six voicesF~~: [[~~w~~:Causative voice|causative]]~~, ~~obligative~~, ~~[[w:Medio-passive voice|medio-passive]]~~, ~~experimental~~, ~~[[w:Active voice|active]]~~, and ~~[[w:Passive voice|passive]]~~.

: e.g.5 As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.

*two voicesN~~: [[w:Active voice|active]]~~, ~~and [[w:Passive voice|passive]]~~.

: e.g.6 Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer".

*~~three persons~~: ~~[[w:Grammatical person|~~first]], ~~[[w:Grammatical person|second]] and [[w:Grammatical person|third]]~~.

* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.

*three moods: ~~[[w~~:~~Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]~~, ~~[[w~~:~~Indicative mood|indicative]]~~, ~~and [[~~w~~:Jussive mood|jussive]]~~.

: e.g.1 ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".

: e.g.2 ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.

: e.g.3 ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.

*~~two numbers~~: ~~[[w:Singular number|singular]] and [[w:Plural number|plural]]~~.

* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.

*two aspectsF~~: [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]]~~ and ~~[[w:Imperfeftive aspect|imperfective]]~~.

: e.g.1 ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".

*six aspectsN~~: [[w:Gerund|complete gerund]], [[w:Gerund|incomplete gerund]], generic lemma, basic lemma, [[w:Infinitive|complete infinitive]], and [[w:Infinitive|incomplete infinitive]]~~.

: e.g.2 ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".

~~They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (VOICE~~F~~ x PERSON x MOOD x NUMBER x ASPECTF),~~ and ~~Non~~-~~finite Verbs~~, ~~with 12 permutations (VOICEN<~~/~~sub><~~/~~small> x ASPECTN<~~/~~sub><~~/~~small>)~~. ~~In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for [[w:Participle|participles]]:~~

: e.g.3 ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | PARTICIPATION~~

|-

~~! Verb~~

~~| -/~~'''-'~~''// || //-/'''-''' || /-/'''-'''/ || -///'''-''' || /-//'''-''' || -//'''-'''/~~

|-

~~! Participle~~

~~| '''-'''/-// || //'''-'''/- || /'''-'''/-/ || '''-'''///- || /'''-'''//- || '''-~~'''~~//-/~~

|-

|}

~~Emphasis marks stress ('''-'''), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even [[w~~:~~Minimum Pair|minimun pairs]] with some nouns (~~e.g. ~~the words~~ ''~~asita~~'' ~~/aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and~~ ''~~ásita~~'' ~~/ˈasita/~~ "~~been thinking~~").

: e.g.1 ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".

~~=====Finite Verbs=====~~

: e.g.2 ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.

~~Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating~~ ''-m-f-r-'' "~~dying" into ''mafrú'' "I (willingly) die", ''amfúr'' "I (unwillingly) die", ''muarú'' "I force to kill", ''amûr'' "I am forced to kill", ''amurú'' "I kill", and ''mafúr'' "I am killed~~".

: e.g.3 ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".

~~{| class=~~"~~wikitable~~" ~~style=~~"~~text-align:center;~~"

Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

~~! rowspan=~~"3" |

~~! colspan=~~"6" ~~| FINITE VERBS~~

: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].

|-

~~! colspan=~~"6" ~~| Medio~~-~~passive~~

: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic].

|-

~~! Sub~~.~~Imp~~.

: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic].

~~! Sub~~.~~Per~~.

~~! Ind~~.~~Imp~~.

In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.

~~! Ind~~.~~Per~~.

~~! Jus~~.~~Imp~~.

Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.

~~! Jus~~.~~Per~~.

|-

: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic].

~~! 1st<~~/~~sup>.Sin.~~

| /i//~~ú ||~~ /ī//~~ú ||~~ /a//~~ú ||~~ /ā//~~ú ||~~ /u//~~ú ||~~ /ū//ú

: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].

|-

~~! 2nd<~~/~~sup>.Sin.~~

: ''n̠'' "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n-'' "aging" [Adamic].

| /i//~~í ||~~ /ī//~~í ||~~ /a//~~í ||~~ /ā//~~í ||~~ /u//~~í ||~~ /ū//í

|-

Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.

~~! 3rd<~~/~~sup>.Sin.~~

| /i//~~á ||~~ /ī//~~á ||~~ /a//~~á ||~~ /ā//~~á ||~~ /u//~~á ||~~ /ū//á

: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" + ''-p-’-r-'' "bearing" = ''-q-p-r-'' "ensnaring".

|-

~~! 1~~<~~sup~~>st</~~sup~~>.~~Plu~~.

Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; adjuncts of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.

| /i//~~û ||~~ /ī//~~û ||~~ /a//~~û ||~~ /ā//~~û ||~~ /u//û || ~~/ū//û~~

====Nouns====

Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality:

*thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36.

*six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid.

*two densities: sparse and dense.

*three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated.

*six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman.

*two formalities: informal and formal.

They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations (CLASS x ELEMENT x DENSITY x COMPOSITION), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (CLASSIFIER x FORMALITY), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (∅). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as [[w:Construct state|state]]:

*two states: [[w:Absolute state|absolute]] and [[w:Construct state|construct]].

The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a DEFINITION morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article ''iru'' "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula ''-/-/-/-'' and ''-///-'' (as well as non-finite verbs of formula ''-///'' and ''///-'') not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond ''-///-''. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in ''adūna muri'' "biology of dying" and the noun in ''adūna ari maur'' "biology of death".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | STATE

|-

! ~~2nd.Plu.~~

! Absolute

| /i//î || /ī//î || /a//î || /ā//î || /u//î || /ū//î

| -/-/-/- || -///- || /-// || //-/ || -/-/-/ || /-/-/-

|-

! ~~3rd.Plu.~~

! Construct

| /i//â || /ī//â || /a//â || /ā//â || /u//â || /ū//â

| -///- || -///- || /-/V/ || /V/-/ || -/V//, -//V/ || /V//-, //V/-

|-

|}

Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word ''kûn'' "dog", for example, in the sentence ''kûniru'' "the dog" (ABSOLUTE) contains the article ''iru'' "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in ''kufin'' "the dog" (CONSTRUCT), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of ''-i-'' (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because ''kûn'' (''kúfn'', ''kúun'', et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula ''/-//'' (''k-fn''), programmed to become ''/-/V/'' (''k-fVn''). The process may be less straightforward in other instances:

: ''āvála'' "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ ''aūla'' "humanity" (-///-).

: ''(i)saíkat aru'' "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ ''iskat'' "a philosopher" (-//V/).

: ''babalú aru'' "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ ''babla'' "an idea of confusion" (/V//-).

=====Edenic Nouns=====

The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ''ādáma'' "ancestry" out of the root ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | ~~Experimental~~

! colspan="1" | EDENIC NOUNS

|-

! ~~1st.Sin.~~

! Plain

| i//~~ú/ || ī~~/~~/ú/ ||~~ a~~//ú/ || ā//ú/ || u//ú/ || ū//ú/~~

| a/a/a/a

|-

! ~~2nd.Sin.~~

! Reduced

| ~~i//í/ || ī~~//í/ || a~~//í/ || ā//í/ || u//í/ || ū//í/~~

| a///a

|-

~~! 3rd~~.~~Sin~~.

|}

~~| i//á/ || ī//á/ || a//á || ā//á || u//á || ū//á~~

|-

=====Postdiluvian Nouns=====

! ~~1st.Plu.~~

| ~~i//û/ || ī//û/ || a//û/ || ā//û/ || u//û/ || ū//û/~~

Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism", its essence can be extracted as ''qâhf'' "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as ''-k-’-n-'' "passage of time" yielding ''kâ’n'' "year", ''kû’n'' "old person", and ''kî’n'' "clock".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS

|-

! ~~2nd.Plu.~~

! Formal

~~| i//î/ || ī//î/ || a//î/ || ā//î/ || u//î/ || ū//î/~~

! Informal

|-

! ~~3rd.Plu.~~

! a

| ~~i//â/ || ī//â/ || a//â/ || ā//â/ || u~~//â/ || ū//â/

| /á// || //á/

|-

! ~~rowspan="1"~~ |

! au

~~! colspan="6"~~ | ~~Causative~~

| /ú// || //ú/

|-

! ~~1st.Sin.~~

! ao

| //~~i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā//ú || //u~~/ú || //ū/ú

| /û// || //û/

|-

! ~~2nd.Sin.~~

! aa

| //~~i/í || //ī/í || //a/í || //ā/í || //u~~/í || //ū/í

| /â// || //â/

|-

! ~~3rd.Sin.~~

! ae

| //~~i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || /ā/á || //u~~/á || //ū/á

| /î// || //î/

|-

! ~~1st.Plu.~~

! ai

| //~~i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || /ā/û || //u~~/û || //ū/û

| /í// || //í/

|-

~~! 2nd~~.~~Plu~~.

|}

| ~~//i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || /ā/î || //u/î~~ || ~~//ū/î~~

=====Prediluvian Nouns=====

Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as ''-m-f-r-'' "death" can yield ''ímufar'' "poison", ''maífar'' "deceased", ''mafaúra'' "lifespan (until death)", et cetera.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I)

|-

! ~~3rd.Plu.~~

! h

~~| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || /ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â~~

! ɦ

! ħ

! ʕ

! χ

! ʁ

|-

! ~~rowspan="1"~~ |

! h

~~! colspan="6"~~ | ~~Obligative~~

| í/-/-/- || -/-/í/- || iá/-/-/- || -/-/iá/- || iú/-/-/- || -/-/iú/-

|-

! ~~1st.Sin.~~

! ɦ

| i/ú// || ī/ú// || a/ú// || ā/ú// || u/ú// || ū/ú//

| -/í/-/- || -/-/-/í || -/iá/-/- || -/-/-/iá || -/iú/-/- || -/-/-/iú

|-

! ~~2nd.Sin.~~

! ħ

| i/í// || ī/í// || a/í// || ā/í// || u/í// || ū/í//

| aí/-/-/- || -/-/aí/- || á/-/-/- || -/-/á/- || aú/-/-/- || -/-/aú/-

|-

! ~~3rd.Sin.~~

! ʕ

| i/á// || ī/á// || a/á// || ā/á// || u/á// || ū/á//

| -/aí/-/- || -/-/-/aí || -/á/-/- || -/-/-/á || -/aú/-/- || -/-/-/aú

|-

! ~~1st.Plu.~~

! χ

| i/û// || ī/û// || a/û// || ā/û// || u/û// || ū/û//

| uí/-/-/- || -/-/uí/- || uá/-/-/- || -/-/uá/- || ú/-/-/- || -/-/ú/-

|-

! ~~2nd.Plu.~~

! ʁ

| i/î// || ī/î// || a/î// || ā/î// || u/î// || ū/î//

| -/uí/-/- || -/-/-/uí || -/uá/-/- || -/-/-/uá || -/ú/-/- || -/-/-/ú

|-

~~! 3rd.Plu.~~

|}

| ~~i/â// || ī/â// || a/â// || ā/â// || u/â//~~ || ~~ū/â//~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II)

|-

! ~~rowspan="1" |~~

! X̰

! ~~colspan="6" | Active~~

! X

! X̤

! X̰̃

! X̃

! X̤̃

|-

! ~~1st.Sin.~~

! ə

| i///ú || ī///ú || a///ú || ā///ú || u///ú || ū///ú

| a<///>u || a<///>a || a<///>i || a<///>ū || a<///>ā || a<///>ī

|-

! ~~2nd.Sin.~~

! u

| i///í || ī///í || a///í || ā///í || u///í || ū///í

| u<///>u || u<///>a || u<///>i || u<///>ū || u<///>ā || u<///>ī

|-

! ~~3rd.Sin.~~

! o

| i///á || ī///á || a///á || ā///á || u///á || ū///á

| ū<///>u || ū<///>a || ū<///>i || ū<///>ū || ū<///>ā || ū<///>ī

|-

! ~~1st.Plu.~~

! a

| i///û || ī///û || a///û || ā///û || u///û || ū///û

| ā<///>u || ā<///>a || ā<///>i || ā<///>ū || ā<///>ā || ā<///>ī

|-

! ~~2nd.Plu.~~

! e

| i///î || ī///î || a///î || ā///î || u///î || ū///î

| ī<///>u || ī<///>a || ī<///>i || ī<///>ū || ī<///>ā || ī<///>ī

|-

! ~~3rd.Plu.~~

! i

| i///~~â || ī///â || a///â || ā///â ||~~ u~~///â~~ || ū///â

| i<///>u || i<///>a || i<///>i || i<///>ū || i<///>ā || i<///>ī

|-

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | Passive~~

|-

~~! 1st<~~/~~sup~~>~~.Sin.~~

~~| /i/ú/ || /ī/ú/ || /~~a~~/ú/~~ || /~~ā/ú/ || /u/ú/ || /ū/ú~~/

|-

~~! 2nd<~~/~~sup~~>~~.Sin.~~

~~| /~~i~~/í/~~ || /ī/~~í/ || /a/í/ || /ā/í/ || /u/í/ ||~~ /ū~~/í/~~

|-

~~! 3rd.Sin.~~

| /i/á/ ~~|| /ī/á/ || /a/á/ ||~~ /ā~~/á/ || /u/á/~~ || ~~/ū/á/~~

|-

~~! 1st.Plu.~~

~~| /~~i~~/û/ || /ī/û/ || /a/û/ || /ā/û/ || /u/û/ || /ū/û/~~

|-

~~! 2~~<~~sup>nd.Plu.~~

~~| /i/î/ || /ī/î/ || /a~~/î/ ~~|| /ā/î/ || /u/î/ || /ū/î/~~

|-

~~! 3rd<~~/~~sup~~>~~.Plu.~~

~~| /i/â/ || /~~ī~~/â/ || /a/â/ || /ā/â/ || /u/â/ || /ū/â/~~

|-

|}

====~~=Non-finite~~ Verbs=====

====Verbs====

Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood, number, and aspect, or by form:

~~Non-finite verbs are the least productive class of verbs~~, ~~underperforming through their semantic range~~, ~~capable for example of conjugating ''~~-m-~~f-r-'' "dying" into ''murí'' "dying" (gerund)~~, ~~''murá'' "to die" (lemma)~~, ~~''murú'' "to die" (infinitive)~~.

*six voicesF: [[w:Causative voice|causative]], obligative, [[w:Medio-passive voice|medio-passive]], experimental, [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align~~:~~center;"~~

*two voicesN: [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].

~~! rowspan="2" |~~

~~! colspan="2" | NON-FINITE VERBS~~

*three persons: [[w:Grammatical person|first]], [[w:Grammatical person|second]] and [[w:Grammatical person|third]].

|-

~~! Active~~

! Passive

|-

~~! ʔ~~

| ~~á///~~ || ~~///á~~

|-

~~! ʔu~~

~~| ú/// || ///ú~~

|-

~~! ʔo~~

~~| û/// || ///û~~

|-

~~! ʔa~~

~~| â/// || ///â~~

|-

~~! ʔe~~

~~| î/// || ///î~~

|-

~~! ʔi~~

~~| í/// || ///í~~

|-

|}

~~====Adjuncts====~~

*three moods: [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[w:Indicative mood|indicative]], and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]].

~~Adjuncts are demarked by effect~~ and ~~amplitude~~:

*two numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]] and [[w:Plural number|plural]].

*~~three effects~~: ~~describer, ascriber,~~ and ~~inscriber~~.

*two aspectsF: [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] and [[w:Imperfeftive aspect|imperfective]].

*~~two amplitudes~~: ~~local~~ and ~~universal. The first group works within the word boundary; the second within the phrase~~.

*six aspectsN: [[w:Gerund|complete gerund]], [[w:Gerund|incomplete gerund]], generic lemma, basic lemma, [[w:Infinitive|complete infinitive]], and [[w:Infinitive|incomplete infinitive]].

~~Adjectives~~ (''/-/~~''), incorporations (''-~~//''), and ~~prefixes (''/~~-~~-'') precede nouns/verbs~~, ~~whereas adverbs~~ (~~''-~~/~~-''), expressions (''~~//~~-''), and postpositions (''--~~/'') ~~are right-bound~~. ~~Also~~, ~~incorporations may equal to adverbs before consonants, as prefixes~~ may equal to adjectives before vowels. Those two word classes distinguish themselves in Adamic by the fact that incorporations modify nouns while prefixes modify verbs. Vide ''ādūqáfl'' "proto-language" and ''’āmúqul'' "to ~~foretell since the beginning".~~

They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (VOICEF x PERSON x MOOD x NUMBER x ASPECTF), and Non-finite Verbs, with 12 permutations (VOICEN x ASPECTN). In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for [[w:Participle|participles]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | ~~ADJUNCTS~~

! colspan="6" | PARTICIPATION

|-

! ~~Adjective~~

! Verb

~~! Adverb~~

| -/'''-'''// || //-/'''-''' || /-/'''-'''/ || -///'''-''' || /-//'''-''' || -//'''-'''/

~~! Incorporation~~

~~! Expression~~

~~! Prefix~~

~~! Postposition~~

|-

! ~~/// ⇒~~

! Participle

| /-/ || -/- || -// || //- || /-- || --/

| '''-'''/-// || //'''-'''/- || /'''-'''/-/ || '''-'''///- || /'''-'''//- || '''-'''//-/

|-

|}

~~=====Adjectives=====~~

Emphasis marks stress ('''-'''), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even [[w:Minimum Pair|minimun pairs]] with some nouns (e.g. the words ''asita'' /aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and ''ásita'' /ˈasita/ "been thinking").

~~Adjectives describe the noun/verb.~~

=====Finite Verbs=====

: ''-’-d-m-'' "~~ancestry~~" ⇒ ''~~’ām~~'' "~~ancestral~~".

Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''mafrú'' "I (willingly) die", ''amfúr'' "I (unwillingly) die", ''muarú'' "I force to kill", ''amûr'' "I am forced to kill", ''amurú'' "I kill", and ''mafúr'' "I am killed".

=~~====Adverbs=====~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

~~Adverbs describe the nominal/verbal phrase.~~

! colspan="6" | FINITE VERBS

|-

~~: ''-’-d-m-''~~ "~~ancestry~~" ~~⇒ ''ādū''~~ "~~originally~~".

! colspan="6" | Medio-passive

|-

=~~====Incorporations=====~~

! Sub.Imp.

! Sub.Per.

~~Incorporations ascribe the noun.~~

! Ind.Imp.

! Ind.Per.

~~: ''-’-d-m-''~~ "~~ancestry~~" ~~⇒ ''ādm-'' "proto-" [incorporation].~~

! Jus.Imp.

! Jus.Per.

~~=====Expressions====~~=

|-

! 1st.Sin.

~~Expressions ascribe the nominal phrase.~~

| /i//ú || /ī//ú || /a//ú || /ā//ú || /u//ú || /ū//ú

|-

~~: ''-’-d-m-''~~ "~~ancestry~~" ~~⇒ ''dū'' "back then".~~

! 2nd.Sin.

| /i//í || /ī//í || /a//í || /ā//í || /u//í || /ū//í

=~~====Prefixes=====~~

|-

! 3rd.Sin.

~~Prefixes inscribe the verb.~~

| /i//á || /ī//á || /a//á || /ā//á || /u//á || /ū//á

|-

~~: ''-’-d-m-''~~ "~~ancestry~~" ~~⇒ ''’āū~~-~~'' "fore~~- ~~(since the beginning)"~~.

! 1st.Plu.

| /i//û || /ī//û || /a//û || /ā//û || /u//û || /ū//û

~~=====Postpositions=====~~

|-

! 2nd.Plu.

~~Postpositions inscribe the verbal phrase~~.

| /i//î || /ī//î || /a//î || /ā//î || /u//î || /ū//î

~~: ''~~-~~’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ām'' "before (long ago)"~~.

~~===Concatenation===~~

~~The root is liable to be modified by extensions or affixes, which cover the border of~~ a ~~stem as either [[w:Prefix~~|~~prefixes]] or [[w:Suffix~~|~~suffixes]].~~

~~====Replication====~~

~~By directly extending the stem through [[w:Reduplication~~|~~repetition]], affixes determine its measurements and quantities.~~

~~=====Degree=====~~

~~The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset~~/~~coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable~~. ~~This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e~~.~~g. ''gugīgánu-ta'' "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "~~a ~~giant dog").~~

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text~~-~~align:center;"~~

! ~~rowspan="~~2" |

~~! colspan="2"~~ | ~~DEGREE~~

|-

! ~~Relative~~

! 3rd.Plu.

~~! Absolute~~

| /i//â || /ī//â || /a//â || /ā//â || /u//â || /ū//â

|-

! ə

! rowspan="1" |

| ~~Ca- || -aC~~

! colspan="6" | Experimental

|-

! u

! 1st.Sin.

| ~~Cu-~~ || ~~-uC~~

| i//ú/ || ī//ú/ || a//ú/ || ā//ú/ || u//ú/ || ū//ú/

|-

! o

! 2nd.Sin.

| ~~Cū-~~ || ~~-ūC~~

| i//í/ || ī//í/ || a//í/ || ā//í/ || u//í/ || ū//í/

|-

! a

! 3rd.Sin.

| Cā- || -āC

| i//á/ || ī//á/ || a//á || ā//á || u//á || ū//á

|-

! 1st.Plu.

| i//û/ || ī//û/ || a//û/ || ā//û/ || u//û/ || ū//û/

|-

! 2nd.Plu.

| i//î/ || ī//î/ || a//î/ || ā//î/ || u//î/ || ū//î/

|-

! 3rd.Plu.

| i//â/ || ī//â/ || a//â/ || ā//â/ || u//â/ || ū//â/

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | Causative

|-

! e

! 1st.Sin.

| ~~Cī-~~ || ~~-īC~~

| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā/ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú

|-

! i

! 2nd.Sin.

| ~~Ci-~~ || ~~-iC~~

| //i/í || //ī/í || //a/í || //ā/í || //u/í || //ū/í

|-

|}

! 3rd.Sin.

| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || //ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á

~~In nouns (importance~~/~~size):~~

|-

! 1st.Plu.

~~: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''quhqáhf'' "(precious) life"~~.

| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || //ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û

|-

~~: ''-k-f-n~~-~~'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûnin'' "puppy".~~

! 2nd.Plu.

| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || //ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î

~~In verbs (frequency~~/~~completion):~~

|-

! 3rd.Plu.

~~: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''gicāgâfl'' "they did eat less"~~.

| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || //ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â

|-

~~: ''~~-~~m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmârir'' "they barely died".~~

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | Obligative

~~In adjectives (comparison~~/~~evaluation):~~

|-

! 1st.Sin.

~~: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūk’āt'' "strongest"~~.

| i/ú// || ī/ú// || a/ú// || ā/ú// || u/ú// || ū/ú//

|-

~~: ''-g-g-g~~-~~'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "big (among big ones)".~~

! 2nd.Sin.

| i/í// || ī/í// || a/í// || ā/í// || u/í// || ū/í//

~~In adverbs (comparison~~/~~evaluation):~~

|-

! 3rd.Sin.

~~: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''’ūci’a'' "as strong as it can get"~~.

| i/á// || ī/á// || a/á// || ā/á// || u/á// || ū/á//

~~: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgīcug'' "greatly (among great manners)"~~.

~~In incoporations (comparison~~/~~evaluation):~~

~~: ''-k-’-t-''~~ "~~resistence~~" ~~⇒ ''i’t-''~~ "~~strong~~" ~~⇒ ''’uci’t-'' "stronger than many".~~

~~: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgug~~-~~'' "great (among great ones)".~~

~~In expressions (comparison~~/~~evaluation):~~

~~: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''kuk’a'' "being more than strong enough"~~.

~~: ''-g-g-g~~-~~'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gīcig'' "when less than great".~~

~~In prefixes (comparison~~/~~evaluation):~~

~~: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūkā-'' "as strong as it can be done"~~.

~~: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīcug~~-~~'' "great (among great doings)".~~

~~In postpositions (comparison~~/~~evaluation):~~

~~: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''tuciāt'' "if more than enough"~~.

~~: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as~~/~~while" ⇒ ''gicīg'' "(incredibly) almost as~~/~~while".~~

~~=====Extension=====~~

~~Stems may be replicated ('''X ⇒ XX''') entirely, producing~~ a ~~semantic continuum responsible for conveying the idea of repetitive and cyclical phenomena. Two stems often stand for the repetitive sense (e.g. ), whereas three (e.g. ) for the cyclical one.~~

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! rowspan="2"~~ |

~~! colspan="3"~~ | ~~EXTENSION~~

|-

! ~~Simplication~~

! 1st.Plu.

~~! Reduplication~~

| i/û// || ī/û// || a/û// || ā/û// || u/û// || ū/û//

~~! Triplication~~

|-

! ~~Stem ⇒~~

! 2nd.Plu.

| X || XX || ~~XXX~~

| i/î// || ī/î// || a/î// || ā/î// || u/î// || ū/î//

|-

|}

! 3rd.Plu.

| i/â// || ī/â// || a/â// || ā/â// || u/â// || ū/â//

~~In nouns (veracity or diffuse plural):~~

|-

! rowspan="1" |

~~: ''-q-h-f-''~~ "~~animalism~~" ~~⇒ ''qáhf''~~ "~~life~~" ~~⇒ ''qáhf~~-~~qáhf'' "genuine life"~~.

! colspan="6" | Active

|-

~~: ''~~-k-f-n-~~'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn-kûn-kûn'' "dogs here and there"~~.

! 1st.Sin.

| i///ú || ī///ú || a///ú || ā///ú || u///ú || ū///ú

~~In verbs (repetition or habit):~~

|-

! 2nd.Sin.

~~: ''~~-~~g-f-l-''~~ "~~consumption~~" ~~⇒ ''āgâfl''~~ "~~they did eat~~" ~~⇒ ''āgâfl~~-~~āgâfl'' "they repeatedly did eat"~~.

| i///í || ī///í || a///í || ā///í || u///í || ū///í

|-

~~: ''~~-m-f-~~r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmâr-āmâr-āmâr'' "they used to die"~~.

! 3rd.Sin.

| i///á || ī///á || a///á || ā///á || u///á || ū///á

~~In adjectives (excellence or continuation):~~

|-

! 1st.Plu.

~~: ''~~-~~k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''k’āt-k’āt'' "indeed strong"~~.

| i///û || ī///û || a///û || ā///û || u///û || ū///û

|-

~~: ''~~-~~g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīg-gīg-gīg'' "constantly big".~~

! 2nd.Plu.

| i///î || ī///î || a///î || ā///î || u///î || ū///î

|-

! 3rd.Plu.

| i///â || ī///â || a///â || ā///â || u///â || ū///â

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | Passive

|-

! 1st.Sin.

| /i/ú/ || /ī/ú/ || /a/ú/ || /ā/ú/ || /u/ú/ || /ū/ú/

|-

! 2nd.Sin.

| /i/í/ || /ī/í/ || /a/í/ || /ā/í/ || /u/í/ || /ū/í/

|-

! 3rd.Sin.

| /i/á/ || /ī/á/ || /a/á/ || /ā/á/ || /u/á/ || /ū/á/

|-

! 1st.Plu.

| /i/û/ || /ī/û/ || /a/û/ || /ā/û/ || /u/û/ || /ū/û/

|-

! 2nd.Plu.

| /i/î/ || /ī/î/ || /a/î/ || /ā/î/ || /u/î/ || /ū/î/

|-

! 3rd.Plu.

| /i/â/ || /ī/â/ || /a/â/ || /ā/â/ || /u/â/ || /ū/â/

|-

|}

~~In adverbs (excellence or continuation):~~

=====Non-finite Verbs=====

: ''-k-’-t-'' "~~resistence~~" ⇒ ''~~i’a~~'' "~~strongly~~" ⇒ ''~~i’a-i’a~~'' "~~indeed strongly~~".

Non-finite verbs are the least productive class of verbs, underperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''murí'' "dying" (gerund), ''murá'' "to die" (lemma), ''murú'' "to die" (infinitive).

: ''-g-g-g-~~'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgī~~-~~īgī~~-~~īgī'' "constantly great".~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | NON-FINITE VERBS

|-

! Active

! Passive

|-

! ʔ

| á/// || ///á

|-

! ʔu

| ú/// || ///ú

|-

! ʔo

| û/// || ///û

|-

! ʔa

| â/// || ///â

|-

! ʔe

| î/// || ///î

|-

! ʔi

| í/// || ///í

|-

|}

~~In incoporations (excellence or continuation):~~

====Adjuncts====

: ~~''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''i’ti’t-'' "indeed strong".~~

Adjuncts are demarked by effect and amplitude:

: ~~''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgīgīg-'' "constantly great"~~.

*three effects: describer, ascriber, and inscriber.

~~In expressions (excellence or continuation)~~:

*two amplitudes: local and universal. The first group works within the word boundary; the second within the phrase.

: ''-k-’-t-'' ~~"resistence" ⇒~~ ''~~k’a~~'' "~~being strong enough~~"~~" ⇒~~ ''~~k’a-k’a~~'' "~~indeed being very strong~~".

Adjectives (''/-/''), incorporations (''-//''), and prefixes (''/--'') precede nouns/verbs, whereas adverbs (''-/-''), expressions (''//-''), and postpositions (''--/'') are right-bound. Also, incorporations may equal to adverbs before consonants, as prefixes may equal to adjectives before vowels. Those two word classes distinguish themselves in Adamic by the fact that incorporations modify nouns while prefixes modify verbs. Vide ''ādūqáfl'' "proto-language" and ''’āmúqul'' "to foretell since the beginning".

: ~~''-g-g-g-''~~ "~~great size~~" ~~⇒ ''gī''~~ "~~when great~~" ⇒ ~~''gī~~-gī-~~gī'' "constantly when great"~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="6" | ADJUNCTS

|-

! Adjective

! Adverb

! Incorporation

! Expression

! Prefix

! Postposition

|-

! /// ⇒

| /-/ || -/- || -// || //- || /-- || --/

|-

|}

~~In prefixes (excellence or continuation):~~

=====Adjectives=====

~~: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kākā-'' "indeed strong"~~.

Adjectives describe the noun/verb.

: ''-g-g-g-'' "~~great size~~" ⇒ ''~~gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīgīgī-~~'' "~~constantly great~~".

: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’ām'' "ancestral".

~~In postpositions (excellence or continuation):~~

=====Adverbs=====

~~: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''iāt-iāt'' "indeed if"~~.

Adverbs describe the nominal/verbal phrase.

: ''-g-g-g-'' "~~great size~~" ⇒ ''īg'' "~~(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''īg-īg-īg'' "constantly (incredibly) as/while~~".

: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādū'' "originally".

====~~Addition~~====

=====Incorporations=====

~~By directly extending~~ the ~~stem through [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]], affixes determine its relation with new actors~~.

Incorporations ascribe the noun.

~~=====Derivation=====~~

: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādm-'' "proto-" [incorporation].

When Postdiluvian particles are applied, the resultant word denotes a new actor ('''X''') through the relation with the stem's original ('''Y'''). Furthermore, left-bound affixes are active whereas right-ones passive, which helps stems to diverge in semantic content (e.g. ''haûl'' "fire" ⇒ ''mahaûl'' "firewood" / ''haûmma'' "ashes"). This process includes not only nouns, but verbs (e.g. ''úgul'' "to eat" ⇒ ''múgul'' "to be hungry" / ''úgumma'' "to be satisfied"), adjuncts (e.g. ''’ūl'' "human" ⇒ ''ma’ūl'' "natural" / ''’ūmma'' "artificial"), and even some clitics (e.g. ''su'' "he" ⇒ ''masu'' "who" [relative] / ''suma'' "who" [interrogative]).

=====Expressions=====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

Expressions ascribe the nominal phrase.

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="2" | ~~DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES~~

: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''dū'' "back then".

=====Prefixes=====

Prefixes inscribe the verb.

: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’āū-'' "fore- (since the beginning)".

=====Postpositions=====

Postpositions inscribe the verbal phrase.

: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ām'' "before (long ago)".

===Concatenation===

The root is liable to be modified by extensions or affixes, which cover the border of a stem as either [[w:Prefix|prefixes]] or [[w:Suffix|suffixes]].

====Replication====

By directly extending the stem through [[w:Reduplication|repetition]], affixes determine its measurements and quantities.

=====Degree=====

The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''iru gugīgá-nuta'' "I am the one bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | DEGREE

|-

! !~~! Particle !! Sense~~

! Relative

! Absolute

|-

! ~~rowspan=18 | Postdiluvian~~

! ə

| ''-~~ka-''~~ || ~~X/Y is next to Y/X~~

| Ca- || -aC

|-

| ''-~~ga-''~~ || ~~X/Y interacts with Y/X~~

! u

| Cu- || -uC

|-

| ''-~~ta-''~~ || ~~X/Y commands to stop Y/X~~

! o

| Cū- || -ūC

|-

| ''-~~da-''~~ || ~~X/Y commands to move Y/X~~

! a

| Cā- || -āC

|-

| ''-~~pa-''~~ || ~~X/Y takes Y/X~~

! e

| Cī- || -īC

|-

| ''-~~ba-''~~ || ~~X/Y uses Y/X~~

! i

| Ci- || -iC

|-

| ''-nā-'' ~~|| X/Y is many Y/X~~

|}

|-

| ''~~-na-~~'' ~~|| X/Y happens to Y/X~~

In nouns (importance/size):

|-

| ''-ma-'' ~~|| X/Y possibilitates Y/X~~

: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''quhqáhf'' "(precious) life".

|-

| ''~~-ra-~~'' ~~|| X/Y is Y/X~~

: ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûnin'' "puppy".

|-

| ''~~-sa-~~'' ~~|| X~~/~~Y generates (many~~) ~~Y/X~~

In verbs (frequency/completion):

|-

| ''-za-'' ~~|| X/Y generates (one) Y/X~~

: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''gicāgâfl'' "they did eat less".

|-

| ''-ha-'' ~~|| X/Y makes concrete part of Y/X~~

: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmârir'' "they barely died".

|-

| ''~~-qa-~~'' ~~|| X/Y makes abstract part of Y/X~~

In adjectives (comparison/evaluation):

|-

| ''~~-ja-~~'' ~~|| X~~/~~Y belongs (constitution~~) ~~to Y/X~~

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūk’āt'' "strongest".

|-

| ''-wa-'' ~~|| X/Y belongs (ownership) to Y/X~~

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "big (among big ones)".

|-

| ''-ca-'' ~~|| X/Y derives Y/X~~

|-

| ''~~-’a-~~'' ~~|| X/Y does Y/X~~

|}

~~=====Relation=====~~

In adverbs (comparison/evaluation):

Prediluvian particles are attached exclusively to clitics, bearing different functions depending on their position within them. As left-bound particles in strong clitics, they are responsible for correlation (e.g. ''~~aiku~~'' "~~this one~~"~~); as right-bound, for case (e.g.~~ ''~~airuk~~'' "~~with the one~~"~~); and in weak clitics or [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] for modality (e.g.~~ ''~~auru ka~~'' "~~someone~~ can").

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''’ūci’a'' "as strong as it can get".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgīcug'' "greatly (among great manners)".

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="4" | ~~RELATIVE AFFIXES~~

In incoporations (comparison/evaluation):

|-

~~! !! Particle !! Sense I !! Sense II !! Sense III~~

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''’uci’t-'' "stronger than many".

|-

~~! rowspan=18 | Prediluvian~~

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgug-'' "great (among great ones)".

~~| ''-k-'' || that || with || can~~

In expressions (comparison/evaluation):

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''kuk’a'' "being more than strong enough".

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gīcig'' "when less than great".

In prefixes (comparison/evaluation):

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūkā-'' "as strong as it can be done".

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīcug-'' "great (among great doings)".

In postpositions (comparison/evaluation):

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''tuciāt'' "if more than enough".

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''gicīg'' "(incredibly) almost as/while".

=====Extension=====

Stems may be replicated ('''X ⇒ XX''') entirely, producing a semantic continuum responsible for conveying the idea of repetitive and cyclical phenomena. Two stems often stand for the repetitive sense (e.g. ), whereas three (e.g. ) for the cyclical one.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" | EXTENSION

|-

~~| ''-g-'' || that || with/of || can~~

! Simplication

! Reduplication

! Triplication

|-

~~| ''-t-'' || such || at || want~~

! Stem ⇒

|-

| X || XX || XXX

~~| ''-d-'' || such || by || dare~~

|-

~~| ''-p-'' || that || with || can~~

|-

~~| ''-b-'' || that || with || shall~~

|-

~~| ''-n-'' || some/no || when/at || must~~

|-

~~| ''-m-'' || some/no || when/during || may~~

|-

~~| ''-r-'' || same || with || indeed~~

|-

~~| ''-l-'' || other || without || not~~

|-

~~| ''-s-'' || every || when/at || shall~~

|-

~~| ''-z-'' || each || when/at || shall~~

|-

~~| ''-h-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE~~

|-

~~| ''-q-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE~~

|-

~~| ''-j-'' || such || like || expect~~

|-

~~| ''-w-'' || such~~ || ~~about~~ || ~~seem/must~~

|-

~~| ''-c-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE~~

|-

~~| ''-’-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE~~

|}

~~===Triptote Formula===~~

In nouns (veracity or diffuse plural):

~~The Triptote Formula inflects through case, number, definition and/or gender~~:

: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''qáhf-qáhf'' "genuine life".

: ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn-kûn-kûn'' "dogs here and there".

*three numbers: ~~[[w:Singular number|singular]], [[w:Dual number|dual]], and [[w:Plural number|plural]].~~

In verbs (repetition or habit):

*three referentialities: ~~[[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], and [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]]~~.

: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''āgâfl-āgâfl'' "they repeatedly did eat".

*three genders: ~~[[w:Feminine gender|feminine]], [[w:Masculine gender|masculine]], and [[w:Neuter gender|neuter]]~~.

: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmâr-āmâr-āmâr'' "they used to die".

~~Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns~~ (~~also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender~~). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide:

In adjectives (excellence or continuation):

: ''-i̯'' ~~(dative) [Pangaean]~~ ⇒ ''_i'' ~~(dative) [Adamic]~~

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''k’āt-k’āt'' "indeed strong".

: ~~∅ (nominative) [Pangaean]~~ ⇒ ''_u'' ~~(nominative) [Adamic]~~

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīg-gīg-gīg'' "constantly big".

~~: ''-ʔ''~~ (~~accusative~~) ~~[Pangaean] ⇒ ''_a'' (accusative) [Adamic]~~

In adverbs (excellence or continuation):

~~To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (~~''~~_Vcas~~''~~) combine with correlation (~~''~~Ccor~~''~~) and definition particles (~~''~~Vdef~~'') in the formula ''_VdefCcorVcas'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''Cpro'') as in ''_CproVcas''. Furthermore, as articles are always treated as clitics whereas pronouns may act as stems, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article, and otherwise by the particle ''a'' when a pronoun). ~~Vide:~~

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''i’a-i’a'' "indeed strongly".

: ''~~_iru~~'' ~~(definite article)~~ ⇒ ''~~saíkat iru~~'' "~~the philosopher~~" ~~(nominative)~~

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgī-īgī-īgī'' "constantly great".

~~: ''_nu''~~ (~~1st-person) ⇒ ''anu'' "I" (nominative~~)

In incoporations (excellence or continuation):

~~When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space~~:

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''i’ti’t-'' "indeed strong".

: ''~~iru_~~'' ~~(definite article)~~ ⇒ ''~~iru saíkat~~'' "it'~~s the philosopher~~" ~~(oblique)~~

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgīgīg-'' "constantly great".

~~: ''nu_''~~ (~~1st-person) ⇒ ''nua'' "it's me" (oblique~~)

In expressions (excellence or continuation):

Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-~~ui'', ''~~-~~ai'', and ''~~-uī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (''*-uu''~~) and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (~~''~~-u∅~~''~~) to represent~~ ''-ua''.

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''k’a-k’a'' "indeed being very strong".

~~Gender functions mostly behave as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are~~ "~~material~~" (''i''~~) and~~ "~~immaterial~~" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "~~clouds~~"~~, masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.~~

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gī-gī-gī'' "constantly when great"

~~====Pronouns====~~

In prefixes (excellence or continuation):

~~Pronouns can be inflected by primary and secondary cases (e.g~~ ''~~ana~~'' "me", ''~~anuk~~'' "~~with me~~"~~), beyond the following affixes:~~

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kākā-'' "indeed strong".

* '''(C)''': ~~feminine construction with ''ca'' and/or ''’a'' that may aid the feminine marker ''i''. Vide: ''anuci'' "I (f.)",~~ ''~~anu’a~~'' "~~I (f.)~~", ''~~anu’ai~~'' "~~I (f.)~~", ''~~anuca’~~'' "~~I (f.)~~"~~, et cetera~~.

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīgīgī-'' "constantly great".

* '''(N)~~'''~~: plural construction with the Diluvian particle ''nā'' (e.g. ''anu'' "I" and ''anunā'' "we"), which may suffer a variety of deformations, such as being reduced to ''n'' (e.g. ''anūn'' "we") or fused with ''ca'' (e.g. ''anucān'' "we"). The feminine (C) may be included.

In postpositions (excellence or continuation):

Pronouns may also differ among themselves, as the distribution of their roots is formely distinguished as Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, that would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-~~T and n~~-~~m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name=~~"~~Nichols, Peterson, 2013~~"~~>Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N~~-~~M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo~~. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic:

: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''iāt-iāt'' "indeed if".

*Eurasian:

: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''īg-īg-īg'' "constantly (incredibly) as/while".

~~: ''naocar'' "the near person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-'' (1st person) [Adamic]~~

====Addition====

~~: ''taocar'' "~~the ~~person of reference"~~ [~~Diluvian~~] ~~⇒ ''-t-'' (2nd person) [Adamic~~]

By directly extending the stem through [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]], affixes determine its relation with new actors.

~~: ''yaocar'' "that person (3rd-person)" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-s-'' (3rd person) [Adamic]~~

=====Derivation=====

*Laurentian:

When Postdiluvian particles are applied, the resultant word denotes a new actor ('''X''') through the relation with the stem's original ('''Y'''). Furthermore, left-bound affixes are active whereas right-ones passive, which helps stems to diverge in semantic content (e.g. ''haûl'' "fire" ⇒ ''mahaûl'' "firewood" / ''haûmma'' "ashes"). This process includes not only nouns, but verbs (e.g. ''úgul'' "to eat" ⇒ ''múgul'' "to be hungry" / ''úgumma'' "to be satisfied"), adjuncts (e.g. ''’ūl'' "human" ⇒ ''ma’ūl'' "natural" / ''’ūmma'' "artificial"), and even some clitics (e.g. ''su'' "he" ⇒ ''masu'' "who" [relative] / ''suma'' "who" [interrogative]).

: ''~~kaocar~~'' "~~this person~~" ~~[Diluvian]~~ ⇒ ''~~-k-~~'' ~~(1st<~~/~~sup> person~~) ~~[Adamic]~~

: ''~~paocar~~'' "~~the present person~~" ~~[Diluvian]~~ ⇒ ''~~-p-~~'' ~~(2nd<~~/~~sup> person~~) ~~[Adamic]~~

: ''~~aocar~~'' "~~person~~" ~~[Diluvian]~~ ⇒ ''~~-∅-~~'' ~~(3rd<~~/~~sup> person~~) ~~[Adamic]~~

~~=====Plain Pronouns=====~~

~~The plain form of pronouns is equivalent to the absolute state of nouns~~, ~~inflected by case. This class may also behave as articles for a noun when independent~~ (e.g. ''~~’ûl-asu~~'' "~~that man~~")~~, and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | ~~MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)~~

! colspan="2" | DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

|-

! ~~colspan="3" | Singular~~

! !! Particle !! Sense

! ~~colspan="3" | Dual~~

! ~~colspan="3" | Plural~~

|-

! ~~2nd-person~~

! rowspan=18 | Postdiluvian

~~! 1st~~-~~person~~

| ''-ka-'' || X/Y is next to Y/X

~~! 3rd~~-~~person~~

~~! 2nd<~~/~~sup>-person~~

~~! 1st<~~/~~sup>-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

|-

~~! Nominative~~

| ''-ga-'' || X/Y interacts with Y/X

| ~~atu~~ || ~~anu || asu || atau || anau || asau || atu(N) || anu(N) || asu(N)~~

|-

~~! Accusative~~

| ''-ta-'' || X/Y commands to stop Y/X

| ~~ata~~ || ~~ana || asa || atau || anau || asau || ata(N) || ana(N) || asa(N)~~

|-

~~! Dative~~

| ''-da-'' || X/Y commands to move Y/X

| ~~ati~~ || ~~ani || asi || atau || anau || asau || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)~~

|-

~~! Oblique~~

| ''-pa-'' || X/Y takes Y/X

| ~~tua~~ || ~~nua || sua || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tua(N) || nua(N) || sua(N)~~

|-

~~! Ergative~~

| ''-ba-'' || X/Y uses Y/X

| tā || ~~nā || sā || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tā(N) || nā(N) || sā(N)~~

|-

~~! Genitive~~

| ''-nā-'' || X/Y is many Y/X

| ~~tia~~ || ~~nia || sia || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)~~

|-

~~! rowspan="1"~~ |

| ''-na-'' || X/Y happens to Y/X

~~! colspan="9"~~ | ~~FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)~~

|-

~~! Nominative~~

| ''-ma-'' || X/Y possibilitates Y/X

| ~~atui(C)~~ || ~~anui(C) || asui(C) || atai || anai || asai || atui(N) || anui(N) || asuī(N)~~

|-

~~! Accusative~~

| ''-ra-'' || X/Y is Y/X

| ~~atai(C)~~ || ~~anai(C) || asai(C) || atai || anai || asai || atai(N) || anai(N) || asaī(N)~~

|-

~~! Dative~~

| ''-sa-'' || X/Y generates (many) Y/X

| ~~ati~~(C) || ~~ani(C)~~ || ~~asi~~(C) || ~~atai~~ || ~~anai~~ || ~~asai~~ || ~~ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)~~

|-

| ''-za-'' || X/Y generates (one) Y/X

|-

| ''-ha-'' || X/Y makes concrete part of Y/X

|-

| ''-qa-'' || X/Y makes abstract part of Y/X

|-

~~! Oblique~~

| ''-ja-'' || X/Y belongs (constitution) to Y/X

| ~~tuia(C) || nuia(C) || suia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tuia(N) || nuia(N)~~ || ~~suia~~(N)

|-

~~! Ergative~~

| ''-wa-'' || X/Y belongs (ownership) to Y/X

| ~~taia(C) || naia(C) || saia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || taia(N) || naia(N)~~ || ~~saia~~(N)

|-

~~! Genitive~~

| ''-ca-'' || X/Y derives Y/X

| ~~tia(C)~~ || ~~nia(C) || sia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)~~

|-

| ''-’a-'' || X/Y does Y/X

|}

=====Relation=====

Prediluvian particles are attached exclusively to clitics, bearing different functions depending on their position within them. As left-bound particles in strong clitics, they are responsible for correlation (e.g. ''aiku'' "this one"); as right-bound, for case (e.g. ''airuk'' "with the one"); and in weak clitics or [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] for modality (e.g. ''auru kī'' "someone can").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | ~~MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)~~

! colspan="4" | RELATIVE AFFIXES

|-

! !! Particle !! Sense I !! Sense II !! Sense III

|-

! ~~colspan~~=~~"3"~~ | ~~Singular~~

! rowspan=18 | Prediluvian

~~! colspan="3"~~ | ~~Dual~~

| ''-k-'' || that || with || can

~~! colspan="3"~~ | ~~Plural~~

|-

~~! 2nd-person~~

| ''-g-'' || that || with/of || can

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

~~! 2nd~~-~~person~~

~~! 1st~~-~~person~~

~~! 3rd<~~/~~sup>-person~~

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

|-

~~! Nominative~~

| ''-t-'' || such || at || want

| ~~apu~~ || ~~aku~~ || au || ~~apau || akau || āu || apu(N) || aku(N) || au(N)~~

|-

~~! Accusative~~

| ''-d-'' || such || by || dare

| ~~apa~~ || ~~aka~~ || ā || ~~apau || akau || āu || apa(N) || aka(N) || ā(N)~~

|-

~~! Dative~~

| ''-p-'' || that || with || can

| ~~api~~ || ~~aki~~ || ai || ~~apau || akau || āu || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N)~~

|-

~~! Oblique~~

| ''-b-'' || that || with || shall

| ~~pua~~ || ~~kua~~ || ua || ~~pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pua(N) || kua(N) || ua(N)~~

|-

~~! Ergative~~

| ''-n-'' || some/no || when/at || must

| pā || kā || ā || ~~pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pā(N) || kā(N) || ā(N)~~

|-

~~! Genitive~~

| ''-m-'' || some/no || when/during || may

| ~~pia~~ || ~~kia~~ || ia || ~~pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)~~

|-

~~! rowspan="1"~~ |

| ''-r-'' || same || with || indeed

~~! colspan="9"~~ | ~~FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)~~

|-

~~! Nominative~~

| ''-l-'' || other || without || not

| ~~apui(C)~~ || ~~akui(C)~~ || ~~aui(C)~~ || ~~apai || akai || āi || apui(N) || akui(N) || aui(N)~~

|-

~~! Accusative~~

| ''-s-'' || every || when/at || shall

| ~~apai(C)~~ || ~~akai(C)~~ || ~~āi(C)~~ || ~~apai || akai || āi || apai(N) || akai(N) || aī(N)~~

|-

~~! Dative~~

| ''-z-'' || each || when/at || shall

| ~~api(C)~~ || ~~aki(C)~~ || ~~ai(C)~~ || ~~apai~~ || ~~akai |~~| āi || ~~api(N)~~ || ~~aki(N)~~ || ~~ai(N)~~

|-

| ''-h-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE

|-

| ''-q-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE

|-

~~! Oblique~~

| ''-j-'' || such || like || expect

| ~~puia(C)~~ || ~~kuia(C)~~ || ~~uia(C)~~ || ~~pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || puia(N) || kuia(N) || uia(N)~~

|-

~~! Ergative~~

| ''-w-'' || such || about || seem/must

| ~~paia(C)~~ || ~~kaia(C)~~ || ~~aia(C)~~ || ~~pai(a) || kai(a) || āi(a) || paia(N) || kaia(N) || aia(N)~~

|-

~~! Genitive~~

| ''-c-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE

| ~~pia(C)~~ || ~~kia(C)~~ || ~~ia(C)~~ || ~~pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)~~

|-

| ''-’-'' || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE || UNTRANSLATABLE

|}

===~~==Enclitic Pronouns==~~===

===Triptote Formula===

The Triptote Formula inflects through case, number, definition and/or gender:

*three numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]], [[w:Dual number|dual]], and [[w:Plural number|plural]].

*three referentialities: [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], and [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]].

~~The enclitic form of pronouns is equivalent to the construct state of nouns~~, ~~not inflected by case. This class may also behave as relative connectors when clitic (e.g. ''ira saíkat nu abūlá'' "the philosopher (me) who reads")~~, and ~~their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows~~:

*three genders: [[w:Feminine gender|feminine]], [[w:Masculine gender|masculine]], and [[w:Neuter gender|neuter]].

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide:

~~! rowspan="3" |~~

~~! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)~~

|-

~~! colspan="3" | Singular~~

~~! colspan="3" | Dual~~

~~! colspan="3" | Plural~~

|-

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

|-

~~! VOWEL~~

~~| tu || nu || su || tau || nau || sau || tu(N) || nu(N) || su(N)~~

|-

~~! CONSONANT~~

~~| ut || un || us || aut || aun || aus || ut(N) || un(N) || us(N)~~

|-

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)~~

|-

~~! VOWEL~~

~~| ta || na || sa || tā || nā || sā || ta(N) || na(N) || sa(N)~~

|-

~~! CONSONANT~~

~~| at || an || as || āt || ān || ās || at(N) || an(N) || as(N)~~

|-

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)~~

|-

~~! VOWEL~~

~~| ti || ni || si || tai || nai || sai || ti(N) || ni(N) || si(N)~~

|-

~~! CONSONANT~~

~~| it || in ||~~ is ~~|| ait || ain || ais || it(N) ||~~ in(N) || is(N)

|-

|}

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text~~-~~align:center;"~~

: ''-i̯'' (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_i'' (dative) [Adamic]

~~! rowspan="3" |~~

~~! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION~~ (~~LAURENTIAN~~)

: ∅ (nominative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_u'' (nominative) [Adamic]

|-

~~! colspan="3" | Singular~~

: ''-ʔ'' (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_a'' (accusative) [Adamic]

~~! colspan="3" | Dual~~

~~! colspan="3" | Plural~~

To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_Vcas'') combine with correlation (''Ccor'') and definition particles (''Vdef'') in the formula ''_VdefCcorVcas'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''Cpro'') as in ''_CproVcas''. Furthermore, as articles are always treated as clitics whereas pronouns may act as stems, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article, and otherwise by the particle ''a'' when a pronoun). Vide:

|-

~~! 2~~<~~sup~~>nd</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''saíkat iru'' "the philosopher" (nominative)

~~! 1~~<~~sup~~>st</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

~~! 3~~<~~sup~~>rd</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

: ''_nu'' (1st-person) ⇒ ''anu'' "I" (nominative)

~~! 2~~<~~sup~~>nd</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

~~! 1~~<~~sup~~>st</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space:

~~! 3~~<~~sup~~>rd</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

~~! 2~~<~~sup~~>nd</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru saíkat'' "it's the philosopher" (oblique)

~~! 1~~<~~sup~~>st</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

~~! 3~~<~~sup~~>rd</~~sup~~>~~-person~~

: ''nu_'' (1st-person) ⇒ ''nua'' "it's me" (oblique)

|-

~~! VOWEL~~

Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-uī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'') to represent ''-ua''.

~~| pu || ku || ’u || pau || kau || ’au || pu~~(N) ~~|| ku(N) || ’u~~(N)

|-

Gender functions mostly behave as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.

! <~~small~~>~~CONSONANT~~</~~small~~>

~~| up || uk || u || aup || auk || au || up(N~~) ~~|| uk~~(~~N) || u(N~~)

====Pronouns====

|-

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan=~~"9" ~~| NEUTER DECLENSION~~ (~~LAURENTIAN~~)

|-

! <~~small~~>~~VOWEL~~</~~small~~>

~~| pa || ka || ’a || pā || kā || ’ā || pa(N~~) ~~|| ka(N) || ’a~~(N)

|-

~~! CONSONANT~~

~~| ap || ak || a || āp || āk || ā || ap~~(N) ~~|| ak~~(~~N) ||~~ a(N)

|-

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION~~ (~~EURASIAN~~)

|-

~~! VOWEL~~

~~| pi || ki || ’i || pai || kai || ’ai || pi~~(N) ~~|| ki~~(N) ~~|| ’i~~(N)

|-

~~! CONSONANT~~

~~| ip || ik ||~~ i ~~|| aip || aik || ai || ip(N~~) ~~|| ik~~(~~N) || i(N~~)

|-

|}

~~=====Heretoclitic~~ Pronouns~~=====~~

Pronouns can be inflected by primary and secondary cases (e.g ''ana'' "me", ''anuk'' "with me"), beyond the following affixes:

~~Interrogative~~ and ~~relative pronouns are encompassed by this class, derived by the attachment of~~ the ~~particle~~ ''~~-ma-~~''~~, denoting possibility~~. ~~Notably, the interrogative group is not limited to the third person~~ (~~e.g~~. ''~~numa~~'' "~~who~~ (~~among us~~)?", ''~~tuma~~'' "~~who~~ (~~among you~~)?", ~~and~~ ''~~suma~~'' "~~who~~ (~~among them~~)?").

* '''(C)''': feminine construction with ''ca'' and/or ''’a'' that may aid the feminine marker ''i''. Vide: ''anuci'' "I (f.)", ''anu’a'' "I (f.)", ''anu’ai'' "I (f.)", ''anuca’'' "I (f.)", et cetera.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

* '''(N)''': plural construction with the Diluvian particle ''nā'' (e.g. ''anu'' "I" and ''anunā'' "we"), which may suffer a variety of deformations, such as being reduced to ''n'' (e.g. ''anūn'' "we") or fused with ''ca'' (e.g. ''anucān'' "we"). The feminine (C) may be included.

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

Pronouns may also differ among themselves, as the distribution of their roots is formely distinguished as Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, that would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic:

|-

*Eurasian:

: ''naocar'' "the near person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-'' (1st person) [Adamic]

: ''taocar'' "the person of reference" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-t-'' (2nd person) [Adamic]

: ''yaocar'' "that person (3rd-person)" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-s-'' (3rd person) [Adamic]

*Laurentian:

: ''kaocar'' "this person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-'' (1st person) [Adamic]

: ''paocar'' "the present person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-p-'' (2nd person) [Adamic]

: ''aocar'' "person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-∅-'' (3rd person) [Adamic]

=====Plain Pronouns=====

The plain form of pronouns is equivalent to the absolute state of nouns, inflected by case. This class may also behave as articles for a noun when independent (e.g. ''’ûl-asu'' "that man"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

! colspan="3" | Dual

Line 1,944:

Line 1,896:

|-

! Nominative

| ~~matu~~ || ~~manu~~ || ~~masu~~ || ~~matau~~ || ~~manau~~ || ~~masau~~ || ~~matu~~(N) || ~~manu~~(N) || ~~masu~~(N)

| atu || anu || asu || atau || anau || asau || atu(N) || anu(N) || asu(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~mata~~ || ~~mana~~ || ~~masa~~ || ~~matau~~ || ~~manau~~ || ~~masau~~ || ~~mata~~(N) || ~~mana~~(N) || ~~masa~~(N)

| ata || ana || asa || atau || anau || asau || ata(N) || ana(N) || asa(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~mati~~ || ~~mani~~ || ~~masi~~ || ~~matau~~ || ~~manau~~ || ~~masau~~ || ~~mati~~(N) || ~~mani~~(N) || ~~masi~~(N)

| ati || ani || asi || atau || anau || asau || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~tuma~~ || ~~numa~~ || ~~suma~~ || ~~tauma~~ || ~~nauma~~ || ~~sauma~~ || ~~tuma~~(N) || ~~numa~~(N) || ~~suma~~(N)

| tua || nua || sua || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tua(N) || nua(N) || sua(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~tama~~ || ~~nama~~ || ~~sama~~ || ~~tauma~~ || ~~nauma~~ || ~~sauma~~ || ~~tama~~(N) || ~~nama~~(N) || ~~sama~~(N)

| tā || nā || sā || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tā(N) || nā(N) || sā(N)

|-

! Genitive

| tia || nia || sia || ~~tauma~~ || ~~nauma~~ || ~~sauma~~ || ~~tima~~(N) || ~~nima~~(N) || ~~sima~~(N)

| tia || nia || sia || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)

|-

! rowspan="1" |

Line 1,965:

Line 1,917:

|-

! Nominative

| ~~matui~~(C) || ~~manui~~(C) || ~~masui~~(C) || ~~matai~~ || ~~manai~~ || ~~masai~~ || ~~matui~~(N) || ~~manui~~(N) || ~~asui~~(N)

| atui(C) || anui(C) || asui(C) || atai || anai || asai || atui(N) || anui(N) || asuī(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~matai~~(C) || ~~manai~~(C) || ~~masai~~(C) || ~~matau~~ || ~~manau~~ || ~~masau~~ || ~~matai~~(N) || ~~manai~~(N) || ~~masai~~(N)

| atai(C) || anai(C) || asai(C) || atai || anai || asai || atai(N) || anai(N) || asaī(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~mati~~(C) || ~~mani~~(C) || ~~masi~~(C) || ~~matau~~ || ~~manau~~ || ~~masau~~ || ~~mati~~(N) || ~~mani~~(N) || ~~masi~~(N)

| ati(C) || ani(C) || asi(C) || atai || anai || asai || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~tuima~~(C) || ~~nuima~~(C) || ~~suima~~(C) || ~~taima~~ || ~~naima~~ || ~~saima~~ || ~~tuima~~(N) || ~~nuima~~(N) || ~~suima~~(N)

| tuia(C) || nuia(C) || suia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tuia(N) || nuia(N) || suia(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~taima~~(C) || ~~naima~~(C) || ~~saima~~(C) || ~~taima~~ || ~~naima~~ || ~~saima~~ || ~~taima~~(N) || ~~naima~~(N) || ~~saima~~(N)

| taia(C) || naia(C) || saia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || taia(N) || naia(N) || saia(N)

|-

! Genitive

| ~~tima~~(C) || ~~nima~~(C) || ~~sima~~(C) || ~~taima~~ || ~~naima~~ || ~~saima~~ || ~~tima~~(N) || ~~nima~~(N) || ~~sima~~(N)

| tia(C) || nia(C) || sia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)

|-

|}

Line 2,003:

Line 1,955:

|-

! Nominative

| ~~mapu~~ || ~~maku~~ || ~~mau~~ || ~~mapau~~ || ~~makau~~ || ~~ma’au~~ || ~~mapu~~(N) || ~~maku~~(N) || ~~ma’u~~(N)

| apu || aku || au || apau || akau || āu || apu(N) || aku(N) || au(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~mapa~~ || ~~maka~~ || mā || ~~mapau~~ || ~~makau~~ || ~~ma’au~~ || ~~mapa~~(N) || ~~maka~~(N) || mā(N)

| apa || aka || ā || apau || akau || āu || apa(N) || aka(N) || ā(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~mapi~~ || ~~maki~~ || ~~mai~~ || ~~mapau~~ || ~~makau~~ || ~~ma’au~~ || ~~mapi~~(N) || ~~maki~~(N) || ~~mai~~(N)

| api || aki || ai || apau || akau || āu || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~puma~~ || ~~kuma~~ || ~~uma~~ || ~~pauma~~ || ~~kauma~~ || ~~auma~~ || ~~puma~~(N) || ~~kuma~~(N) || ~~uma~~(N)

| pua || kua || ua || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pua(N) || kua(N) || ua(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~pama~~ || ~~kama~~ || ~~ama~~ || ~~pauma~~ || ~~kauma~~ || ~~auma~~ || ~~pama~~(N) || ~~kama~~(N) || ~~ama~~(N)

| pā || kā || ā || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pā(N) || kā(N) || ā(N)

|-

! Genitive

| pia || kia || ia || ~~pauma~~ || ~~kauma~~ || ~~auma~~ || ~~poma~~(N) || ~~kima~~(N) || ~~ima~~(N)

| pia || kia || ia || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)

|-

! rowspan="1" |

Line 2,024:

Line 1,976:

|-

! Nominative

| ~~mapui~~(C) || ~~makui~~(C) || ~~ma’ui~~(C) || ~~mapai~~ || ~~makai~~ || ~~ma’ai~~ || ~~mapui~~(N) || ~~makui~~(N) || aui(N)

| apui(C) || akui(C) || aui(C) || apai || akai || āi || apui(N) || akui(N) || aui(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~mapai~~(C) || ~~makai~~(C) || ~~ma’ai~~(C) || ~~mapau~~ || ~~makau~~ || ~~ma’au~~ || ~~mapai~~(N) || ~~makai~~(N) || ~~ma’ai~~(N)

| apai(C) || akai(C) || āi(C) || apai || akai || āi || apai(N) || akai(N) || aī(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~mapi~~(C) || ~~maki~~(C) || ~~mai~~(C) || ~~mapau~~ || ~~makau~~ || ~~ma’au~~ || ~~mapi~~(N) || ~~maki~~(N) || ~~mai~~(N)

| api(C) || aki(C) || ai(C) || apai || akai || āi || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~puima~~(C) || ~~kuima~~(C) || ~~uima~~(C) || ~~paima~~ || ~~kaima~~ || ~~aima~~ || ~~puima~~(N) || ~~kuima~~(N) || ~~’uima~~(N)

| puia(C) || kuia(C) || uia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || puia(N) || kuia(N) || uia(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~paima~~(C) || ~~kaima~~(C) || ~~aima~~(C) || ~~paima~~ || ~~kaima~~ || ~~’aima~~ || ~~paima~~(N) || ~~kaima~~(N) || ~~’aima~~(N)

| paia(C) || kaia(C) || aia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || āi(a) || paia(N) || kaia(N) || aia(N)

|-

! Genitive

| ~~pima~~(C) || ~~kima~~(C) || ~~ima~~(C) || ~~paima~~ || ~~kaima~~ || ~~aima~~ || ~~pima~~(N) || ~~kima~~(N) || ~~ima~~(N)

| pia(C) || kia(C) || ia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)

|-

|}

~~Although highly inflective~~, ~~a pronoun such~~ as ''~~masu'' "who, that" bears no animate-inanimate distinction. For this purpose~~, ~~there is ''’ūmma~~'' "who~~?", ''’āmma'' "what~~", and their ~~varied forms~~:

=====Enclitic Pronouns=====

The enclitic form of pronouns is equivalent to the construct state of nouns, not inflected by case. This class may also behave as relative connectors when clitic (e.g. ''saíkat iru, nu abūlá'' "the philosopher who (among us) reads"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="6" | MASCULINE~~/NEUTER~~ DECLENSION

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! colspan="2" | Singular

! colspan="3" | Singular

! colspan="2" | Dual

! colspan="3" | Dual

! colspan="2" | Plural

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

! ~~Animate~~

! 2nd-person

! ~~Inanimate~~

! 1st-person

! ~~Animate~~

! 3rd-person

! ~~Inanimate~~

! 2nd-person

! ~~Animate~~

! 1st-person

! ~~Inanimate~~

! 3rd-person

! 2nd-person

! 1st-person

! 3rd-person

|-

! ~~Obl.~~/~~Erg./Gen.~~

! VOWEL

| ~~’ūmma~~ || ~~’āmma~~ || ~~’ūmmau~~ || ~~’āmmau~~ || ~~’ūmma~~(N) || ~~’āmma~~(N)

| tu || nu || su || tau || nau || sau || tu(N) || nu(N) || su(N)

|-

! ~~Nom.~~/~~Erg./Dat.~~

! CONSONANT

| ~~ma’ūl~~ || ~~ma’āl~~ || ~~ma’ūlau~~ || ~~ma’ālau~~ || ~~ma’ūl~~(N)|| ~~ma’āl~~(N)

| ut || un || us || aut || aun || aus || ut(N) || un(N) || us(N)

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | ~~FEMININE~~ DECLENSION

! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! ~~Obl.~~/~~Erg./Gen.~~

! VOWEL

| ~~’ūmmai(C)~~ || ~~’āmmai(C)~~ || ~~’ūmmau~~ || ~~’āmmau~~ || ~~’ūmma~~(N) || ~~’āmma~~(N)

| ta || na || sa || tā || nā || sā || ta(N) || na(N) || sa(N)

|-

! ~~Nom.~~/~~Erg./Dat.~~

! CONSONANT

| ~~ma’ūli(C)~~ || ~~ma’āli(C)~~ || ~~ma’ūlai~~ || ~~ma’ālai~~ || ~~ma’ūli~~(N) || ~~ma’āli~~(N)

| at || an || as || āt || ān || ās || at(N) || an(N) || as(N)

|-

|}

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

It is common for heteroclitic nouns to be reduced (e.g. ''ma’ūli(C)'' reduced to ''’ūli'' "who? (f.)"); specially when reduplication is applied. Vide: ''ma’āl'' "what" and ''mama’āl'' "which" (also reduced to ''mam'').

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | DECLENSION

|-

! ~~colspan="1"~~ | ~~Generic~~

! VOWEL

~~! colspan="1"~~ | ~~Specific~~

| ti || ni || si || tai || nai || sai || ti(N) || ni(N) || si(N)

|-

! ~~Heteroclitic~~

! CONSONANT

| ma || ~~mam~~

| it || in || is || ait || ain || ais || it(N) || in(N) || is(N)

|-

|}

It is also important to notice that heteroclitic pronouns can be used freely, in contrast to the relative use of enclitic pronouns (e.g. ''sama babál'' "what respectively is being read", ''bîblira sa babál'' "the book, which is being read").

~~=====Possessive Pronouns=====~~

Enclitic pronouns when flexed over articles acquire a possessive meaning (e.g. ''si'' "she" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asiru'' "hers"). It goes without saying that this process completely overcomes any inflection of definition (e.g. ''su'' "he" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asuru'' "his"), yet it is important to notice both the possessor and the possession inflect this class of pronouns (e.g. ''tat siru'' "her dad", ''mūm siruci'' "her mom").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE~~/NEUTER~~ DECLENSION (~~EURASIAN~~)

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

Line 2,105:

Line 2,051:

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

! 2nd ~~Person~~

! 2nd-person

! 1st ~~Person~~

! 1st-person

! 3rd ~~Person~~

! 3rd-person

! 2nd ~~Person~~

! 2nd-person

! 1st ~~Person~~

! 1st-person

! 3rd ~~Person~~

! 3rd-person

! 2nd ~~Person~~

! 2nd-person

! 1st ~~Person~~

! 1st-person

! 3rd ~~Person~~

! 3rd-person

|-

! ~~Nominative~~

! VOWEL

| ~~aturu~~ || ~~anuru~~ || ~~asuru~~ || ~~aturau~~ || ~~anurau~~ || ~~asurau~~ || ~~aturu~~(N) || ~~anuru~~(N) || ~~asuru~~(N)

| pu || ku || ’u || pau || kau || ’au || pu(N) || ku(N) || ’u(N)

|-

! ~~Accusative~~

! CONSONANT

| ~~atura~~ || ~~anura~~ || ~~asura~~ || ~~aturau~~ || ~~anurau~~ || ~~asurau~~ || ~~atura~~(N) || ~~anura~~(N) || ~~asura~~(N)

| up || uk || u || aup || auk || au || up(N) || uk(N) || u(N)

|-

! ~~Dative~~

! rowspan="1" |

| ~~aturi || anuri || asuri || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri~~(N)

! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

|-

! ~~Oblique~~

! VOWEL

| ~~turua~~ || ~~nurua~~ || ~~surua~~ || ~~turaua~~ || ~~nuraua~~ || ~~suraua~~ || ~~turu~~(N)a || ~~nuru~~(N)a || ~~suru~~(N)a

| pa || ka || ’a || pā || kā || ’ā || pa(N) || ka(N) || ’a(N)

|-

! ~~Ergative~~

! CONSONANT

| ~~turā~~ || ~~nurā~~ || ~~surā~~ || ~~turaua~~ || ~~nuraua || suraua || tura(N)a~~ || ~~nurs(N)a~~ || ~~surs~~(N)a

| ap || ak || a || āp || āk || ā || ap(N) || ak(N) || a(N)

|-

~~! Genitive~~

~~| turia || nuria || suria || turaua || nuraua |~~| ~~suraua~~ |~~| turi~~(N)a || ~~nuri(N)~~a ~~|| suri~~(N)a

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! ~~Nominative~~

! VOWEL

| ~~aturu(C)~~ || ~~anuru(C)~~ || ~~asuru(C)~~ || ~~aturai~~ || ~~anurai~~ || ~~asurai~~ || ~~aturi~~(N) || ~~anuri~~(N) || ~~asuri~~(N)

| pi || ki || ’i || pai || kai || ’ai || pi(N) || ki(N) || ’i(N)

|-

! ~~Accusative~~

! CONSONANT

| ~~atura(C) || anura(C) || asura(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N)~~

| ip || ik || i || aip || aik || ai || ip(N) || ik(N) || i(N)

|-

~~! Dative~~

~~| aturi(C) || anuri(C) || asuri(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)~~

|-

~~! Oblique~~

~~| turu(C)a || nuru(C)a || suru(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turu(N)a |~~| ~~nuru(N)a~~ || ~~suru(N)a~~

|-

~~! Ergative~~

| ~~tura(C)a || nura(C)a || sura(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || tura(N)a || nura(N)a || sura(N)a~~

|-

~~! Genitive~~

~~| turi(C)a || nuri(C)a || suri(C)a~~ || ~~turaia~~ || ~~nuraia~~ || ~~suraia~~ || ~~turi~~(N)a || ~~nuri~~(N)a || ~~suria~~(N)a

|-

|}

=====Heretoclitic Pronouns=====

Interrogative and relative pronouns are encompassed by this class, derived by the attachment of the particle ''-ma-'', denoting possibility. Notably, the interrogative group is not limited to the third person (e.g. ''numa'' "who (among us)?", ''tuma'' "who (among you)?", and ''suma'' "who (among them)?").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (~~LAURENTIAN~~)

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

Line 2,164:

Line 2,099:

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

! 2nd ~~Person~~

! 2nd-person

! 1st ~~Person~~

! 1st-person

! 3rd ~~Person~~

! 3rd-person

! 2nd ~~Person~~

! 2nd-person

! 1st ~~Person~~

! 1st-person

! 3rd ~~Person~~

! 3rd-person

! 2nd ~~Person~~

! 2nd-person

! 1st ~~Person~~

! 1st-person

! 3rd ~~Person~~

! 3rd-person

|-

! Nominative

| ~~apuru~~ || ~~akuru~~ || ~~auru~~ || ~~apurau~~ || ~~akurau~~ || ~~aurau~~ || ~~apuru~~(N) || ~~akuru~~(N) || ~~auru~~(N)

| matu || manu || masu || matau || manau || masau || matu(N) || manu(N) || masu(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~apura~~ || ~~akura~~ || ~~aura~~ || ~~apurau~~ || ~~akurau~~ || ~~aurau~~ || ~~apura~~(N) || ~~akura~~(N) || ~~aura~~(N)

| mata || mana || masa || matau || manau || masau || mata(N) || mana(N) || masa(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~apuri~~ || ~~akuri~~ || ~~auri~~ || ~~apurau~~ || ~~akurau~~ || ~~aurau~~ || ~~apuri~~(N) || ~~akuri~~(N) || ~~auri~~(N)

| mati || mani || masi || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~purua~~ || ~~kurua~~ || ~~urua~~ || ~~puraua~~ || ~~kuraua~~ || ~~uraua~~ || ~~puru~~(N)a || ~~kuru~~(N)a || ~~uru~~(N)a

| tuma || numa || suma || tauma || nauma || sauma || tuma(N) || numa(N) || suma(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~purā~~ || ~~kurā~~ || ~~urā~~ || ~~puraua~~ || ~~kuraua~~ || ~~uraua~~ || ~~pura~~(N)a || ~~kura~~(N)a || ~~ura~~(N)a

| tama || nama || sama || tauma || nauma || sauma || tama(N) || nama(N) || sama(N)

|-

! Genitive

| ~~puria~~ || ~~kuria~~ || ~~uria~~ || ~~puraua~~ || ~~kuraua~~ || ~~uraua~~ || ~~puri~~(N)a || ~~kuri~~(N)a || ~~uri~~(N)a

| tia || nia || sia || tauma || nauma || sauma || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N)

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (~~LAURENTIAN~~)

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! Nominative

| ~~apuru~~(C) || ~~akuru~~(C) || ~~auru~~(C) || ~~apurai~~ || ~~akurai~~ || ~~aurai~~ || ~~apuru~~(N) || ~~akuru~~(N) || ~~auru~~(N)

| matui(C) || manui(C) || masui(C) || matai || manai || masai || matui(N) || manui(N) || asui(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~apura~~(C) || ~~akura~~(C) || ~~aura~~(C) || ~~apurai~~ || ~~akurai~~ || ~~aurai~~ || ~~apura~~(N) || ~~akura~~(N) || ~~aura~~(N)

| matai(C) || manai(C) || masai(C) || matau || manau || masau || matai(N) || manai(N) || masai(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~apuri~~(C) || ~~akuri~~(C) || ~~auri~~(C) || ~~apurai~~ || ~~akurai~~ || ~~aurai~~ || ~~apuri~~(N) || ~~akiri~~(N) || ~~airi~~(N)

| mati(C) || mani(C) || masi(C) || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~puru~~(C)a || ~~kuru~~(C)a || ~~uru~~(C)a || ~~puraia~~ || ~~kuraia~~ || ~~uraia~~ || ~~puru~~(N)a || ~~kuru~~(N)a || ~~uru~~(N)a

| tuima(C) || nuima(C) || suima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tuima(N) || nuima(N) || suima(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~pura~~(C)a || ~~kura~~(C)a || ~~ura~~(C)a || ~~puraia~~ || ~~kuraia~~ || ~~uraia~~ || ~~pura~~(N)a || ~~kura~~(N)a || ~~ura~~(N)a

| taima(C) || naima(C) || saima(C) || taima || naima || saima || taima(N) || naima(N) || saima(N)

|-

! Genitive

| ~~puri~~(C)a || ~~kuri~~(C)a || ~~uri~~(C)a || ~~puraia~~ || ~~kuraia~~ || ~~uraia~~ || ~~puri~~(N)a || ~~kuri~~(N)a || ~~uri~~(N)a

| tima(C) || nima(C) || sima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N)

|-

|}

~~====Articles====~~

Articles in Adamic are either [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], or [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]]. The first case denotes either a specific being one is able or unable to identify (translated in English as "the" or "a certain"); the second, an unespecific being that may be random or somewhat specific (translated as "any" or "some"); and the third applies to generic identities, such as the subject in ''’ûlaru amfár'' "people die".

~~=====Nominal Articles=====~~

Plain articles accompany nouns and pseudo-nouns in the absolute state. Instead of relying on an epenthetic vowel to determine their syntactic functions such as pronouns, they are known to be arranged either before or after a nominal phrase (e.g. ''iru mur liviatan'' "it's the dead whale").

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

Line 2,231:

Line 2,158:

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

! ~~Definite~~

! 2nd-person

! ~~Indefinite~~

! 1st-person

! ~~Nomic~~

! 3rd-person

! ~~Definite~~

! 2nd-person

! ~~Indefinite~~

! 1st-person

! ~~Nomic~~

! 3rd-person

! ~~Definite~~

! 2nd-person

! ~~Indefinite~~

! 1st-person

! ~~Nomic~~

! 3rd-person

|-

! Nominative

| ~~_iru~~ || ~~_uru~~ || ~~_aru~~ || ~~_irau~~ || ~~_urau~~ || ~~_arau~~ || ~~_īru~~(N) || ~~_ūru~~(N) || ~~_āru~~(N)

| mapu || maku || mau || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapu(N) || maku(N) || ma’u(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~_ira~~ || ~~_ura~~ || ~~_ara~~ || ~~_irau~~ || ~~_urau~~ || ~~_arau~~ || ~~_īra~~(N) || ~~_ūra~~(N) || ~~_āra~~(N)

| mapa || maka || mā || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapa(N) || maka(N) || mā(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~_iri~~ || ~~_uri~~ || ~~_ari~~ || ~~_irau~~ || ~~_urau~~ || ~~_arau~~ || ~~_īri~~(N) || ~~_ūri~~(N) || ~~_āri~~(N)

| mapi || maki || mai || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~iru_~~ || ~~uru_~~ || ~~aru_~~ || ~~irau_~~ || ~~urau_~~ || ~~arau_~~ || ~~īru~~(N)_ || ~~ūru~~(N)_ || ~~āru~~(N)_

| puma || kuma || uma || pauma || kauma || auma || puma(N) || kuma(N) || uma(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~ira_~~ || ~~ura_~~ || ~~ara_~~ || ~~irau_~~ || ~~urau_~~ || ~~arau_~~ || ~~īra~~(N)_ || ~~ūra~~(N)_ || ~~āra~~(N)_

| pama || kama || ama || pauma || kauma || auma || pama(N) || kama(N) || ama(N)

|-

! Genitive

| ~~iri_~~ || ~~uri_~~ || ~~ari_~~ || ~~irau_~~ || ~~urau_~~ || ~~arau_~~ || ~~īri~~(N)_ || ~~ūri~~(N)_ || ~~āri~~(N)_

| pia || kia || ia || pauma || kauma || auma || poma(N) || kima(N) || ima(N)

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

|-

! Nominative

| ~~_irui~~(C) || ~~_urui~~(C) || ~~_arui~~(C) || ~~_irai~~ || ~~_urai~~ || ~~_arai~~ || ~~_īrui~~(N) || ~~_ūrui~~(N) || ~~_ārui~~(N)

| mapui(C) || makui(C) || ma’ui(C) || mapai || makai || ma’ai || mapui(N) || makui(N) || aui(N)

|-

! Accusative

| ~~_irai~~(C) || ~~_urai~~(C) || ~~_arai~~(C) || ~~_irai~~ || ~~_urai~~ || ~~_arai~~ || ~~_īrai~~(N) || ~~_ūrai~~(N) || ~~_ārai~~(N)

| mapai(C) || makai(C) || ma’ai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapai(N) || makai(N) || ma’ai(N)

|-

! Dative

| ~~_iri~~(C) || ~~_uri~~(C) || ~~_ari~~(C) || ~~_irai~~ || ~~_urai~~ || ~~_arai~~ || ~~_īri~~(N) || ~~_ūri~~(N) || ~~_āri~~(N)

| mapi(C) || maki(C) || mai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N)

|-

! Oblique

| ~~irui~~(C)_ || ~~urui~~(C)_ || ~~arui~~(C)_ || ~~irai_~~ || ~~urai_~~ || ~~arai_~~ || ~~īrui~~(N)_ || ~~ūrui~~(N)_ || ~~ārui~~(N)_

| puima(C) || kuima(C) || uima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || puima(N) || kuima(N) || ’uima(N)

|-

! Ergative

| ~~irai~~(C)_ || ~~urai~~(C)_ || ~~arai~~(C)_ || ~~irai_~~ || ~~urai_~~ || ~~arai_~~ || ~~īrai~~(N)_ || ~~ūrai~~(N)_ || ~~ārai~~(N)_

| paima(C) || kaima(C) || aima(C) || paima || kaima || ’aima || paima(N) || kaima(N) || ’aima(N)

|-

! Genitive

| ~~iri~~(C)_ || ~~uri~~(C)_ || ~~ari~~(C)_ || ~~irai_~~ || ~~urai_~~ || ~~arai_~~ || ~~īri~~(N)_ || ~~ūri~~(N)_ || ~~āri~~(N)_

| pima(C) || kima(C) || ima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || pima(N) || kima(N) || ima(N)

|-

|}

~~=====Enclitic Articles=====~~

Although highly inflective, a pronoun such as ''masu'' "who, that" bears no animate-inanimate distinction. For this purpose, there is ''’ūmma'' "who?", ''’āmma'' "what", and their varied forms:

~~Enclitic articles accompany nouns in the absolute state or when the equivalent plain article would appear again (e.g.~~ ''~~bîbli iri saíkat~~'' "~~the philosopher's book~~", ''~~bîbli liviatan iruci~~'' "~~the book and the whale~~"~~). They may be either infixes or sufixes~~, ~~depending on whether the noun is triradical or not, in which case an open space between consonants either draws the vowel or its inexistence pulls it away. Exceptions such as~~ ''~~bîblV~~'' ~~rather than ''bîbVl'' occur though due the presence of liquid consonants.~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION

! colspan="6" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

! colspan="2" | Singular

! colspan="3" | Dual

! colspan="2" | Dual

! colspan="3" | Plural

! colspan="2" | Plural

|-

! ~~Definite~~

! Animate

! ~~Indefinite~~

! Inanimate

! ~~Nomic~~

! Animate

! ~~Definite~~

! Inanimate

! ~~Indefinite~~

! Animate

! ~~Nomic~~

! Inanimate

~~! Definite~~

~~! Indefinite~~

~~! Nomic~~

|-

! ~~Infix~~

! Obl./Erg./Gen.

| ~~-i-~~ || ~~-u-~~ || ~~-a-~~ || ~~-ai-~~ || ~~-au- || -ā- || -ī(N)- || -ū~~(N)- || -ā(N)-

| ’ūmma || ’āmma || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N)

|-

! ~~Suffix~~

! Nom./Erg./Dat.

| -i || -u || -a || ~~-ai~~ || ~~-au || -ā || -ī(N) || -ū~~(N) || -ā(N)

| ma’ūl || ma’āl || ma’ūlau || ma’ālau || ma’ūl(N)|| ma’āl(N)

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION

! colspan="6" | FEMININE DECLENSION

|-

! ~~Infix~~

! Obl./Erg./Gen.

| -i(C)- || -u(C)- || ~~-a(C)-~~ || ~~-ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C)- || -ī(N)-~~ || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)

| ’ūmmai(C) || ’āmmai(C) || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N)

|-

! ~~Suffix~~

! Nom./Erg./Dat.

| -i(C) || -u(C) || ~~-a(C)~~ || ~~-ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C) || -ī(N)~~ || -ū(N) || -ā(N)

| ma’ūli(C) || ma’āli(C) || ma’ūlai || ma’ālai || ma’ūli(N) || ma’āli(N)

|-

|}

~~==Syntax [~~...~~]==~~

It is common for heteroclitic nouns to be reduced (e.g. ''ma’ūli(C)'' reduced to ''’ūli'' "who? (f.)"); specially when reduplication is applied. Vide: ''ma’āl'' "what" and ''mama’āl'' "which" (also reduced to ''mam'').

The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the [[w:Construct state|~~construct state]]; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject~~-~~Object (except when regarding pronouns)~~; ~~whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in ''mur liviatan iru''~~ "~~the dead whale~~"~~), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in ''āgūlá ūfā''~~ "~~he ate deadly~~"~~). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the [[w:Topic and comment~~|~~topic]], and the second, the [[w:Focus (linguistics)~~|~~focus]].~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

=~~==Construct State===~~

! colspan="2" | DECLENSION

|-

! colspan="1" | Generic

! colspan="1" | Specific

|-

! Heteroclitic

| ma || mam

|-

|}

~~The so called construct state plays an~~ important ~~role in adamic syntax~~, ~~being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves~~ in ~~order~~ to ~~make sense of a select class~~ of ~~grammatical cases in the articles~~ (~~wherein the construct can always be identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]])~~. ~~For example~~, the ~~nominative~~, ~~oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:~~

It is also important to notice that heteroclitic pronouns can be used freely, in contrast to the relative use of enclitic pronouns (e.g. ''sama babál'' "what respectively is being read", ''bîblira sa babál'' "the book, which is being read").

~~: ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"~~

=====Possessive Pronouns=====

~~The logical exclusion~~ of ~~one~~ ''~~iri~~'' ~~for means of redudancy does not indicate~~ the ~~syntactic relationship alone~~, ~~but~~ is ~~accompanied by~~ the ~~construct with two possibilities:~~

Enclitic pronouns when flexed over articles acquire a possessive meaning (e.g. ''si'' "she" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asiru'' "hers"). It goes without saying that this process completely overcomes any inflection of definition (e.g. ''su'' "he" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asuru'' "his"), yet it is important to notice both the possessor and the possession inflect this class of pronouns (e.g. ''tat siru'' "her dad", ''mūm siruci'' "her mom").

~~: '''''bîbli''' iri saíkat''~~ "~~the book of the philosopher~~"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

: ~~''bîbliri '''siktí''''' "the philosopher to the book~~"

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

=~~===Nouns====~~

! colspan="3" | Singular

! colspan="3" | Dual

~~When constructs, nouns lose their triptote inflection, while still behaving as independent subjects.~~

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=fi|~~number=~~(1)

! 2nd Person

|~~top~~= ~~סכת ר אול~~

! 1st Person

|~~סכת ר אול~~

! 3rd Person

|~~skt r ’vl~~

! 2nd Person

|~~saíkat iru ’ûvil~~

! 1st Person

~~|philosophy~~><~~small~~>~~CLASS~~</~~small~~> ~~{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} person~~>~~animate~~>~~human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

! 3rd Person

~~|"The person being the philosopher" (~~<~~small~~>~~ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION~~</~~small~~>)

! 2nd Person

}}

! 1st Person

! 3rd Person

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(2)

|-

|~~top= סכת ר אול~~

! Nominative

|~~סכת ר אול~~

| aturu || anuru || asuru || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturu(N) || anuru(N) || asuru(N)

|~~skt r ’vl~~

|-

|~~iskít iru ’ûl~~

! Accusative

|~~philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}} {{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~OBL}} person>animate>human~~

| atura || anura || asura || aturau || anurau || asurau || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N)

|"~~The philosopher is the person~~" (~~COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

|-

}}

! Dative

| aturi || anuri || asuri || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(3)

|-

|~~top= סכת ר אול~~

! Oblique

|~~סכת ר אול~~

| turua || nurua || surua || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a

|~~skt r ’vl~~

|-

|~~saíkat ira ’ûvil~~

! Ergative

|~~philosophy>CLASS {{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}}~~

| turā || nurā || surā || turaua || nuraua || suraua || tura(N)a || nurs(N)a || surs(N)a

|~~"The person influences/becomes the philosopher"~~ (~~CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

|-

}}

! Genitive

| turia || nuria || suria || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suri(N)a

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! Nominative

| aturu(C) || anuru(C) || asuru(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)

|-

! Accusative

| atura(C) || anura(C) || asura(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N)

|-

! Dative

| aturi(C) || anuri(C) || asuri(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)

|-

! Oblique

| turu(C)a || nuru(C)a || suru(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a

|-

! Ergative

| tura(C)a || nura(C)a || sura(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || tura(N)a || nura(N)a || sura(N)a

|-

! Genitive

| turi(C)a || nuri(C)a || suri(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suria(N)a

|-

|}

{~~{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=fi|~~number~~=(4)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|~~top~~= ~~סכת ר אול~~

! rowspan="3" |

|~~סכת ר אול~~

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

|~~skt r ’vl~~

|-

|~~iskít ira ’ûl~~

! colspan="3" | Singular

~~|philosophy~~><~~small~~>~~CLASS~~</~~small~~>~~.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person~~>~~animate~~>~~human~~

! colspan="3" | Dual

~~|"The philosopher is influenced~~/~~become by the person" (~~<~~small~~>~~PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION~~</~~small~~>)

! colspan="3" | Plural

}}

|-

! 2nd Person

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(5)

! 1st Person

|~~top= סכת ר אול~~

! 3rd Person

|~~סכת ר אול~~

! 2nd Person

|~~skt r ’vl~~

! 1st Person

|~~saíkat iri ’ûvil~~

! 3rd Person

|~~philosophy>CLASS {{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}}~~

! 2nd Person

|~~"The person to the philosopher"~~ (~~DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

! 1st Person

}}

! 3rd Person

|-

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(6)

! Nominative

|~~top= סכת ר אול~~

| apuru || akuru || auru || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N)

|~~סכת ר אול~~

|-

|~~skt r ’vl~~

! Accusative

|~~iskít iri ’ûl~~

| apura || akura || aura || apurau || akurau || aurau || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N)

|~~philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}} {{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~GEN}} person>animate>human~~

|-

|"~~The person's philosopher~~" (~~POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

! Dative

}}

| apuri || akuri || auri || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuri(N) || akuri(N) || auri(N)

|-

~~=====Collective Formation=====~~

! Oblique

| purua || kurua || urua || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a

~~The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:~~

|-

! Ergative

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(1)

| purā || kurā || urā || puraua || kuraua || uraua || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a

|~~top= בבל סכת ר~~

|-

|~~בבל סכת ר~~

! Genitive

|~~bbl skt r~~

| puria || kuria || uria || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a

|~~bîbli saíkat iru~~

|-

|~~book>inanimate>human.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}} philosophy>CLASS {{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~NOM}}~~

! rowspan="1" |

|~~"the book and the philosopher"~~

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

}}

|-

! Nominative

| apuru(C) || akuru(C) || auru(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N)

|-

! Accusative

| apura(C) || akura(C) || aura(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N)

|-

! Dative

| apuri(C) || akuri(C) || auri(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuri(N) || akiri(N) || airi(N)

|-

! Oblique

| puru(C)a || kuru(C)a || uru(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a

|-

! Ergative

| pura(C)a || kura(C)a || ura(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a

|-

! Genitive

| puri(C)a || kuri(C)a || uri(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a

|-

|}

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~fi|number~~=~~(2)~~

====Articles====

~~|top~~= ~~סכת רך בבל כאנ~~

~~|סכת רך בבל כאנ~~

~~|skt rk bbl k’n~~

~~|iskít iruk bîbl kî’in~~

~~|philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}} book>inanimate>human ancientness>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

~~|"the philosopher is with the book and the clock"~~

}}

~~=====Attributive Formation=====~~

Articles in Adamic are either [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], or [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]]. The first case denotes either a specific being one is able or unable to identify (translated in English as "the" or "a certain"); the second, an unespecific being that may be random or somewhat specific (translated as "any" or "some"); and the third applies to generic identities, such as the subject in ''’ûlaru amfár'' "people die".

~~The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against nouns may lead from (1) to (4).~~

=====Nominal Articles=====

~~{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=~~(1)

Plain articles accompany nouns and pseudo-nouns in the absolute state. Instead of relying on an epenthetic vowel to determine their syntactic functions such as pronouns, they are known to be arranged either before or after a nominal phrase (e.g. ''iru mur liviatan'' "it's the dead whale").

~~|top= אול ר מףר סכת~~

~~|אול ר מףר סכת~~

~~|’vl r mfr skt~~

~~|’ûvil~~ iru mur ~~saíkat~~

~~|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy>CLASS~~

|"~~the person is~~ the dead ~~philosopher~~"

}}

{~~{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=fi|~~number~~=~~(2)~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|~~top~~= ~~אול ר מףר~~

! rowspan="3" |

|~~אול ר מףר~~

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION

|~~’vl r mfr~~

|-

|~~’ûvil iru murá~~

! colspan="3" | Singular

|~~person>animate>human.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}} {{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~OBL}} death.{{gcl~~|~~ADJ}}.{{gcl~~|~~NMZ}}~~

! colspan="3" | Dual

|~~"the person is the dead one"~~

! colspan="3" | Plural

}}

|-

! Definite

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(3)

! Indefinite

|~~top= אול ר מףר~~

! Nomic

|~~אול ר מףר~~

! Definite

|~~’vl r mfr~~

! Indefinite

|~~’ûl iru mur~~

! Nomic

|~~person>animate>human {{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~NOM}} death.{{gcl~~|~~ADJ}}~~

! Definite

|~~"the person is dead"~~

! Indefinite

}}

! Nomic

|-

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(4)

! Nominative

|~~top~~= ~~אול מףרס~~

| _iru || _uru || _aru || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īru(N) || _ūru(N) || _āru(N)

|~~אול מףרס~~

|-

|~~’vl mfrs~~

! Accusative

|~~’ûvil mur~~-us

| _ira || _ura || _ara || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īra(N) || _ūra(N) || _āra(N)

|~~person>animate>human.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}} death.{{gcl~~|~~ADJ}}-{{gcl~~|~~3}}.{{gcl~~|~~SG}}.{{gcl~~|~~MASC}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}}~~

|-

|~~"the person is dead"~~

! Dative

}}

| _iri || _uri || _ari || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N)

|-

~~====Pronouns====~~

! Oblique

| iru_ || uru_ || aru_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īru(N)_ || ūru(N)_ || āru(N)_

~~When constructs, pronouns lose their triptote inflection, becoming enclitics attached to the unit they are subjects of.~~

|-

! Ergative

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(1)

| ira_ || ura_ || ara_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īra(N)_ || ūra(N)_ || āra(N)_

|~~top= נ סכת~~

|-

|~~נ סכת~~

! Genitive

|~~n skt~~

| iri_ || uri_ || ari_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_

|~~anu iskít~~

|-

|~~{{gcl~~|~~1}}.{{gcl~~|~~SG}}.{{gcl~~|~~NOM}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}}~~

! rowspan="1" |

|~~"The philosopher being I"~~ (~~ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION~~)

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION

}}

|-

! Nominative

| _irui(C) || _urui(C) || _arui(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrui(N) || _ūrui(N) || _ārui(N)

|-

! Accusative

| _irai(C) || _urai(C) || _arai(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrai(N) || _ūrai(N) || _ārai(N)

|-

! Dative

| _iri(C) || _uri(C) || _ari(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N)

|-

! Oblique

| irui(C)_ || urui(C)_ || arui(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrui(N)_ || ūrui(N)_ || ārui(N)_

|-

! Ergative

| irai(C)_ || urai(C)_ || arai(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrai(N)_ || ūrai(N)_ || ārai(N)_

|-

! Genitive

| iri(C)_ || uri(C)_ || ari(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_

|-

|}

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~fi|number~~=~~(2)~~

=====Enclitic Articles=====

~~|top~~= ~~ר סכתנ~~

~~|ר סכתנ~~

~~|r sktn~~

~~|iru saíkat-an~~

~~|the.{{gcl|OBL}} philosophy>CLASS-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

~~|"I am the philosopher" (COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)~~

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=~~(3)

Enclitic articles accompany nouns in the absolute state or when the equivalent plain article would appear again (e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book", ''bîbli liviatan iruci'' "the book and the whale"). They may be either infixes or sufixes, depending on whether the noun is triradical or not, in which case an open space between consonants either draws the vowel or its inexistence pulls it away. Exceptions such as ''bîblV'' rather than ''bîbVl'' occur though due the presence of liquid consonants.

~~|top= נ סכת~~

~~|נ סכת~~

~~|n skt~~

~~|ana iskít~~

~~|{{gcl|1}}~~.~~{{gcl|SG}}~~.~~{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

|"~~The~~ philosopher ~~influences/becomes me~~" ~~(CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

}}

{~~{interlinear~~|~~lang~~=fi|~~number~~=~~(4)~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|~~top~~= ~~ר סכתנ~~

! rowspan="3" |

|~~ר סכתנ~~

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION

|~~r sktn~~

|-

|~~ira saíkat~~-an

! colspan="3" | Singular

|~~the.{{gcl~~|~~ERG}} philosophy>CLASS~~-~~{{gcl~~|~~1}}.{{gcl~~|~~SG}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}}~~

! colspan="3" | Dual

|~~"I am influenced/become by the philosopher"~~ (~~PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

! colspan="3" | Plural

}}

|-

! Definite

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(5)

! Indefinite

|~~top~~= ~~נ סכת~~

! Nomic

|~~נ סכת~~

! Definite

|~~n skt~~

! Indefinite

|~~ani iskít~~

! Nomic

|~~{{gcl~~|~~1}}.{{gcl~~|~~SG}}.{{gcl~~|~~DAT}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl~~|~~DEF}}.{{gcl~~|~~CONS}}~~

! Definite

|~~"The philosopher to me"~~ (~~DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

! Indefinite

}}

! Nomic

|-

! Infix

| -i- || -u- || -a- || -ai- || -au- || -ā- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)-

|-

! Suffix

| -i || -u || -a || -ai || -au || -ā || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N)

|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION

|-

! Infix

| -i(C)- || -u(C)- || -a(C)- || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C)- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)

|-

! Suffix

| -i(C) || -u(C) || -a(C) || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C) || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N)

|-

|}

==Syntax==

~~{{interlinear~~|~~lang=fi~~|~~number=~~(6)

The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the [[w:Construct state|construct state]]; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject-Object (except when regarding pronouns); whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in ''mur liviatan iru'' "the dead whale"), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in ''āgūlá ūfā'' "he ate deadly"). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the [[w:Topic and comment|topic]], and the second, the [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]].

~~|top~~= ~~ר סכתנ~~

~~|ר סכתנ~~

===Construct State===

~~|r sktn~~

~~|iri saíkat-~~an

The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct is often identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:

|the~~.{{gcl~~|~~GEN}} philosophy>CLASS-{{gcl|1}}~~.~~{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

~~|"The philosopher's I" (POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)~~

}}

~~=====Collective Formation=====~~

: ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"

The ~~collective use~~ of the ~~article in a sentence triggers~~ the construct ~~state in its most distant members when there are~~ two ~~or more subjects/objects~~:

The logical exclusion of one ''iri'' for means of redudancy does not indicate the syntactic relationship alone, but is accompanied by the construct with two possibilities:

~~{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)~~

: '''''bîbli''' iri saíkat'' "the book of the philosopher"

~~|top= תנ~~

~~|תנ~~

~~|tn~~

~~|atu-na~~

~~|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

|"~~I and you~~"

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)~~

: ''bîbliri '''siktí''''' "the philosopher to the book"

~~|top= נכס ת~~

~~|נכס ת~~

~~|nks t~~

~~|nuak-us ta~~

~~|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

|"~~he is with me and you~~"

}}

====~~=Attributive Formation=~~====

====Nouns====

~~The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pronouns may lead from (1) to (4)~~.

When constructs, nouns lose their triptote inflection, while still behaving as independent subjects.

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ר ~~מףר סכתס~~

|top= סכת ר אול

|ר ~~מףר סכתס~~

|סכת ר אול

|r ~~mfr skts~~

|skt r ’vl

|iru ~~mur saíkat-us~~

|saíkat iru ’ûvil

|~~{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}~~ philosophy>CLASS-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|~~MASC~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|philosophy>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~he is~~ the ~~dead~~ philosopher"

|"The person being the philosopher" (ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ר ~~מףרס~~

|top= סכת ר אול

|ר ~~מףרס~~

|סכת ר אול

|r ~~mfrs~~

|skt r ’vl

|iru ~~murá-su~~

|iskít iru ’ûl

|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~OBL~~}} ~~death.~~{{gcl|~~ADJ~~}}.{{gcl|~~NMZ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS~~}}

|philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human

|"he is the ~~dead one~~"

|"The philosopher is the person" (COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= ~~ס מפר~~

|top= סכת ר אול

|~~ס מףר~~

|סכת ר אול

|~~s mfr~~

|skt r ’vl

|~~asu mur~~

|saíkat ira ’ûvil

|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|~~MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT~~}}.{{gcl|~~NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ~~}}

|philosophy>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~he is dead~~"

|"The person influences/becomes the philosopher" (CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= ~~מפרס~~

|top= סכת ר אול

|~~מףרס~~

|סכת ר אול

|~~mfrs~~

|skt r ’vl

|~~mur-us~~

|iskít ira ’ûl

|~~death~~.{{gcl|~~ADJ~~}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|~~MASC~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human

|"~~he is dead~~"

|"The philosopher is influenced/become by the person" (PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|top= סכת ר אול

|סכת ר אול

|skt r ’vl

|saíkat iri ’ûvil

|philosophy>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"The person to the philosopher" (DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= סכת ר אול

|סכת ר אול

|skt r ’vl

|iskít iri ’ûl

|philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human

|"The person's philosopher" (POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

====~~Pseudo-nouns~~====

=====Collective Formation=====

~~When constructs, non-finite verbs lose their triptote inflection, attracting verbal enclitics to themselves while behaving as nouns.~~

The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~תסכת אול~~

|top= בבל סכת ר

|~~תסכת אול~~

|בבל סכת ר

|~~tskt ’vl~~

|bbl skt r

|~~t-úsit-u ’ûvil~~

|bîbli saíkat iru

|~~{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~INF~~}}~~-{{gcl|NOM}} person~~>~~animate~~>~~human.~~{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}}

|book>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} philosophy>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}

|"~~The person wanting to think~~" ~~(ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION)~~

|"the book and the philosopher"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~תסכת ר אול~~

|top= סכת רך בבל כאנ

|~~תסכת ר אול~~

|סכת רך בבל כאנ

|~~tskt r ’vl~~

|skt rk bbl k’n

|~~t-úsit iru ’ûl~~

|iskít iruk bîbl kî’in

|{{gcl|~~DES~~}}~~-philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~INF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~OBL~~}} ~~person>animate>human~~

|philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}} book>inanimate>human ancientness>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~Wanting to think~~ is the ~~person~~" ~~(COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)~~

|"the philosopher is with the book and the clock"

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~fi|number~~=~~(3)~~

=====Attributive Formation=====

~~|top~~= ~~תסכת אול~~

~~|תסכת אול~~

The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against nouns may lead from (1) to (4).

~~|tskt ’vl~~

~~|t-úsit-a ’ûvil~~

~~|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|NDEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}~~

|"The ~~person wants~~ to ~~think"~~ (~~CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION~~)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~תסכת~~ ר ~~אול~~

|top= אול ר מףר סכת

|~~תסכת~~ ר ~~אול~~

|אול ר מףר סכת

|~~tskt~~ r ~~’vl~~

|’vl r mfr skt

|~~t-úsit ira ’ûl~~

|’ûvil iru mur saíkat

|{{gcl|~~DES~~}}~~-philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~INF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS}} {{gcl|DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~ERG~~}} ~~person~~>~~animate~~>~~human~~

|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy>CLASS

|"~~To think~~ is ~~wanted by~~ the ~~person~~" ~~(PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION)~~

|"the person is the dead philosopher"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~תסכת~~ אול

|top= אול ר מףר

|~~תסכת~~ אול

|אול ר מףר

|~~tskt~~ ’vl

|’vl r mfr

|~~t-úsit-i~~ ’ûvil

|’ûvil iru murá

|{{gcl|~~DES~~}}~~-philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~INF~~}}-{{gcl|~~DAT~~}} ~~person>animate>human~~.{{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}}

|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}

|"~~The~~ person ~~to wanting to think~~" ~~(DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION)~~

|"the person is the dead one"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= ~~תסכת~~ ר אול

|top= אול ר מףר

|~~תסכת ר~~ אול

|אול ר מףר

|~~sktt r~~ ’vl

|’vl r mfr

|t-~~úsit iri ’ûl~~

|’ûl iru mur

|{{gcl|~~DES~~}}~~-philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~INF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} {{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~GEN~~}} ~~person>animate>human~~

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}

|"~~The~~ person~~'s wanting to think~~" ~~(POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)~~

|"the person is dead"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= אול מףרס

|אול מףרס

|’vl mfrs

|’ûvil mur-us

|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"the person is dead"

}}

====~~=Collective Formation=~~====

====Pronouns====

~~The collective use of~~ the ~~article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there~~ are ~~two or more~~ subjects~~/objects:~~

When constructs, pronouns lose their triptote inflection, becoming enclitics attached to the unit they are subjects of.

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top=~~כאן מףרצ~~

|top= נ סכת

|~~כאן מףרצ~~

|נ סכת

|~~k’n mfrc~~

|n skt

|~~kāní murí-cu~~

|anu iskít

|~~aging.~~{{gcl|~~GER~~}}.{{gcl|~~PAS~~}} ~~death~~.{{gcl|~~GER~~}}.{{gcl|~~PAS~~}}-{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}

|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~aging and dying~~"

|"The philosopher being I" (ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~הול ךכאן מףר~~

|top= ר סכתנ

|~~הול ךכאן מףר~~

|ר סכתנ

|~~hvl kk’n mfr~~

|r sktn

|~~hūlú~~-~~m uk-kāní murí~~

|iru saíkat-an

|~~fire.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}~~.~~{{gcl|CONS}}-{{gcl|DEB}}~~ {{gcl|OBL}}~~.{{gcl|COM}}~~-~~aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.~~{{gcl|~~GER~~}}.{{gcl|~~PAS~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|the.{{gcl|OBL}} philosophy>CLASS-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~having to burn right after aging and dying~~"

|"I am the philosopher" (COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

===~~==Attributive Formation=====~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= נ סכת

|נ סכת

|n skt

|ana iskít

|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"The philosopher influences/becomes me" (CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

~~The effects of~~ the ~~cadence of syntactic arguments against pseudo~~-~~nouns may lead from (~~1~~) to~~ (4).

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= ר סכתנ

|ר סכתנ

|r sktn

|ira saíkat-an

|the.{{gcl|ERG}} philosophy>CLASS-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"I am influenced/become by the philosopher" (PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|top= ~~כאן~~ ר ~~הול מףר~~

|top= נ סכת

|~~כאן~~ ר ~~הול מףר~~

|נ סכת

|~~k’n~~ r ~~hvl mfr~~

|n skt

|~~kāní iru hūl maúr~~

|ani iskít

|~~aging~~.{{gcl|~~GER~~}}.{{gcl|~~PASS~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~OBL~~}} ~~fire~~.{{gcl|~~ADJ~~}} ~~death>generic~~

|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~aging is the fiery death~~"

|"The philosopher to me" (DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= ר סכתנ

|ר סכתנ

|r sktn

|iri saíkat-an

|the.{{gcl|GEN}} philosophy>CLASS-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"The philosopher's I" (POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

=====Collective Formation=====

The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= תנ

|תנ

|tn

|atu-na

|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"I and you"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~כאן ר הול~~

|top= נכס ת

|~~כאן ר הול~~

|נכס ת

|~~k’n r hvl~~

|nks t

|~~kāní iru hūlá~~

|nuak-us ta

|~~aging.~~{{gcl|~~GER~~}}.{{gcl|~~PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF~~}}.{{gcl|OBL}} ~~fire~~.{{gcl|~~ADJ~~}}.{{gcl|~~NMZ}}~~

|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

~~|"aging is the fiery one"~~

|"he is with me and you"

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(~~3)

~~|top= כאןץ הול~~

~~| כאןץ הול~~

~~|k’nc hvl~~

~~|kāní-cu hūl~~

~~|aging.{{gcl|GER~~}}.{{gcl|~~PASS~~}}~~-{{gcl|NOM}} fire~~.{{gcl|~~ADJ}}~~

~~|"aging is fiery"~~

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)~~

~~|top= כאן הולס~~

~~| כאן הולס~~

~~|k’n hvls~~

~~|kāní hūl-as~~

~~|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}} ~~fire.~~{{gcl|~~ADJ}}-{{gcl|3~~}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~aging~~ is ~~fiery~~"

}}

===~~Word Order~~===

=====Attributive Formation=====

~~====Constituent Order====~~

The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pronouns may lead from (1) to (4).

The ~~default constituent order in Adamic is [[w:Object-subject-verb word order|OSV]], except when~~ the subject is a pronoun, wherein it takes the [[w:Object-verb-subject word order|OVS]] form. Alternatively, the [[w:Verb-object-subject word order|VOS]] and therefore the [[w:Verb-subject-objectword order|VSO]] order appear as liberties.

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~בבל~~ ר ~~סכת בבל~~

|top= ר מףר סכתס

|~~בבל~~ ר ~~סכת בבל~~

|ר מףר סכתס

|~~bbl~~ r ~~skt bbl~~

|r mfr skts

|~~bîbl ira siktí ābūlá~~

|iru mur saíkat-us

|~~book>inanimate>human~~ {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} ~~book~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG~~}}

|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy>CLASS-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~The~~ philosopher ~~read the book~~"

|"he is the dead philosopher"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~בבל~~ ר ~~בבלת~~

|top= ר מףרס

|~~בבל~~ ר ~~בבלת~~

|ר מףרס

|~~bbl~~ r ~~bblt~~

|r mfrs

|~~bîbl ira ābūlí~~-ta

|iru murá-su

|~~book>inanimate>human~~ {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}} ~~book~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~PERF~~}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~You read~~ the ~~book~~"

|"he is the dead one"

}}

===~~==Nouns=====~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= ס מפר

|ס מףר

|s mfr

|asu mur

|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}

|"he is dead"

}}

~~The position of nouns is more often than not determined by the position of their articles. When the latter form a syntactical relationship with the sentence~~ (~~i.e. a construction~~)~~, there will be certain spots where the noun can be located in order to accomplish grammatical sense.~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= מפרס

~~=====Verbs=====~~

|מףרס

|mfrs

~~The position of verbs is less strict than nouns~~. ~~They are preferably right~~-~~bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence~~.

|mur-us

|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"he is dead"

}}

====~~Modifier Order~~====

====Pseudo-nouns====

~~Modifers may be left out~~, ~~but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with~~ their ~~morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology~~, ~~either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/~~verbal ~~phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments~~ as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows.

When constructs, non-finite verbs lose their triptote inflection, attracting verbal enclitics to themselves while behaving as nouns.

~~=====Incorporated Adjuncts=====~~

~~As adjuncts incorporated into the constituent aligment, those that modify the noun/verb are left-bound, and those that modify the nominal/verbal phrase are right-bound:~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~מפר סךת ר~~

|top= תסכת אול

|~~מפר סךת ר~~

|תסכת אול

|~~mfr skt r~~

|tskt ’vl

|~~mur saíkat iru~~

|t-úsit-u ’ûvil

|~~death~~.{{gcl|~~ADJ~~}} ~~philosophy~~>~~CLASS</small~~> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}

|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~the dead philosopher~~" (~~ADJECTIVE~~)

|"The person wanting to think" (ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~סכת מפר~~

|top= תסכת ר אול

|~~סכת מפר~~

|תסכת ר אול

|~~skt mfr~~

|tskt r ’vl

|~~askút ūfā~~

|t-úsit iru ’ûl

|philosophy.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} ~~death~~.{{gcl|~~ADV~~}}

|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human

|"I think ~~deadly~~" (~~ADVERB~~)

|"Wanting to think is the person" (COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= ~~מפרסךת ר~~

|top= תסכת אול

|~~מפרסךת ר~~

|תסכת אול

|~~mfrskt r~~

|tskt ’vl

|~~ūfr~~-~~saíkat iru~~

|t-úsit-a ’ûvil

|~~death~~.{{gcl|~~INC~~}}-~~philosophy~~>~~CLASS</small~~> {{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}

|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|NDEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~the necro-philosopher~~" (~~INCORPORATION~~)

|"The person wants to think" (CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= ~~סכת מפר~~ ר

|top= תסכת ר אול

|~~סכת מפר~~ ר

|תסכת ר אול

|~~skt mfr~~ r

|tskt r ’vl

|~~saíkat fā iru~~

|t-úsit ira ’ûl

|philosophy~~>CLASS death~~.{{gcl|~~EXPR~~}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}

|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human

|"~~The philosopher as morbid as a corpse~~ " (~~EXPRESSION~~)

|"To think is wanted by the person" (PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|top= ~~מפרסכת~~

|top= תסכת אול

|~~מפרסכת~~

|תסכת אול

|~~mfrskt~~

|tskt ’vl

|~~muā~~-~~askút~~

|t-úsit-i ’ûvil

|~~death.~~{{gcl|~~PREF~~}}-philosophy.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~I necro-~~think" (~~PREFIX~~)

|"The person to wanting to think" (DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= ~~סכת מפר~~

|top= תסכת ר אול

|~~סכת מפר~~

|תסכת ר אול

|~~skt mfr~~

|sktt r ’vl

|~~askút ūr~~

|t-úsit iri ’ûl

|philosophy.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} ~~death~~.{{gcl|~~POST~~}}

|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human

|"~~At least as long as I~~ think " (~~POSTPOSITION~~)

|"The person's wanting to think" (POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION)

}}

=====~~Segmental Adjuncts~~=====

=====Collective Formation=====

~~Contrary to adjuncts per se, segments that function as adjuncts (i.e. disposable) may be located either left or right in relation to~~ the ~~arguments they modify, but their function differs~~ in ~~each case. For example, it is important to notice the difference between the next two samples, which although both can be translated as "the philosopher reads~~ the ~~book~~ in ~~the library", only (1) implies the action of reading occurs~~ there~~, whereas (2) implies the book was in the library aforementioned~~:

The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~בבל דתס רת סכת בבל~~

|top=כאן מףרצ

|~~בבל דתס רת סכת בבל~~

|כאן מףרצ

|~~bbl dts rt skt bbl~~

|k’n mfrc

|~~bîbli datasiú irat siktí abūlá~~

|kāní murí-cu

|~~book~~.{{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS}} writing>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DES}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} ~~book~~.{{gcl|~~DEF~~}}~~.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.~~{{gcl|SG}}

|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}-{{gcl|NOM}}

|"~~the philosopher reads the book in the library~~"

|"aging and dying"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל~~

|top= הול ךכאן מףר

|~~דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל~~

|הול ךכאן מףר

|~~dts rt bbl r skt bbl~~

|hvl kk’n mfr

|~~datasiú irut bîbl ira siktí abūlá~~

|hūlú-m uk-kāní murí

|~~writing>CLASS~~ {{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}.{{gcl|~~DES~~}} ~~book>inanimate>human~~ {{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}} ~~philosophy>CLASS~~.{{gcl|~~DEF~~}}.{{gcl|~~CONS~~}} ~~book~~.{{gcl|~~ACT~~}}.{{gcl|~~PERF~~}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|fire.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}}-{{gcl|DEB}} {{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~the philosopher reads the book in the library~~"

|"having to burn right after aging and dying"

}}

===~~Subordinate Clauses~~===

=====Attributive Formation=====

In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Contrary to what one might conclude, though, the construct state is not triggered in the same manner as the ~~arrangement~~ of nouns ~~and their articles within the level of the clause; rather, it occurs during [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|ellipsis]].~~

The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pseudo-nouns may lead from (1) to (4).

~~====Absolute Clauses====~~

~~Absolute clauses modify their subjects/objects through means beneath the clausal level~~ (~~i.e. they consist of sentences that do not specify a noun~~).

~~=====Argument Clauses=====~~

~~Some subordinated clauses may prioritize the use of the triptote formula, addressing it as marker of the same level of the sentence rather than a particle attached~~ to ~~certain elements~~ (~~e.g.''sā'''ru''' maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother" and '''''cu''' āūla sāri maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother's personhood"~~)~~. As consequence, the clause is effectively treated as a pseudo-noun bearing the same syntactic functions as the latter~~.

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~ץ מל סן קהף סכת~~

|top= כאן ר הול מףר

|~~ץ מל סן קהף סכת~~

|כאן ר הול מףר

|~~c ml sn qhf skt~~

|k’n r hvl mfr

|~~cu maliú āsunā aqqâf askút~~

|kāní iru hūl maúr

|~~{{gcl|OBL}} where~~.{{gcl|~~NOM}} {{gcl|3~~}}.{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}} ~~live.~~{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG~~}}

|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}} death>generic

|"~~I think it~~ is ~~where they live~~" ~~(OBLIQUE CLAUSE)~~

|"aging is the fiery death"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~מפרת ץ סכת~~

|top= כאן ר הול

|~~מפרת ץ סכת~~

|כאן ר הול

|~~mfrt c skt~~

|k’n r hvl

|~~mur-at cu askút~~

|kāní iru hūlá

|~~death~~.{{gcl|~~ADJ}}-{{gcl|2~~}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|~~NOM~~}} ~~philosophy~~.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1~~}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}

|"~~I think you are dead~~" ~~(NOMINATIVE CLAUSE)~~

|"aging is the fiery one"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= ~~ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל~~

|top= כאןץ הול

|~~ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל~~

| כאןץ הול

|~~c bbl r bbl n ggfl~~

|k’nc hvl

|~~ca bîbl ara ábūlu ana gigualá~~

|kāní-cu hūl

|~~{{gcl|ERG}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|ACC}}~~.{{gcl|~~MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT~~}}.{{gcl|SG}} ~~food.{{gcl|CAU}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.~~{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}~~>DEGREE~~

|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}-{{gcl|NOM}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}

|"~~It made me eat less reading books~~" ~~(ERGATIVE CLAUSE)~~

|"aging is fiery"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= ~~גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ~~

|top= כאן הולס

|~~גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ~~

| כאן הולס

|~~gfl nr gfl sn c qslnn~~

|k’n hvls

|~~gáfl nāra águlā sān ca āqilû~~-~~nūn~~

|kāní hūl-as

|~~food>generic our~~.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}}.{{gcl|~~MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}} ~~{{gcl|ACC}} see.{{gcl|ACT}}~~.{{gcl|~~PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU~~}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"~~We saw them eating our food~~" ~~(ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE)~~

|"aging is fiery"

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~fi|number~~=~~(5)~~

===Word Order===

~~|top~~= ~~ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס~~

~~|ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס~~

~~|c s p’ksn k’ps~~

~~|ci asa ipākâ-sān k’ap’á-su~~

|{{gcl|GEN}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} take.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} destroy.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

~~|"He will be killed if they catch him" (GENITIVE CLAUSE)~~

}}

~~{{interlinear|lang~~=~~fi|number~~=~~(6)~~

====Constituent Order====

~~|top~~= ~~ס מאלסן ץ מאלס~~

~~|ס מאלסן ץ מאלס~~

~~|s m’lsn c m’ls~~

~~|asa umālâ-sān ci amālá-su~~

|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|JUS}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DAT}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

~~|"He loves them for them to love him" (DATIVE CLAUSE)~~

}}

~~=====Adjunct Clauses=====~~

The default constituent order in Adamic is [[w:Object-subject-verb word order|OSV]], except when the subject is a pronoun, wherein it takes the [[w:Object-verb-subject word order|OVS]] form. Alternatively, the [[w:Verb-object-subject word order|VOS]] and therefore the [[w:Verb-subject-objectword order|VSO]] order appear as liberties.

~~Clauses may end with postpositions or coordinators such as~~ the ~~individual ''ī'' "and/then"~~, the ~~comparative ''ū'' "or/but"~~, and the ~~medial ''ā'' "while/rather"~~.

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת~~

|top= בבל ר סכת בבל

|~~ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת~~

|בבל ר סכת בבל

|~~t qslsn ’dm qslnt~~

|bbl r skt bbl

|~~ata iqilâ-sān ām āqilá-nut~~

|bîbl ira siktí ābūlá

|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|~~MASC~~}}/~~{{gcl|NEU}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}~~.{{gcl|~~PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT~~}}.{{gcl|CONS}} ~~death.{{gcl|POST}} vision~~.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|~~IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|1~~}}.{{gcl|SG~~}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|CONS~~}}

|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"~~I saw you before they could have seen~~" ~~(OBLIQUE CLAUSE)~~

|"The philosopher read the book"

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= ~~ץ מל סן קהף סכת~~

|top= בבל ר בבלת

|~~ץ מל סן קהף סכת~~

|בבל ר בבלת

|~~c ml sn qhf skt~~

|bbl r bblt

|~~cu maliú āsunā aqqâf askút~~

|bîbl ira ābūlí-ta

|{{gcl|~~OBL~~}} ~~where~~.{{gcl|~~NOM}} {{gcl|3~~}}.{{gcl|~~NOM~~}}.{{gcl|~~PLU~~}} ~~live~~.{{gcl|~~EXP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP~~}}.{{gcl|~~IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1~~}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"~~I think it is where they live~~" ~~(OBLIQUE CLAUSE)~~

|"You read the book"

}}

~~[...]~~

=====Nouns=====

~~====Relative Clauses====~~

The position of nouns is more often than not determined by the position of their articles. When the latter form a syntactical relationship with the sentence (i.e. a construction), there will be certain spots where the noun can be located in order to accomplish grammatical sense.

Relative clauses modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or animacy and case such as ''masu''.

=====Verbs=====

~~In Adamic [~~...]

The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence, except when participles, wherein they tend to be left-bound and close to the noun they modify (e.g. ''kûnira ka’áp'' "the dog is taken" (non-participle) and ''ká’ap kûniru'' "the taken dog" (participle)). However, the syntax of verbs still possesses a great effect upon nouns, pronouns, and pseudo-nouns. Excluding the extensive and often specific circumstances of objects (e.g. the difference between accusative ''asak āqfúlun'' "I spoke with him" and nominative ''asuk āqfúlun'' "I spoke next to him"), when subjects are treated, there is a limited array of responses on how the relationship among case and verbal inflection behave. The medio-passive voice for instance triggers the subject as nominative; the experimental, as oblique; the active, as ergative; the passive, as accusative; the causative, as dative (causer) and caseless (causee); and the obligative, as genitive (causee) and caseless (causer).

''sa'' ~~may be used instead of ''masu'', but in fewer instances (solely the nominative, oblique, accusative, and ergative)~~

: ''asu gaflá'' "he eats" [medio-passive]

: ''sua aguál'' "he finds himself eating" [experimental]

[~~...~~]

: ''sā agulá'' "he eats it" [active]

: ''asa gafál'' "he is eaten" [passive]

: ''asi gualá-su'' "he makes him eat it" [causative]

~~He loves whom loves~~ him

: ''sia agáfl-us'' "he is made by him to eat it" [obligative]

~~he loves~~

~~X who Y~~

~~asa amālá-su + asa amālá-su = asa amālá sa amālá~~

~~syntax of pronouns:~~

====Modifier Order====

~~asa amālá-su "he loves him"~~

~~sā amālá-su "he loves himself"~~

Modifers may be left out, but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with their morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology, either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/verbal phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows.

=====Incorporated Adjuncts=====

As adjuncts incorporated into the constituent aligment, those that modify the noun/verb are left-bound, and those that modify the nominal/verbal phrase are right-bound:

~~=====Non~~-~~Restrictive Clauses=====~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ~~בבל דתס רת סכת בבל~~

|top= מפר סךת ר

|~~בבל דתס רת סכת בבל~~

|מפר סךת ר

|~~bbl dts rt~~ skt ~~bbl~~

|mfr skt r

|~~bîbli datasiú irat siktí abūlá~~

|mur saíkat iru

|~~book~~.{{gcl|~~DEF~~}}~~.{{gcl|CONS}} writing~~>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|~~ACC~~}}~~.{{gcl~~|~~DES}} philosophy>~~~~CLASS~~~~.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}~~

|death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}

~~|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"~~

|"the dead philosopher" (ADJECTIVE)

}}

~~''nua sa bîblira abūlá'' "it's me, who reads the book"~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= סכת מפר

~~''’ûliru sima mûm āmfár''~~ "~~the man, whose mother died~~"

|סכת מפר

|skt mfr

|askút ūfā

|philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ADV}}

|"I think deadly" (ADVERB)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= מפרסךת ר

|מפרסךת ר

|mfrskt r

|ūfr-saíkat iru

|death.{{gcl|INC}}-philosophy>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}

|"the necro-philosopher" (INCORPORATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= סכת מפר ר

|סכת מפר ר

|skt mfr r

|saíkat fā iru

|philosophy>CLASS death.{{gcl|EXPR}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}

|"The philosopher as morbid as a corpse " (EXPRESSION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|top= מפרסכת

|מפרסכת

|mfrskt

|muā-askút

|death.{{gcl|PREF}}-philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"I necro-think" (PREFIX)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= סכת מפר

|סכת מפר

|skt mfr

|askút ūr

|philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|POST}}

|"At least as long as I think " (POSTPOSITION)

}}

=====Segmental Adjuncts=====

Contrary to adjuncts per se, segments that function as adjuncts (i.e. disposable) may be located either left or right in relation to the arguments they modify, but their function differs in each case. For example, it is important to notice the difference between the next two samples, which although both can be translated as "the philosopher reads the book in the library", only (1) implies the action of reading occurs there, whereas (2) implies the book was in the library aforementioned:

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= בבל דתס רת סכת בבל

|בבל דתס רת סכת בבל

|bbl dts rt skt bbl

|bîbli datasiú irat siktí abūlá

|book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} writing>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DES}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"

}}

~~nua na~~ bîbl

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל

|דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל

|dts rt bbl r skt bbl

|datasiú irut bîbl ira siktí abūlá

|writing>CLASS {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DES}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy>CLASS.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"

}}

~~''bîbliru'' "the book"~~

===Subordinate Clauses===

~~''babál sa bîblira'' "the book which is being read'~~

~~''bîblira, sa babál'' "the book, which is being read"~~

''

In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence; be it optimal for reflexion, anaphora, or against ambiguity:

''~~they say that I want to work tommorrow, in order to earn money; me, who knew nothing about~~ it''~~ ~~

: ''sā amālá'' "he loves it" ⇒ ''sā'''s''' amālá'' "he loves himself"

''~~mur~~ su ~~saíkat iru~~'' "~~the philosopher who is dead~~"

: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him" ⇒ ''amālá masa amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves whom loves him"

''~~saíkat~~ su ~~mur iru~~'' "~~the philosopher, who is dead~~"

''~~abbál sa saíkat~~'' "~~the philosopher who reads~~"

: ''asi'''s''' m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him" / ''asi m’alá-sȳ'''s''''' "he makes her love herself"

''~~saíkat sa abbál~~'' "~~the philosopher, who reads~~"

~~''nāk āqfúl-as'' "I spoke with him"~~

====Absolute Clauses====

~~''abbál sa saíkat irak āqfúl'' "I spoke with the philosopher who reads"~~

~~''sak āqfúl'' "whom I spoke with" subject pronoun ommitted~~

~~''sa abbál'' "he reads"~~

~~''saíkat sa abbál''~~

~~''murásu, askút'' "I think he is dead"~~

~~''tu nuī'' "you and me"~~

~~''murátu ī muránu'' "you are dead and I am dead"~~

~~''saíkat bûlū'' "philosopher or fool"~~

~~''sitátu ū būlátu''~~

~~Have him to do it~~

~~''datasiú irut bîbliru'' "the book in this library" is comparable to ''datasiú sat bîbliru'' "the book that is in the library".~~

Absolute clauses modify their subjects/objects through means beneath the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that do not specify a noun).

=====Argument Clauses=====

Some subordinated clauses may prioritize the use of the triptote formula, addressing it as marker of the same level of the sentence rather than a particle attached to certain elements (e.g.''sā'''ru''' maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother" and '''''cu''' āūla sāri maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother's personhood"). As consequence, the clause is effectively treated as a pseudo-noun bearing the same syntactic functions as the latter.

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ץ מל סן קהף סכת

|ץ מל סן קהף סכת

|c ml sn qhf skt

|cu maliú asūnā aqqâf askút

|{{gcl|OBL}} where.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PLU}} live.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"I think it is where they live" (OBLIQUE CLAUSE)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= מפרת ץ סכת

|מפרת ץ סכת

|mfrt c skt

|mur-at cu askút

|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|NOM}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"I think you are dead" (NOMINATIVE CLAUSE)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל

|ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל

|c bbl r bbl n ggfl

|ca bîbl ara ábūlu ana gigualá

|{{gcl|ERG}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|CAU}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}>DEGREE

|"It made me eat less reading books" (ERGATIVE CLAUSE)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ

|גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ

|gfl nr gfl sn c qslnn

|gáfl nāra águlā sān ca āqilû-nūn

|food>generic our.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|ACC}} see.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"We saw them eating our food" (ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|top= ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס

|ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס

|c s p’ksn k’ps

|ci asa ipākâ-sān k’ap’á-su

|{{gcl|GEN}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} take.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} destroy.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"He will be killed if they catch him" (GENITIVE CLAUSE)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= ס מאלסן ץ מאלס

|ס מאלסן ץ מאלס

|s m’lsn c m’ls

|asa umālâ-sān ci amālá-su

|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|JUS}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DAT}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"He loves them for them to love him" (DATIVE CLAUSE)

}}

=====Adjunct Clauses=====

Clauses may end with postpositions or coordinators such as the individual ''ī'' "and/then", the comparative ''ū'' "or/but", and the medial ''ā'' "while/rather" (the latter may even dispose of particles to modify their sense; vide ''aiku lū auku'' "neither this nor that").

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת

|ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת

|t qslsn ’dm qslnt

|ata iqilâ-sān ām āqilá-nut

|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEU}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} ancestry.{{gcl|POST}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"I saw you before they could have seen" (POSTPOSITIONAL CLAUSE)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= בבל ר כבבלת ל סן הול

|בבל ר כבבלת ל סן הול

|bbl r kbblt l sn hvl

|bîbl ara k-ábūla-t l-ā asānā áhūli

|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not-while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"You can't read books while burning them" (COORDENATIVE CLAUSE)

}}

====Relative Clauses====

''~~ata áqila-k siktí~~'' "the philosopher ~~can see you~~"

[[w:Relative clause|Relative clauses]] modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Clitics and heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or case such as ''masu''; with the latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. ''murus su, saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead" and ''muras masu'' "who is dead").

~~''ata áqila~~-~~kan'' "I can see you"~~

=====Non-Restrictive Clauses=====

''~~ísit iru ’ûl~~'' is ~~an alternative form to ''ísitu ’ûvil''~~

[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Non-restrictive]] relations force right-bound order, where the verb follows the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated after the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''bîbliru, sa nā babál'' "the book, which is being read by me").

~~''úgūl-at ca siktí''~~ "the ~~philosopher wants to eat~~"

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= ּאול ר ס כען ר מער

|אול ר ס כען ר מער

|’vl r s kfn r mfr

|’ûl iru su kûn iru āmfár

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man, whose dog died" (NOMINATIVE RELATION)

}}

~~''úgūl-at ca-na''~~ "~~I want to eat~~"

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער

|אול ר ס ר כען מער

|’vl r s r kfn mf

|’ûl iru su iru kûn āmfár

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man, who is the dog, died" (OBLIQUE RELATION)

}}

~~''úbūl-ak ca siktí''~~ "the ~~philosopher can read~~"

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= אול ר ס כען ר מער

|אול ר ס כען ר מער

|’vl r s kfn r mfr

|’ûl iru su kûn ira āmurá

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man, who killd the dog" (ACCUSATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער

|אול ר ס ר כען מער

|’vl r s r kfn mfr

|’ûl iru su ira kûn māfár

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}

|"the man, who was killed by the dog" (ERGATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ

|’vl r s kfn r p’k

|’ûl iru su kûn iri pâ’ak

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man, taken to the dog" (DATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|top= אול ר ס ר כען פאכ

|אול ר ס ר כען פאכ

|’vl r s r kfn p’k

|’ûl iru su iri kûn pâ’ak

|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man, taken from the dog" (GENITIVE RELATION)

}}

=====Restrictive Clauses=====

''~~bîblira abūlá~~ sa ~~nua~~'' "~~it's me who reads~~ the book"

[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").

~~''mûm~~ āmfár ~~sima ’ûliru''~~ "the man whose ~~mother~~ died"

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)

|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר

|מער כען ר ס אול ר

|mfr kfn r s ’vl r

|āmfár kûn iru su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man whose dog died" (NOMINATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)

|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר

|מער ר כען ס אול ר

|mfr r kfn s ’vl r

|āmfár iru kûn su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man who is the dog died" (OBLIQUE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)

|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר

|מער כען ר ס אול ר

|mfr kfn r s ’vl r

|āmurá kûn ira su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man who killd the dog" (ACCUSATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)

|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר

|מער ר כען ס אול ר

|mfr r kfn s ’vl r

|māfár ira kûn su ’ûl iru

|death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man who was killed by the dog" (ERGATIVE RELATION)

}}

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)

|top= פאך כען ר ס אול ר

|פאך כען ר ס אול ר

|p’k kfn r s ’vl r

|pâ’ak kûn iri su ’ûl iru

|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|"the man taken to the dog" (DATIVE RELATION)

~~'''uxrá'' "so that he makes them do it"~~

~~"the man kills whom loves him"~~

~~ira xûl akxāpá "the man kills"~~

~~'''ira xûvil akxāpá'' "the man kills himself"~~

~~''ani bîbli agasá~~

~~sā amālá "he loves"~~

~~taíval nūru ...pater noster, qui es in caelis~~

~~saíkat iri bîbli + bîblira āgāsá-sa = *saíkat bîbli āgāsá-sa "he gave the book to the philosopher"~~

*saíkat iri sa bîblira āgāsá-sa

~~the book that ...~~

~~==Canonic==~~

~~[...]~~

~~Canonic onset clusters: [...]~~

~~[...] The language may gain considerable fusional morphology in the [[Adamic Code#Canonic|Canonic register]].~~

~~Canonic coda clusters: [...]~~

The Adamic Code can be spoken in a poetic register, called Canonic, where the Coloration Table is almost abused in grammatical restructuration. In this register, for example, sound laws follow coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, in such form that another language is created within the language after abandoning the system of patterns. Vide the translation of "I think the person is dead":

~~: ''avâla murá-su, askút'' (Adamic) > ''ālbai muris, sia'' (Canonic)~~

~~table...~~

~~diphthongs to monophthongs~~

~~iu > y, ui > ȳ~~

~~ia > e, ai > ē~~

~~ua > o, au > ō~~

~~triphthongs to diphthongs~~

~~ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy~~

~~ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē~~

~~ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō~~

~~in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).~~

~~===Sound Changes===~~

With the [[w:Phonological rule|generative notation]] developed in the 20th Century by [[w:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]] and [[w:Morris Halle|Morris Halle]]<ref name="Chomsky; Halle">[[w:The Sound Pattern of English|The Sound Pattern of English]] (1968).</ref>...

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! -/+~~

~~! |I-type~~

~~! |U-type~~

~~! |A-type~~

|-

~~!H-type~~

~~| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}~~

|-

~~!S-type~~

~~| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}~~

|-

~~!K-type~~

| {{~~Phonorule~~|~~C|0|_#}}~~

~~| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}~~

|}

~~{| class="wikitable" border~~=~~"1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! -/+~~

~~! |I-type~~

~~! |U-type~~

~~! |A-type~~

|-

~~!H-type~~

~~| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is~~

|-

~~!S-type~~

~~| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is~~

|-

~~!K-type~~

~~| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is~~

|}

~~{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C0_}}~~

~~Coherent with Index Diachronica...~~

~~In Sca2~~

~~Sets: (non-supported)~~

~~Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence)~~

~~G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence)~~

~~ẞ=sz, Þ=fv, Ð=c'~~

~~ẞ→/#_/#_J~~

~~S→/#_/#_JWR~~

~~Categories:~~

~~V=yaeiouȳāēīōū~~

~~Y=yaeiou~~

~~Ȳ=ȳāēīōū~~

~~J=ieīē~~

~~W=uoūō~~

~~R=yaȳā~~

~~C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'~~

~~-=kpthnlsfc~~

~~+=gbdqmrzv'~~

~~K=kgpbtd~~

~~S=szfvc'~~

~~H=hqnmlr~~

~~Q=123456~~

~~1=kghqsz~~

~~2=pbnmfv~~

~~3=tdlrc'~~

~~I=khs~~

~~Ī=gqz~~

~~U=pnf~~

~~Ū=bmv~~

~~A=tlc~~

~~Ā=dr'~~

~~Rewrite rules:~~

~~i|1~~

~~u|2~~

~~nd|3~~

~~mb|4~~

~~lb|5~~

~~rd|6~~

~~Sound Changes:~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVCVV~~

~~V→/#_CVVCV~~

~~V→/#_CVCV~~

~~CV→/CV_CV~~

~~V→/CVCVC_#~~

~~V→/CVCVCC_#~~

~~ia→e/_~~

~~ai→ē/_~~

~~uo→o/_~~

~~au→ō/_~~

~~ui→ȳ/_~~

~~iu→y/_~~

~~K→S/[īē]_~~

~~K→H/[ūō]_~~

~~K→S/_J~~

~~K→H/_W~~

~~H→Q/R_R~~

~~C→/_#~~

~~[sz]→/#_/#_J~~

~~[sz]→/_#/J_#~~

~~[fv]→/#_/#_W~~

~~[fv]→/_#/W_#~~

~~[c']→/#_/#_R~~

~~[c']→/_#/R_#~~

~~+→-/_#~~

~~-→+/V_V~~

~~: ''asakata'' > ''*_sakata'' > ''*sa_ta'' > ''*'''s'''ata'' > ''*a'''t'''a'' > ''ada''~~

~~: ''asakasta'' > ''*_sakasta'' > ''*sakast_'' > ''*'''s'''akast'' > ''*akas'''t''''' > ''*aka'''s''''' > ''*a'''k'''a'' > ''aga''~~

~~: ''asakastar'' > ''*_sakastar'' > ''*'''s'''akastar'' > ''*a'''k'''astar'' > ''*agasta'''r''''' > ''agasta''~~

~~gīg~~

~~bībl~~

~~kun~~

~~saikat~~

~~daitas~~

~~būl~~

~~agalala~~

~~datasiu~~

~~avāla~~

>

zī

ī

hu

~~sēza~~

~~ē'a~~

mū

~~galba~~

~~dazy~~

~~ālba~~

~~stemic harmony in canonic:~~

~~sikūtí (-s-k-t-) > siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized~~

~~(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized~~

~~vocalic change~~

~~ka > ho, ky > hu~~

~~pa > fe, py >~~ fi

~~====Alternation====~~

~~'''Accrescence''' (...): type-1 consonants extend to ...~~

~~'''Excrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.~~

~~'''Decrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.~~

~~====Elision====~~

~~Apocape (1): in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel.~~

~~Syncope (2): in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.~~

~~Aphaeresis (3): in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.~~

~~====Epenthesis====~~

~~Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.~~

~~EX: ...~~

~~Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.~~

~~EX: 'atlya > adalyal~~

~~Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).~~

~~EX: palk > palsil~~

~~====Harmony====~~

~~(used in special cases of other laws)~~

~~Haplology:~~

~~dadasa > dasa~~

~~Compensatory lengthening~~

~~bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl~~

~~gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla~~

~~Metathesis: glides only where the stress is~~

~~garda, gráda, gadrá~~

~~adtís > addís~~

~~Final devoicing (''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')~~

~~Initial voicing~~

~~{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}~~

~~dad > dat~~

~~Intervocalic voicing~~

~~ata > ada~~

~~/ai̯/ > /eː/~~

~~/i̯a/ > /e/~~

~~/au̯/ > /oː/~~

~~/u̯a/ > /o/~~

~~/u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/~~

~~/i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/~~

~~/e/ > /i/~~

~~/o/ > /u/~~

~~Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.~~

~~skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)~~

~~gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)~~

~~krp > karda, karrēia (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)~~

~~qfl > qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)~~

~~karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"~~

~~i (concrete, active terms) / u (abstract, passive terms)~~

~~''qiat azīs hu'' "he saw the giant's dog"~~

~~''avāda sazēia'' "the temptations of humans"~~

~~k’ālú "to be in a place"~~

~~∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"~~

~~Íz > IgÁ~~

~~Úq > UgÁ~~

~~Í' > IdÁ~~

~~Úr > UdÁ~~

~~Ím > IbÁ~~

~~Úv > UbÁ~~

~~===Sandhi===~~

~~====Internal Euphony====~~

~~====External Euphony====~~

~~===Meter===~~

~~Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:~~

*(C)2V(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|light]])

*(C)2VV(C̥) ~ (C)2V̄(C̥) ~ (C)2VC̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|heavy]])

*(C)2V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)2VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)2V̄C̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|~~superheavy]])~~

~~Any other arrangement, such as ''(C)(C)V̄VC̬'', is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥ = one non-sonorant consonant~~

~~light (μ1)~~

~~heavy (μ2)~~

~~superheavy (μ3)~~

~~A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables up to 36 light syllables [...]~~

~~====Caesura====~~

~~====Elision====~~

~~KH- KH/HK -HK~~

~~monosyllabic stressed word attracts article~~

~~bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/~~ = ~~bîbliru~~

~~... = bîbliru~~

~~canonic allophones~~

~~kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ~~

~~pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ~~

~~tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ~~

~~canonic clusters~~

~~hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd~~

~~kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr~~

~~the equivalent of ''lucifer'' "lightbearer" would be ''haípar''~~ (~~h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)~~

~~''āvala aru k’a agaúl'' "if a man is strong he eats"~~

~~''k’ātásu āvala aru agaúl iāt'' "if a man eats he is strong"~~

~~āvala iru imfar~~

~~murásu āvala~~

~~combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels~~

~~EX: ask > asak~~

~~-k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs~~

~~-p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf~~

~~-t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc~~

~~-g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz~~

~~-b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv~~

~~-d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'~~

~~khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā~~

~~kihs 1~~

~~punf 2~~

~~talc 3~~

~~qīz 4~~

~~nūv~~ 5

~~drā 6~~

~~drāsi 7~~

~~nūca 8~~

~~qīfu 9~~

~~unū 10~~

~~unūs 11~~

~~udrā 12~~

~~udrās 13~~

~~udrāf 14~~

~~anū 15~~

~~anūs 16~~

~~anūf 17~~

~~adrā 18~~

~~adrās 19~~

~~īnū 20~~

~~īnūs 21~~

~~īnūf 22~~

~~īnūc 23~~

~~īdrā 24~~

~~ūnū 25~~

~~ūnūs 26~~

~~ūnūf 27~~

~~ūnūc 28~~

~~ūnūzi 29~~

~~ūdrā/ānū 30~~

~~...~~

~~ādrā 36~~

~~...~~

~~upādrā 72~~

~~...~~

~~īqādrā 144~~

~~...~~

~~ādupādrā 432~~

~~ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā~~

~~kihs ghīz ikh hzī~~

~~punf bmūv upn mvū~~

~~talc drā' atl r'ā~~

/

~~drāikh 7~~

~~ghīzu 8~~

~~talcatl 9~~

~~mūvu 10~~

~~...~~

~~drā'atl 18~~

~~drā'rā 36~~

~~''drā’ikh'' 7, ''drā’upn'' 12, ''drā’atl'' 18, ''drā’zī'' 24, ''drā’vū'' 30, ''drā’’ā'' 36~~

~~Non-finite verbs are (despite the name~~) ~~more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them~~

~~''murú appúral'' "I do not pretend to die"~~

~~''ígul mārasu'' "eating is good~~

~~''liviatan'' "whale"~~

~~''maubidik'' "sperm whale"~~

~~''bailzaibub'' "fly"~~

~~''drakula'' "bat"~~

~~''ganaisa'' "elephant"~~

~~''aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga'' "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"~~

~~3 genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter~~

~~mostly synthetic~~

~~====Canonic Inflection/Conjugation====~~

In the Canonic register of Adamic, affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. [...] There are 150 possibilities out of 36 permutations.

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~! rowspan="3" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | CANONIC DECLENSION~~

|-

~~! colspan="3"~~ | ~~Singular~~

~~! colspan~~=~~"3" | Plural~~

|-

~~! Definite~~

~~! Indefinite~~

~~! Nomic~~

~~! Definite~~

~~! Indefinite~~

~~! Nomic~~

|-

~~! Nominative~~

| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r~~{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}~~

|-

~~! Accusative~~

| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Dative~~

~~| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -~~s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r~~{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}~~

|-

~~! Copulative~~

| ~~a-X-h~~{{~~ref|0~~|0}}{{~~ref~~|~~1|1~~}}{{~~ref~~|~~2|2~~}}{{~~ref~~|~~3|3~~}}~~, a-X-∅~~{{~~ref~~|~~4|4~~}}~~, ay-~~{{~~ref~~|~~A|A~~}}{{~~ref~~|~~B|B~~}} ~~|| a-X-n~~{{~~ref~~|~~0|0~~}}{{~~ref|1~~|1}}{{~~ref~~|~~2|2~~}}{{~~ref|3~~|3}}~~, a-X-∅~~{{~~ref~~|~~4|4~~}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Ergative~~

| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{~~ref~~|~~0|0~~}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Genitive~~

| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

|}

~~{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.~~

The canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices. That is: canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases. Vide the translation of "'I think that he is dead,' he said":

~~: ''"murá-su, askút," quat''~~

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

~~! rowspan="3" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | CANONIC CONJUGATION~~

|-

~~! colspan="3" | Singular~~

~~! colspan="3" | Plural~~

|-

~~! 2nd-person~~

~~! 1st-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

~~! 2nd-~~person

~~! 1<sup~~>~~st</sup~~>~~-person~~

~~! 3rd-person~~

|-

~~! Active Future~~

~~| -h~~{{~~ref~~|~~0|0~~}}{{~~ref~~|~~1|1~~}}{{~~ref~~|~~2|2~~}}{{~~ref|3~~|3}}~~, -∅~~{{~~ref~~|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Active Present~~

| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Active Past~~

| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Passive Future~~

| h-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || n-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || l-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || q-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || m-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || r-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

~~! Passive Present~~

| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}

|-

~~! Passive Past~~

| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}

|-

|}

~~{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.~~

~~The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from~~ the ~~Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "~~to the ~~giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāuf'' "I kill" / ''iāpa''~~ "~~I am killed".~~

~~''nun/nȳō'', ''lih/sȳē'', ''al/sȳa''~~ (~~nom)~~

~~''nuf~~/~~nȳu'', ''lis/sȳi'', ''ac/sȳa'' (acc)~~

~~''nuf/nȳua'', ''lis/sȳia'', ''at/sȳa'' (dat)~~

~~mū (n~~ > ~~m-u-u~~)

~~ry (l > r-i-u)~~

~~zō (∅ > z-a-u)~~

~~[[Adamic Code#Canonic|Triptote Inflection]]~~

~~[[w:Participle|infinite participles]]~~

~~==Example texts==~~

~~{{Kinship~~

~~|PaternalGrandMother=aa~~

~~|PaternalGrandFather=aaaaa~~

~~|MaternalGrandMother=aaaaaaaa~~

~~|MaternalGrandFather=~~

~~|PaternalAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalAunt=~~

~~|PaternalUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalUncle=~~

~~|Father=~~

~~|Mother=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUncle=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUncle=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUnclesWife=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUncle=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAunt=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAunt=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAunt=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUnclesWife=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUncle=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUncle=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUnclesWife=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUncle=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAunt=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAunt=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAunt=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUnclesSon=~~

~~|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUnclesSon=~~

~~|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAuntsSon=~~

~~|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon=~~

~~|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAuntsSon=~~

~~|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|Sister=~~

~~|Self=~~

~~|Husband=~~

~~|Wife=~~

~~|LittleSister=~~

~~|TwinSister=~~

~~|BigSister=~~

~~|BigBrother=~~

~~|TwinBrother=~~

~~|LittleBrother=~~

~~|LittleSistersHusband=~~

~~|TwinSistersHusband=~~

~~|BigSistersHusband=~~

~~|BigBrothersWife=~~

~~|TwinBrothersWife=~~

~~|LittleBrothersWife=~~

~~|MaternalAuntsSon=~~

~~|MaternalAuntsDaughter=~~

~~|MaternalUnclesSon=~~

~~|MaternalUnclesDaughter=~~

~~|HusbandSon=~~

~~|HusbandDaughter=~~

~~|WifeSon=~~

~~|WifeDaughter=~~

~~|TwinSisterNiece=~~

~~|TwinSisterNephew=~~

~~|LittleSisterNiece=~~

~~|LittleSisterNephew=~~

~~|BigSisterNiece=~~

~~|BigSisterNephew=~~

~~|TwinBrotherNiece=~~

~~|TwinBrotherNephew=~~

~~|LittleBrotherNiece=~~

~~|LittleBrotherNephew=~~

~~|BigBrotherNiece=~~

~~|BigBrotherNephew=~~

}}

{{~~Swadesh~~

{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)

|~~language~~=

|top= פאך ר כען ס אול ר

~~|nativename=~~

|פאך ר כען ס אול ר

|I=~~anu~~ (~~nom.~~)

|p’k r kfn s ’vl r

|~~you (singular)~~=~~atu (nom.)~~

|pâ’ak iri kûn su ’ûl iru

|~~he=asu (nom.)~~

|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}

|~~we=~~

|"the man taken from the dog" (GENITIVE RELATION)

|~~you (plural)=~~

|~~they=~~

|~~this=~~

|~~that=~~

|~~here=~~

|~~there=~~

|~~who=~~

|~~what=~~

|~~where=~~

|~~when=~~

|~~how=~~

|~~not=~~

|~~all=~~

|~~many=~~

|~~some=~~

|~~few=~~

|~~other=~~

|~~one=~~

|~~two=~~

|~~three=~~

~~|four=~~

~~|five=~~

~~|big=~~

~~|long=~~

~~|wide=~~

~~|thick=~~

~~|heavy=~~

~~|small=~~

~~|short=~~

~~|narrow=~~

~~|thin=~~

~~|woman=~~

|man (~~adult male)=~~

~~|man (human being~~)=

~~|child=~~

~~|wife=~~

~~|husband=~~

~~|mother=~~

~~|father=~~

~~|animal=~~

~~|fish=~~

~~|bird=~~

~~|dog=kun~~

~~|louse=~~

~~|snake=~~

~~|worm=~~

~~|tree=~~

~~|forest=~~

~~|stick=~~

~~|fruit=~~

~~|seed=~~

~~|leaf=~~

~~|root=~~

~~|bark=~~

~~|flower=~~

~~|grass=~~

~~|rope=~~

~~|skin=~~

~~|meat=~~

~~|blood=~~

~~|bone=~~

~~|fat=~~

~~|egg=~~

~~|horn=~~

~~|tail=~~

~~|feather=~~

~~|hair=~~

~~|head=~~

~~|ear=~~

~~|eye=~~

~~|nose=~~

~~|mouth=~~

~~|tooth=~~

~~|tongue=~~

~~|fingernail=~~

~~|foot=~~

~~|leg=~~

~~|knee=~~

~~|hand=~~

~~|wing=~~

~~|belly=~~

~~|guts=~~

~~|neck=~~

~~|back=~~

~~|breast=~~

~~|heart=~~

~~|liver=~~

~~|drink=~~

~~|eat=~~

~~|bite=~~

~~|suck=~~

~~|spit=~~

~~|vomit=~~

~~|blow=~~

~~|breathe=~~

~~|laugh=~~

~~|see=~~

~~|hear=~~

~~|know=~~

~~|think=~~

~~|smell=~~

~~|fear=~~

~~|sleep=~~

~~|live=~~

~~|die=~~

~~|kill=~~

~~|fight=~~

~~|hunt=~~

~~|hit=~~

~~|cut=~~

~~|split=~~

~~|stab=~~

~~|scratch=~~

~~|dig=~~

~~|swim=~~

~~|fly=~~

~~|walk=~~

~~|come=~~

~~|lie=~~

~~|sit=~~

~~|stand=~~

~~|turn=~~

~~|fall=~~

~~|give=~~

~~|hold=~~

~~|squeeze=~~

~~|rub=~~

~~|wash=~~

~~|wipe=~~

~~|pull=~~

~~|push=~~

~~|throw=~~

~~|tie=~~

~~|sew=~~

~~|count=~~

~~|say=~~

~~|sing=~~

~~|play=~~

~~|float=~~

~~|flow=~~

~~|freeze=~~

~~|swell=~~

~~|sun=~~

~~|moon=~~

~~|star=~~

~~|water=~~

~~|rain=~~

~~|river=~~

~~|lake=~~

~~|sea=~~

~~|salt=~~

~~|stone=~~

~~|sand=~~

~~|dust=~~

~~|earth=~~

~~|cloud=~~

~~|fog=~~

~~|sky=~~

~~|wind=~~

~~|snow=~~

~~|ice=~~

~~|smoke=~~

~~|fire=~~

~~|ashes=~~

~~|burn=~~

~~|road=~~

~~|mountain=~~

~~|red=~~

~~|green=~~

~~|yellow=~~

~~|white=~~

~~|black=~~

~~|night=~~

~~|day=~~

~~|year=ka’n~~

~~|warm=~~

~~|cold=~~

~~|full=~~

~~|new=~~

~~|old=~~

~~|good=~~

~~|bad=~~

~~|rotten=~~

~~|dirty=~~

~~|straight=~~

~~|round=~~

~~|sharp=~~

~~|dull=~~

~~|smooth=~~

~~|wet=~~

~~|dry=~~

~~|correct=~~

~~|near=~~

~~|far=~~

~~|right=~~

~~|left=~~

~~|at=~~

~~|in=~~

~~|with=~~

~~|and=~~

~~|if=~~

~~|because=~~

~~|name=~~

}}

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 }}
-'''Adamic''', (אדמס קףל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) also referred to as '''Canonic''', is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].
+'''Adamic''' (אדמס קעל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].
+It's cultivated form is known as [[Canonic Code|Canonic Code]], where the transitional tables take hold over grammatical features.
 ==Etymology==
@@ Line 37: / Line 39: @@
 ===Features===
-The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature
 {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 |-
 ! Consonant Inventories
-| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18)}}<br>Average (19-25)
+| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25)<br>e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}}
 |-
 ! Vowel Quality Inventories
-| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4)}} / Average vowel inventory (5-6)
+| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6)<br>e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}}
 |-
 ! Consonant-Vowel Ratio
@@ Line 148: / Line 149: @@
 |-
 ! Coding of Nominal Plurality
-| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change}} <br>e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"
+| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change<br>e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}}
 |-
 ! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
-| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"
+| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory<br>e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}}
 |-
 ! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
-| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix}}<br>e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"
+| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix<br>e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}}
 |-
 ! The Associative Plural
-| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals}}<br>e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"
+| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals<br>e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}}
 |-
 ! Definite Articles
-| 37A || {{Yes|	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"
+| 37A || {{Yes|	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}}
 |-
 ! Indefinite Articles
-| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"
+| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'<br>e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}}
 |-
 ! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
@@ Line 175: / Line 176: @@
 |-
 ! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
-| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"
+| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features<br>e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}}
 |-
 ! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
-| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives}}<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"
+| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}}
 |-
 ! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
-| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person}}<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"
+| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}}
 |-
 ! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
-| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction}}<br>e.g. ''atu'' "you"
+| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction<br>e.g. ''atu'' "you"}}
 |-
 ! Indefinite Pronouns
-| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites}}<br>e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"
+| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites<br>e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}}
 |-
 ! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
-| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated}}<br>e.g. ''sā āk’pá-sa'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"
+| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated<br>e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}}
 |-
 ! Person Marking on Adpositions
-| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking}}<br>e.g. ''ām'' "before"
+| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking<br>e.g. ''ām'' "before"}}
 |-
 ! Number of Cases
-| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories}}<br>e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive
+| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories<br>e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}}
 |-
 ! Asymmetrical Case-Marking
-| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"
+| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}}
 |-
 ! Position of Case Affixes
-| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ālbak'' "to the people"
+| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}}
 |-
 ! Comitatives and Instrumentals
-| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation}}<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)
+| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}}
 |-
 ! Ordinal Numerals
-| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions}}<br>e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"
+| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions<br>e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}}
 |-
 ! Distributive Numerals
-| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies}}<br>e.g. ''khi'' "one each"
+| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies<br>e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}}
 |-
 ! Numeral Classifiers
-| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}<br>e.g. ...
+| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}
 |-
 ! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
@@ Line 220: / Line 221: @@
 |-
 ! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
-| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary<br>e.g. ...}}
+| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}}
 |-
 ! Obligatory Possessive Inflection
-| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns}}<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"
+| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}
 |-
 ! Number of Possessive Nouns
-| 58B || {{No|None reported}}<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"
+| 58B || {{No|None reported<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}
 |-
 ! Possessive Classification
-| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification}}<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"
+| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}}
 |-
 ! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses
-| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated}}<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale", ...
+| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}}
 |-
 ! Adjectives without Nouns
-| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix}}<br>e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"
+| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix<br>e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}}
 |-
 ! Action Nominal Constructions
-| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking}}<br>e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"
+| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking<br>e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}}
 |-
 ! Noun Phrase Conjunction
@@ Line 272: / Line 273: @@
 ! The Optative
 | 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent<br>e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}}
-|}
-====Notes====
-* The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]
-==Phonology==
-Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C<sup>2</sup>V<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>3</sup>(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:
-* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].
-* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].
-* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.
-* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].
-===Consonants===
-Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! |
-! |
-! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
-! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
-! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
-! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
+!Situational Possibility
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Epistemic Possibility
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]
+| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
-|
+| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality<br>e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}}
-|
+|-
+!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
+| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials<br>e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}}
+|-
+!Coding of Evidentiality
+| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle<br>e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}}
+|-
+!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
+| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}}
+|-
+!Verbal Number and Suppletion
+| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}}
+|-
+!Order of Subject, Object and Verb
+| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV)<br>e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}}
 |-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+!Order of Subject and Verb
-| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
+| 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}
-|
-|
-|
-|
-|
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
+!Order of Object and Verb
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}
-| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
-| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
-| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]
-| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
 |-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
-| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
+| 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV)<BR>e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}}
-| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]]
-| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]
-| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
+!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Order of Genitive and Noun
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
+| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen)<BR>e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Order of Adjective and Noun
-|
+| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}}
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
+!Order of Demonstrative and Noun
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem)<BR>e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}}
-| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]
-|
-| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
-|
-|
-|
-|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
 |-
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+!Order of Numeral and Noun
-| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]
+| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}}
-|
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
-|
-|
-|
-| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
 |-
-! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]
+!Order of Relative Clause and Noun
-! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
+| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}}
-|
-|
-| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
-|
-|
-|
-|
 |-
-! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
+!Order of Degree Word and Adjective
-! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
+| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg)<BR>e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Position of Polar Question Particles
-| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]]
+| 92A || {{No|No question particle<BR>e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}}
-|
+|-
-|
+!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
-|
+| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}}
-|
+|-
-|}
+!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
+| 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}}
-====Notes====
+|-
-* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small>. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in <small>VOICE</small>, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in <small>MANNER</small>, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in <small>ARTICULATION</small>. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of <small>VOICE</small>'s members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order.
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
-** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
+| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
-*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.
+|-
-**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase
-**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
-*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+|-
-**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
-**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}
-*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.
+|-
-**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
-**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].
+| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
-*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.
+|-
-**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
-**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].
+| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
-** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.
+|-
-*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.
+!Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
-**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].
+| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}
-**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].
+|-
-*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
-**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].
+| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}}
-**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].
+|-
-*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.
+!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
-**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].
+| 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}}
-**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].
+|-
-*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.
+!Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
-**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].
+| 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}}
-**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].
+|-
-** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
+!Order of Person Markers on the Verb
-*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.
+| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb<BR>e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}}
-**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+|-
-**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
-*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}}
-**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+|-
-**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+!Reciprocal Constructions
-*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.
+| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical.<BR>e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}}
-**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].
+|-
-**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].
+!Passive Constructions
-*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.
+| 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}}
-**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].
+|-
-**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].
+!Antipassive Constructions
+| 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit<BR>e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}}
+|-
+!Applicative Constructions
+| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}}
+|-
+!Periphrastic Causative Constructions
+| 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}}
+|-
+!Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions
+| 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type<BR>e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}}
+|-
+!Negative Morphemes
+| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle<BR>e.g. ''la'' "not"}}
+|-
+!Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
+| 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym<BR>e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}}
+|-
+!Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
+| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}}
+|-
+!Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
+| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation<BR>e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}}
+|-
+!Polar Questions
+| 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only<BR>e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}}
+|-
+!Predicative Possession
+| 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive<BR>e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}}
+|-
+!Predicative Adjectives
+| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}
+|-
+!Nominal and Locational Predication
+| 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication<BR>e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl''  "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}}
+|-
+!Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
+| 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}
+|-
+!Comparative Constructions
+| 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative<BR>e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}}
+|-
+!Relativization on Subjects
+| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun<BR>e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}}
+|-
+!Relativization on Obliques
+| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy<BR>e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}}
+|-
+!'Want' Complement Subjects
+| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix<BR>e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}}
+|-
+!Purpose Clauses
+| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced<BR>e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}}
+|-
+!'When' Clauses
+| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|-
+!Reason Clauses
+| 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|-
+!Utterance Complement Clauses
+| 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}}
+|}
-===Vowels===
+====Notes====
-Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:
+* The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value".
-{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;"
+==Phonology==
-|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
+Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C<sup>2</sup>V<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>3</sup>(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:
-||
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
-| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
-|-
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
-| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
-{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
-|-
-| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
-<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
+* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].
-<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">i, iː</div>
-<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div>
+* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].
-<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div>
+* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.
+* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].
-<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
+===Consonants===
-<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(e, eː)</div>
+Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.
-<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o, oː)</div>
-<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
+{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">a, aː</div>
+! |
-|}
+! |
-</div></div>
+! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
-|-
+! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
+! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
+! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
 |-
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
+! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
-|-
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
+|
-|-
+|
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]
-|-
+|
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
+|
+|
+|
 |-
-| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|}
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
+|
-{|
+|
-|- style="vertical-align: top;"
+|
+|
 |
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|
-|+Common<br />Monophthongs
 |-
-!
+! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]
+| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
+| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]
+| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
-|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]]
+| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]]
+| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]
+| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]
+|
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-|[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
+|
-|}
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+|
+|
 |
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-|+Short<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-!
+! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|
+| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
+|
+|
+|
+|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯i</span>]]
+| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯u</span>]]
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
+|
+|
+|
+| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iu̯</span>]]
+! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ui̯</span>]]
+|
-|}
+| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+|
 |
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|
-|+Long<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-!
+! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+|
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+|
-|-
+| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]]
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+|
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯iː</span>]]
+|
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]
+|
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯uː</span>]]
+|
-|-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iːu̯</span>]]
-|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">uːi̯</span>]]
-|}
 |}
-{|
+====Notes====
-|- style="vertical-align: top;"
+* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small>. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in <small>VOICE</small>, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in <small>MANNER</small>, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in <small>ARTICULATION</small>. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of <small>VOICE</small>'s members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order.
-|
+** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.
-|+Monophtongized<br />Diphthongs
+**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-|-
+**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-!
+*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
+*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.
-|-
+**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].
-|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
+*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.
-|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨ</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉ</span>]]
+**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].
-|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
+**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].
-|-
+** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.
-|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
+**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].
-|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨː</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉː</span>]]
+**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].
-|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
+*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
-|}
+**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].
-|
+*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].
-|+Short<br />Diphthongs
+**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].
+*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.
+**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].
+**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].
+** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed  by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
+*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.
+**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
+**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
+*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.
+**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].
+**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].
+*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.
+**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].
+**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].
+===Vowels===
+Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:
+{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;"
+|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
+||
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
+| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
 |-
-!
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉ</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨ</span>]]
+<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]
+<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">i, iː</div>
-|-
+<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div>
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div>
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨu̯</span>]]
+<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]
+<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(e, eː)</div>
+<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o, oː)</div>
+<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
+<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">a, aː</div>
 |}
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+</div></div>
-|
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-|+Long<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-!
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
-![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
-![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉː</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨː</span>]]
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]
 |-
-! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
-|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]]
+|-
-|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉːi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨːu̯</span>]]
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
-|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]
+|-
-|}
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
+|-
+| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
 |}
-====Notes====
+{|
-* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (<small>POSITION</small>) and ''short>long'' (<small>LENGTH</small>); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
-** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].
+|
-*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]
+|+Common<br />Monophthongs
-*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.
-** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.
-*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.
-===Coloration Table===
-In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small> with vocalic <small>LENGTH</small> and <small>POSITION</small>.
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! -/+
-! |I Type
-! |U Type
-! |A Type
 |-
-!H Type
+!
-| h ɦ
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-| n̥ m
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
-| l̥ r
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-!S Type
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-| s z
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
-| f v
+|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]]
-| t͡s ʔ
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
 |-
-!K Type
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-| k g
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
-| p b
+|[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]
-| t d
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
 |}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-====Notes====
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:
+|+Short<br />Diphthongs
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-! Root
+!
-! Lemma
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-! Gloss
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-| ־ל־כ־נ־<br>''-l-k-n-''
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-| לכנ<br>''luín''
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯i</span>]]
-| wolf
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯u</span>]]
 |-
-| ־מ־ף־ר־<br>''-m-f-r-''
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-| מףר<br>''maúr''
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iu̯</span>]]
-| death
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]
-|-
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ui̯</span>]]
-| ־ג־ל־ל־<br>''-g-l-l-''
-| גלל<br>''gâl''
-| cosmos
 |}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-==Writing System==
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]).
+|+Long<br />Diphthongs
-===Ortography===
-{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;"
 |-
-! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''
+!
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big><br /><small>h / i</small>
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big><br /><small>ɦ / iː</small>
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big><br /><small>n̥ / u</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big><br /><small>m / uː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big><br /><small>l̥ / a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big><br /><small>r / aː</small>
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big><br /><small>s / i</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big><br /><small>z / iː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ף</big><br /><small>f / u</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big><br /><small>v / uː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big><br /><small>t͡s / a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big><br /><small>ʔ / aː</small>
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big><br /><small>k / i</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big><br /><small>g / iː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big><br /><small>p / u</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big><br /><small>b / uː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big><br /><small>t / a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big><br /><small>d / aː</small>
-|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big><br /><small>kˀ / i</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big><br /><small>gˀ / iː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big><br /><small>pˀ / u</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big><br /><small>bˀ / uː</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big><br /><small>tˀ / a</small>
-  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big><br /><small>dˀ / aː</small>
-|}
-====Notes====
-*The symbols <ס> and <ף> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.
-===Romanization===
-{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
-|+ Adamic Alphabet
 |-
-| Aа<br/>/a/ || Bb<br/>/b/ || Cc<br/>/t͡s/ || Dd<br/>/d/ || Ee<br/>/e/
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯iː</span>]]
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯uː</span>]]
 |-
-| Ff<br/>/f/ || Gg<br/>/g/ || Hh<br/>/h/ || Ii<br/>/i~i̯/ || Jj<br/>/i̯/
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-|-
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iːu̯</span>]]
-| Kk<br/>/k/ || Ll<br/>/l̥/ || Mn<br/>/m/ || Nn<br/>/n̥/ || Oo<br/>/o/
+|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]
-|-
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">uːi̯</span>]]
-| Pp<br/>/p/ || Qq<br/>/ɦ/ || Rr<br/>/r/ || Ss<br/>/s/ || Tt<br/>/t/
+|}
-|-
-| Uu<br/>/u~u̯/ || Vv<br/>/v/ || Ww<br/>/u̯/ || Yy<br/>/ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz<br/>/z/
 |}
-====Notes====
+{|
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
-* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.
+|
-** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
-*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".
+|+Monophtongized<br />Diphthongs
-* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.
-** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".
-*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".
-* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.
-** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
-*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
-* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.
-** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
-*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
-* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.
-** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".
-*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".
-*If relevantly  unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).
-** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".
-*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".
-* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.
-** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
-*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
-{|
-|- style="vertical-align: top;"
-|
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters
+!
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-!!| Sign
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-!!| Name
+|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
-!!| IPA
+|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨ</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉ</span>]]
-!!| Letter
+|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
 |-
-| כ
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]
+|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
-| /k/
+|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨː</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉː</span>]]
-| ''Kk''
+|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
+|}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|+Short<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-| ג
+!
-| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]]
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
-| /g/
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
-| ''Gg''
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-| ה
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-| ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]
-| /h/
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉ</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨ</span>]]
-| ''Hh''
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]
 |-
-| ק
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-| ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]
-| /ɦ/
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨu̯</span>]]
-| ''Qq''
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]
-|-
-| ס
-| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]]
-| /s/
-| ''Ss''
-|-
-| ז
-| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]]
-| /z/
-| ''Zz''
 |}
 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 |
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|+Long<br />Diphthongs
 |-
-!! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters
+!
+![[w:Front vowel|Front]]
+![[w:Central vowel|Center]]
+![[w:Back vowel|Back]]
 |-
-!!| Sign
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]
-!!| Name
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]
-!!| IPA
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉː</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨː</span>]]
-!!| Letter
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]
 |-
-| פ
+! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]
-| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]]
+|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]]
-| /p/
+|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉːi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨːu̯</span>]]
-| ''Pp''
+|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]
+|}
+|}
+====Notes====
+* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (<small>POSITION</small>) and ''short>long'' (<small>LENGTH</small>); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:
+** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].
+*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.
+** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]
+*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.
+** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.
+*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.
+===Coloration Table===
+In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small> with vocalic <small>LENGTH</small> and <small>POSITION</small>.
+{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
+! -/+
+! |I Type
+! |U Type
+! |A Type
 |-
-| ב
+!H Type
-| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]
+| h ɦ
-| /b/
+| n̥ m
-| ''Bb''
+| l̥ r
 |-
-| נ
+!K Type
-| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]
+| k g
-| /n̥/
+| p b
-| ''Nn''
+| t d
 |-
-| מ
+!S Type
-| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]]
+| s z
-| /m/
+| f v
-| ''Mm''
+| t͡s ʔ
+|}
+====Notes====
+* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-| ף
+! Root
-| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]
+! Lemma
-| /f/
+! Gloss
-| ''Ff''
 |-
-| ו
+| ־ל־כ־נ־<br>''-l-k-n-''
-| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]
+| לכנ<br>''luín''
-| /v/
+| wolf
-| ''Vv''
-|}
-| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-|
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
-!! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters
+| ־מ־ף־ר־<br>''-m-f-r-''
+| מףר<br>''maúr''
+| death
 |-
-!!| Sign
+| ־ג־ל־ל־<br>''-g-l-l-''
-!!| Name
+| גלל<br>''gâl''
-!!| IPA
+| cosmos
-!!| Letter
+|}
+==Writing System==
+Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]).
+===Ortography===
+{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;"
 |-
-| ת
+! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''
-| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]]
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
-| /t/
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big><br /><small>h / i / ai̯</small>
-| ''Tt''
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big><br /><small>ɦ / iː / aːi̯</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big><br /><small>n̥ / u / au̯</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big><br /><small>m / uː / aːu̯</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big><br /><small>l̥ / a / a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big><br /><small>r / aː / aː</small>
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big><br /><small>s / i / i</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big><br /><small>z / iː / iː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ע</big><br /><small>f / u / u</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big><br /><small>v / uː / uː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big><br /><small>t͡s / a / a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big><br /><small>ʔ / aː / aː</small>
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big><br /><small>k / i / i̯a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big><br /><small>g / iː / i̯aː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big><br /><small>p / u / u̯a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big><br /><small>b / uː / u̯aː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big><br /><small>t / a / a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big><br /><small>d / aː / aː</small>
+|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big><br /><small>kˀ / i / i̯a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big><br /><small>gˀ / iː / i̯aː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big><br /><small>pˀ / u / u̯a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big><br /><small>bˀ / uː / u̯aː</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big><br /><small>tˀ / a / a</small>
+  | style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big><br /><small>dˀ / aː / aː</small>
+|}
+====Notes====
+*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.
+===Romanization===
+{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
+|+ Adamic Alphabet
 |-
-| ד
+| Aа<br/>/a/ || Bb<br/>/b/ || Cc<br/>/t͡s/ || Dd<br/>/d/ || Ee<br/>/e/
-| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]]
-| /d/
-| ''Dd''
 |-
-| ל
+| Ff<br/>/f/ || Gg<br/>/g/ || Hh<br/>/h/ || Ii<br/>/i~i̯/ || Jj<br/>/i̯/
-| ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]]
-| /l̥/
-| ''Ll''
 |-
-| ר
+| Kk<br/>/k/ || Ll<br/>/l̥/ || Mn<br/>/m/ || Nn<br/>/n̥/ || Oo<br/>/o/
-| ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]]
-| /r/
-| ''Rr''
 |-
-| צ
+| Pp<br/>/p/ || Qq<br/>/ɦ/ || Rr<br/>/r/ || Ss<br/>/s/ || Tt<br/>/t/
-| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]]
-| /t͡s/
-| ''Cc''
 |-
-| א
+| Uu<br/>/u~u̯/ || Vv<br/>/v/ || Ww<br/>/u̯/ || Yy<br/>/ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz<br/>/z/
-| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]]
-| /ʔ/
-| ''’''
-|}
 |}
-==Grammar==
+====Notes====
+* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.
+** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".
+*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".
+* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.
+** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".
+*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".
-Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:
+* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.
+** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
+*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".
-* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.
+* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.
+** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
+*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".
-* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.
+* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.
+** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".
+*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".
-* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.
+*If relevantly  unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).
+** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".
+*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".
-{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
+* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.
-! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct
+** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
-|-
+*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
-| align="center"| Triptote Formula
-| align="center"| Concatenation
+{|
-| align="center"| Root-pattern
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
-| align="center"| Concatenation
+|
-| align="center"| Triptote Formula
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters
+|-
+!!| Sign
+!!| Name
+!!| IPA
+!!| Letter
+|-
+| כ
+| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]
+| /k/
+| ''Kk''
 |-
-| align="center"| Clitic
+| ג
-| align="center"| Affix
+| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]]
-| align="center"| Stem
+| /g/
-| align="center"| Affix
+| ''Gg''
-| align="center"| Clitic
+|-
-|}
+| ה
+| ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]]
-===Root-Pattern===
+| /h/
+| ''Hh''
-One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist").
+|-
+| ק
-The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:
+| ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]]
+| /ɦ/
-* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/), and finally semivowels as third-class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.
+| ''Qq''
+|-
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.
+| ס
+| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]]
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.
+| /s/
+| ''Ss''
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.
+|-
+| ז
-: e.g.<sub>4</sub> ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.
+| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]]
+| /z/
-: e.g.<sub>5</sub> As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.
+| ''Zz''
+|}
-* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+|
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.
+!! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters
+|-
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.
+!!| Sign
+!!| Name
-* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.
+!!| IPA
+!!| Letter
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".
+|-
+| פ
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".
+| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]]
+| /p/
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.
+| ''Pp''
+|-
-* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.
+| ב
+| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]
-: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".
+| /b/
+| ''Bb''
-: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.
+|-
+| נ
-: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".
+| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]
+| /n̥/
-Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.
+| ''Nn''
+|-
-: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].
+| מ
+| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]]
-: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic].
+| /m/
+| ''Mm''
-: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic].
-In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary  particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.
-Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.
-: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic].
-: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].
-: ''n̠'' "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n-'' "aging" [Adamic].
-Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.
-: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" + ''-p-’-r-'' "bearing" = ''-q-p-r-'' "ensnaring".
-Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though  relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; adjuncts of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.
-====Nouns====
-Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality:
-*thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36.
-*six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid.
-*two densities: sparse and dense.
-*three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated.
-*six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman.
-*two formalities: informal and formal.
-They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations  (<small>CLASS</small> x <small>ELEMENT</small> x <small>DENSITY</small> x <small>COMPOSITION</small>), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (<small>CLASSIFIER</small> x <small>FORMALITY</small>), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (<small>∅</small>). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as [[w:Construct state|state]]:
-*two states: [[w:Absolute state|absolute]] and [[w:Construct state|construct]].
-The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a <small>DEFINITION</small> morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article ''iru'' "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula ''-/-/-/-'' and ''-///-'' (as well as non-finite verbs of formula ''-///''  and ''///-'') not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond ''-///-''. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in ''adūna muri'' "biology of dying" and the noun in ''adūna ari maur'' "biology of death".
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="6" | STATE
 |-
-! Absolute
+| ף
-| -/-/-/- || -///-  || /-// || //-/ || -/-/-/ || /-/-/-
+| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]
-|-
+| /f/
-! Construct
+| ''Ff''
-| -///- || -///- || /-/V/ || /V/-/ || -/V//, -//V/ || /V//-, //V/-
 |-
+| ו
+| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]
+| /v/
+| ''Vv''
 |}
+| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
-Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word ''kûn'' "dog", for example, in the sentence ''kûniru'' "the dog" (<small>ABSOLUTE</small>) contains the article ''iru'' "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in ''kufin'' "the dog" (<small>CONSTRUCT</small>), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of ''-i-'' (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because ''kûn'' (''kúfn'', ''kúun'', et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula ''/-//'' (''k-fn''), programmed to become ''/-/V/'' (''k-fVn''). The process may be less straightforward in other instances:
+|
-: ''āvála'' "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ ''aūla'' "humanity" (-///-).
-: ''(i)saíkat aru'' "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ ''iskat'' "a philosopher" (-//V/).
-: ''babalú aru'' "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ ''babla'' "an idea of confusion" (/V//-).
-=====Edenic Nouns=====
-The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ''ādáma'' "ancestry" out of the root ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead).
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="1" | EDENIC NOUNS
 |-
-! Plain
+!! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters
-| a/a/a/a
 |-
-! Reduced
+!!| Sign
-| a///a
+!!| Name
+!!| IPA
+!!| Letter
 |-
-|}
+| ת
+| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]]
-=====Postdiluvian Nouns=====
+| /t/
+| ''Tt''
-Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism", its essence can be extracted as ''qâhf'' "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as ''-k-’-n-'' "passage of time" yielding ''kâ’n'' "year", ''kû’n'' "old person", and ''kî’n'' "clock".
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="2" | POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS
 |-
-! Formal
+| ד
-! Informal
+| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]]
+| /d/
+| ''Dd''
 |-
-! a
+| ל
-| /á// || //á/
+| ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]]
+| /l̥/
+| ''Ll''
 |-
-! au
+| ר
-| /ú// || //ú/
+| ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]]
+| /r/
+| ''Rr''
 |-
-! ao
+| צ
-| /û// || //û/
+| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]]
+| /t͡s/
+| ''Cc''
 |-
-! aa
+| א
-| /â// || //â/
+| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]]
+| /ʔ/
+| ''’''
+|}
+|}
+==Grammar==
+Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:
+* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.
+* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.
+* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.
+{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
+! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct
 |-
-! ae
+| align="center"| Triptote Formula
-| /î// || //î/
+| align="center"| Concatenation
-|-
+| align="center"| Root-pattern
-! ai
+| align="center"| Concatenation
-| /í// || //í/
+| align="center"| Triptote Formula
 |-
+| align="center"| Clitic
+| align="center"| Affix
+| align="center"| Stem
+| align="center"| Affix
+| align="center"| Clitic
 |}
-=====Prediluvian Nouns=====
+===Root-Pattern===
-Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as ''-m-f-r-'' "death" can yield ''ímufar'' "poison", ''maífar'' "deceased", ''mafaúra'' "lifespan (until death)", et cetera.
+One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist").
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:
-! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I)
+* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.
-|-
-! h
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.
-! ɦ
-! ħ
-! ʕ
-! χ
-! ʁ
-|-
-! h
-| í/-/-/- || -/-/í/- || iá/-/-/- || -/-/iá/- || iú/-/-/- || -/-/iú/-
-|-
-! ɦ
-| -/í/-/- || -/-/-/í || -/iá/-/- || -/-/-/iá || -/iú/-/- || -/-/-/iú
-|-
-! ħ
-| aí/-/-/- || -/-/aí/- || á/-/-/- || -/-/á/- || aú/-/-/- || -/-/aú/-
-|-
-! ʕ
-| -/aí/-/- || -/-/-/aí || -/á/-/- || -/-/-/á || -/aú/-/- || -/-/-/aú
-|-
-! χ
-| uí/-/-/- || -/-/uí/- || uá/-/-/- || -/-/uá/- || ú/-/-/- || -/-/ú/-
-|-
-! ʁ
-| -/uí/-/- || -/-/-/uí || -/uá/-/- || -/-/-/uá || -/ú/-/- || -/-/-/ú
-|-
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.
-! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II)
-|-
-! X̰
-! X
-! X̤
-! X̰̃
-! X̃
-! X̤̃
-|-
-! ə
-| a<///>u || a<///>a || a<///>i || a<///>ū || a<///>ā || a<///>ī
-|-
-! u
-| u<///>u || u<///>a || u<///>i || u<///>ū || u<///>ā || u<///>ī
-|-
-! o
-| ū<///>u || ū<///>a || ū<///>i || ū<///>ū || ū<///>ā || ū<///>ī
-|-
-! a
-| ā<///>u || ā<///>a || ā<///>i || ā<///>ū || ā<///>ā || ā<///>ī
-|-
-! e
-| ī<///>u || ī<///>a || ī<///>i || ī<///>ū || ī<///>ā || ī<///>ī
-|-
-! i
-| i<///>u || i<///>a || i<///>i || i<///>ū || i<///>ā || i<///>ī
-|-
-|}
-====Verbs====
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.
-Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood, number, and aspect, or by form:
+: e.g.<sub>4</sub> ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.
-*six voices<sub>F</sub>: [[w:Causative voice|causative]], obligative, [[w:Medio-passive voice|medio-passive]], experimental, [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].
+: e.g.<sub>5</sub> As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.
-*two voices<sub>N</sub>: [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].
+: e.g.<sub>6</sub> Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer".
-*three persons: [[w:Grammatical person|first]], [[w:Grammatical person|second]] and [[w:Grammatical person|third]].
+* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.
-*three moods: [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[w:Indicative mood|indicative]], and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]].
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.
-*two numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]] and [[w:Plural number|plural]].
+* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.
-*two aspects<sub>F</sub>: [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] and [[w:Imperfeftive aspect|imperfective]].
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".
-*six aspects<sub>N</sub>: [[w:Gerund|complete gerund]], [[w:Gerund|incomplete gerund]], generic lemma, basic lemma, [[w:Infinitive|complete infinitive]], and [[w:Infinitive|incomplete infinitive]].
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".
-They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (<small>VOICE<sub>F</sub></small> x <small>PERSON</small> x <small>MOOD</small> x <small>NUMBER</small> x <small>ASPECT<sub>F</sub></small>), and Non-finite Verbs, with 12 permutations (<small>VOICE<sub>N</sub></small> x <small>ASPECT<sub>N</sub></small>). In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for [[w:Participle|participles]]:
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="6" | PARTICIPATION
-|-
-! Verb
-| -/'''-'''// || //-/'''-''' || /-/'''-'''/ || -///'''-''' || /-//'''-''' || -//'''-'''/
-|-
-! Participle
-| '''-'''/-// || //'''-'''/- || /'''-'''/-/ || '''-'''///- || /'''-'''//- || '''-'''//-/
-|-
-|}
-Emphasis marks stress ('''-'''), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even [[w:Minimum Pair|minimun pairs]] with some nouns (e.g. the words ''asita'' /aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and ''ásita'' /ˈasita/ "been thinking").
+: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".
-=====Finite Verbs=====
+: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.
-Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''mafrú'' "I (willingly) die", ''amfúr'' "I (unwillingly) die", ''muarú'' "I force to kill", ''amûr'' "I am forced to kill", ''amurú'' "I kill", and ''mafúr'' "I am killed".
+: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="6" | FINITE VERBS
+: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].
-|-
-! colspan="6" | Medio-passive
+: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic].
-|-
-! Sub.Imp.
+: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic].
-! Sub.Per.
-! Ind.Imp.
+In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary  particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.
-! Ind.Per.
-! Jus.Imp.
+Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.
-! Jus.Per.
-|-
+: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic].
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-| /i//ú || /ī//ú || /a//ú || /ā//ú || /u//ú || /ū//ú
+: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].
-|-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+: ''n̠'' "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n-'' "aging" [Adamic].
-| /i//í || /ī//í || /a//í || /ā//í || /u//í || /ū//í
-|-
+Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
-| /i//á || /ī//á || /a//á || /ā//á || /u//á || /ū//á
+: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" + ''-p-’-r-'' "bearing" = ''-q-p-r-'' "ensnaring".
-|-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
+Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though  relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; adjuncts of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.
-| /i//û || /ī//û || /a//û || /ā//û || /u//û || /ū//û
+====Nouns====
+Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality:
+*thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36.
+*six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid.
+*two densities: sparse and dense.
+*three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated.
+*six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman.
+*two formalities: informal and formal.
+They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations  (<small>CLASS</small> x <small>ELEMENT</small> x <small>DENSITY</small> x <small>COMPOSITION</small>), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (<small>CLASSIFIER</small> x <small>FORMALITY</small>), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (<small>∅</small>). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as [[w:Construct state|state]]:
+*two states: [[w:Absolute state|absolute]] and [[w:Construct state|construct]].
+The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a <small>DEFINITION</small> morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article ''iru'' "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula ''-/-/-/-'' and ''-///-'' (as well as non-finite verbs of formula ''-///''  and ''///-'') not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond ''-///-''. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in ''adūna muri'' "biology of dying" and the noun in ''adūna ari maur'' "biology of death".
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="1" |
+! colspan="6" | STATE
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+! Absolute
-| /i//î || /ī//î || /a//î || /ā//î || /u//î || /ū//î
+| -/-/-/- || -///-  || /-// || //-/ || -/-/-/ || /-/-/-
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+! Construct
-| /i//â || /ī//â || /a//â || /ā//â || /u//â || /ū//â
+| -///- || -///- || /-/V/ || /V/-/ || -/V//, -//V/ || /V//-, //V/-
 |-
+|}
+Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word ''kûn'' "dog", for example, in the sentence ''kûniru'' "the dog" (<small>ABSOLUTE</small>) contains the article ''iru'' "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in ''kufin'' "the dog" (<small>CONSTRUCT</small>), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of ''-i-'' (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because ''kûn'' (''kúfn'', ''kúun'', et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula ''/-//'' (''k-fn''), programmed to become ''/-/V/'' (''k-fVn''). The process may be less straightforward in other instances:
+: ''āvála'' "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ ''aūla'' "humanity" (-///-).
+: ''(i)saíkat aru'' "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ ''iskat'' "a philosopher" (-//V/).
+: ''babalú aru'' "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ ''babla'' "an idea of confusion" (/V//-).
+=====Edenic Nouns=====
+The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ''ādáma'' "ancestry" out of the root ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead).
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="6" | Experimental
+! colspan="1" | EDENIC NOUNS
 |-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
+! Plain
-| i//ú/ || ī//ú/ || a//ú/ || ā//ú/ || u//ú/ || ū//ú/
+| a/a/a/a
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+! Reduced
-| i//í/ || ī//í/ || a//í/ || ā//í/ || u//í/ || ū//í/
+| a///a
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
+|}
-| i//á/ || ī//á/ || a//á || ā//á || u//á || ū//á
-|-
+=====Postdiluvian Nouns=====
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
-| i//û/ || ī//û/ || a//û/ || ā//û/ || u//û/ || ū//û/
+Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism", its essence can be extracted as ''qâhf'' "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as ''-k-’-n-'' "passage of time" yielding ''kâ’n'' "year", ''kû’n'' "old person", and ''kî’n'' "clock".
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="2" | POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+! Formal
-| i//î/ || ī//î/ || a//î/ || ā//î/ || u//î/ || ū//î/
+! Informal
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+! a
-| i//â/ || ī//â/ || a//â/ || ā//â/ || u//â/ || ū//â/
+| /á// || //á/
 |-
-! rowspan="1" |
+! au
-! colspan="6" | Causative
+| /ú// || //ú/
 |-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
+! ao
-| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā//ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú
+| /û// || //û/
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+! aa
-| //i/í || //ī/í || //a/í || //ā/í || //u/í || //ū/í
+| /â// || //â/
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
+! ae
-| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || /ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á
+| /î// || //î/
 |-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
+! ai
-| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || /ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û
+| /í// || //í/
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+|}
-| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || /ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î
+=====Prediluvian Nouns=====
+Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as ''-m-f-r-'' "death" can yield ''ímufar'' "poison", ''maífar'' "deceased", ''mafaúra'' "lifespan (until death)", et cetera.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I)
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+! h
-| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || /ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â
+! ɦ
+! ħ
+! ʕ
+! χ
+! ʁ
 |-
-! rowspan="1" |
+! h
-! colspan="6" | Obligative
+| í/-/-/- || -/-/í/- || iá/-/-/- || -/-/iá/- || iú/-/-/- || -/-/iú/-
 |-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
+! ɦ
-| i/ú// || ī/ú// || a/ú// || ā/ú// || u/ú// || ū/ú//
+| -/í/-/- || -/-/-/í || -/iá/-/- || -/-/-/iá || -/iú/-/- || -/-/-/iú
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+! ħ
-| i/í// || ī/í// || a/í// || ā/í// || u/í// || ū/í//
+| aí/-/-/- || -/-/aí/- || á/-/-/- || -/-/á/- || aú/-/-/- || -/-/aú/-
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
+! ʕ
-| i/á// || ī/á// || a/á// || ā/á// || u/á// || ū/á//
+| -/aí/-/- || -/-/-/aí || -/á/-/- || -/-/-/á || -/aú/-/- || -/-/-/aú
 |-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
+! χ
-| i/û// || ī/û// || a/û// || ā/û// || u/û// || ū/û//
+| uí/-/-/- || -/-/uí/- || uá/-/-/- || -/-/uá/- || ú/-/-/- || -/-/ú/-
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+! ʁ
-| i/î// || ī/î// || a/î// || ā/î// || u/î// || ū/î//
+| -/uí/-/- || -/-/-/uí || -/uá/-/- || -/-/-/uá || -/ú/-/- || -/-/-/ú
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+|}
-| i/â// || ī/â// || a/â// || ā/â// || u/â// || ū/â//
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II)
 |-
-! rowspan="1" |
+! X̰
-! colspan="6" | Active
+! X
+! X̤
+! X̰̃
+! X̃
+! X̤̃
 |-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
+! ə
-| i///ú || ī///ú || a///ú || ā///ú || u///ú || ū///ú
+| a<///>u || a<///>a || a<///>i || a<///>ū || a<///>ā || a<///>ī
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+! u
-| i///í || ī///í || a///í || ā///í || u///í || ū///í
+| u<///>u || u<///>a || u<///>i || u<///>ū || u<///>ā || u<///>ī
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
+! o
-| i///á || ī///á || a///á || ā///á || u///á || ū///á
+| ū<///>u || ū<///>a || ū<///>i || ū<///>ū || ū<///>ā || ū<///>ī
 |-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
+! a
-| i///û || ī///û || a///û || ā///û || u///û || ū///û
+| ā<///>u || ā<///>a || ā<///>i || ā<///>ū || ā<///>ā || ā<///>ī
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+! e
-| i///î || ī///î || a///î || ā///î || u///î || ū///î
+| ī<///>u || ī<///>a || ī<///>i || ī<///>ū || ī<///>ā || ī<///>ī
 |-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+! i
-| i///â || ī///â || a///â || ā///â || u///â || ū///â
+| i<///>u || i<///>a || i<///>i || i<///>ū || i<///>ā || i<///>ī
-|-
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="6" | Passive
-|-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-| /i/ú/ || /ī/ú/ || /a/ú/ || /ā/ú/ || /u/ú/ || /ū/ú/
-|-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
-| /i/í/ || /ī/í/ || /a/í/ || /ā/í/ || /u/í/ || /ū/í/
-|-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
-| /i/á/ || /ī/á/ || /a/á/ || /ā/á/ || /u/á/ || /ū/á/
-|-
-! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
-| /i/û/ || /ī/û/ || /a/û/ || /ā/û/ || /u/û/ || /ū/û/
-|-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
-| /i/î/ || /ī/î/ || /a/î/ || /ā/î/ || /u/î/ || /ū/î/
-|-
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
-| /i/â/ || /ī/â/ || /a/â/ || /ā/â/ || /u/â/ || /ū/â/
 |-
 |}
-=====Non-finite Verbs=====
+====Verbs====
+Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood, number, and aspect, or by form:
-Non-finite verbs are the least productive class of verbs, underperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''murí'' "dying" (gerund), ''murá'' "to die" (lemma), ''murú'' "to die" (infinitive).
+*six voices<sub>F</sub>: [[w:Causative voice|causative]], obligative, [[w:Medio-passive voice|medio-passive]], experimental, [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+*two voices<sub>N</sub>: [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].
-! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="2" | NON-FINITE VERBS
+*three persons: [[w:Grammatical person|first]], [[w:Grammatical person|second]] and [[w:Grammatical person|third]].
-|-
-! Active
-! Passive
-|-
-! ʔ
-| á/// || ///á
-|-
-! ʔu
-| ú/// || ///ú
-|-
-! ʔo
-| û/// || ///û
-|-
-! ʔa
-| â/// || ///â
-|-
-! ʔe
-| î/// || ///î
-|-
-! ʔi
-| í/// || ///í
-|-
-|}
-====Adjuncts====
+*three moods: [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[w:Indicative mood|indicative]], and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]].
-Adjuncts are demarked by effect and amplitude:
+*two numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]] and [[w:Plural number|plural]].
-*three effects: describer, ascriber, and inscriber.
+*two aspects<sub>F</sub>: [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] and [[w:Imperfeftive aspect|imperfective]].
-*two amplitudes: local and universal. The first group works within the word boundary; the second within the phrase.
+*six aspects<sub>N</sub>: [[w:Gerund|complete gerund]], [[w:Gerund|incomplete gerund]], generic lemma, basic lemma, [[w:Infinitive|complete infinitive]], and [[w:Infinitive|incomplete infinitive]].
-Adjectives (''/-/''), incorporations (''-//''), and prefixes (''/--'') precede nouns/verbs, whereas adverbs (''-/-''), expressions (''//-''), and postpositions (''--/'') are right-bound. Also, incorporations may equal to adverbs before consonants, as prefixes may equal to adjectives before vowels. Those two word classes distinguish themselves in Adamic by the fact that incorporations modify nouns while prefixes modify verbs. Vide ''ādūqáfl'' "proto-language" and ''’āmúqul'' "to foretell since the beginning".
+They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (<small>VOICE<sub>F</sub></small> x <small>PERSON</small> x <small>MOOD</small> x <small>NUMBER</small> x <small>ASPECT<sub>F</sub></small>), and Non-finite Verbs, with 12 permutations (<small>VOICE<sub>N</sub></small> x <small>ASPECT<sub>N</sub></small>). In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for [[w:Participle|participles]]:
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="2" |
+! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="6" | ADJUNCTS
+! colspan="6" | PARTICIPATION
 |-
-! Adjective
+! Verb
-! Adverb
+| -/'''-'''// || //-/'''-''' || /-/'''-'''/ || -///'''-''' || /-//'''-''' || -//'''-'''/
-! Incorporation
-! Expression
-! Prefix
-! Postposition
 |-
-! /// ⇒
+! Participle
-| /-/ || -/- || -// || //- || /-- || --/
+| '''-'''/-// || //'''-'''/- || /'''-'''/-/ || '''-'''///- || /'''-'''//- || '''-'''//-/
 |-
 |}
-=====Adjectives=====
+Emphasis marks stress ('''-'''), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even [[w:Minimum Pair|minimun pairs]] with some nouns (e.g. the words ''asita'' /aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and ''ásita'' /ˈasita/ "been thinking").
-Adjectives describe the noun/verb.
+=====Finite Verbs=====
-: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’ām'' "ancestral".
+Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''mafrú'' "I (willingly) die", ''amfúr'' "I (unwillingly) die", ''muarú'' "I force to kill", ''amûr'' "I am forced to kill", ''amurú'' "I kill", and ''mafúr'' "I am killed".
-=====Adverbs=====
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="3" |
-Adverbs describe the nominal/verbal phrase.
+! colspan="6" | FINITE VERBS
+|-
-: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādū'' "originally".
+! colspan="6" | Medio-passive
+|-
-=====Incorporations=====
+! Sub.Imp.
+! Sub.Per.
-Incorporations ascribe the noun.
+! Ind.Imp.
+! Ind.Per.
-: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādm-'' "proto-" [incorporation].
+! Jus.Imp.
+! Jus.Per.
-=====Expressions=====
+|-
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-Expressions ascribe the nominal phrase.
+| /i//ú || /ī//ú || /a//ú || /ā//ú || /u//ú || /ū//ú
+|-
-: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''dū'' "back then".
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+| /i//í || /ī//í || /a//í || /ā//í || /u//í || /ū//í
-=====Prefixes=====
+|-
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
-Prefixes inscribe the verb.
+| /i//á || /ī//á || /a//á || /ā//á || /u//á || /ū//á
+|-
-: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’āū-'' "fore- (since the beginning)".
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
+| /i//û || /ī//û || /a//û || /ā//û || /u//û || /ū//û
-=====Postpositions=====
+|-
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
-Postpositions inscribe the verbal phrase.
+| /i//î || /ī//î || /a//î || /ā//î || /u//î || /ū//î
-: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ām'' "before (long ago)".
-===Concatenation===
-The root is liable to be modified by extensions or affixes, which cover the border of a stem as either [[w:Prefix|prefixes]] or [[w:Suffix|suffixes]].
-====Replication====
-By directly extending the stem through [[w:Reduplication|repetition]], affixes determine its measurements and quantities.
-=====Degree=====
-The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''gugīgánu-ta'' "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="2" | DEGREE
 |-
-! Relative
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
-! Absolute
+| /i//â || /ī//â || /a//â || /ā//â || /u//â || /ū//â
 |-
-! ə
+! rowspan="1" |
-| Ca- || -aC
+! colspan="6" | Experimental
 |-
-! u
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-| Cu- || -uC
+| i//ú/ || ī//ú/ || a//ú/ || ā//ú/ || u//ú/ || ū//ú/
 |-
-! o
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
-| Cū- || -ūC
+| i//í/ || ī//í/ || a//í/ || ā//í/ || u//í/ || ū//í/
 |-
-! a
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
-| Cā- || -āC
+| i//á/ || ī//á/ || a//á || ā//á || u//á || ū//á
+|-
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
+| i//û/ || ī//û/ || a//û/ || ā//û/ || u//û/ || ū//û/
+|-
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+| i//î/ || ī//î/ || a//î/ || ā//î/ || u//î/ || ū//î/
+|-
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+| i//â/ || ī//â/ || a//â/ || ā//â/ || u//â/ || ū//â/
+|-
+! rowspan="1" |
+! colspan="6" | Causative
 |-
-! e
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-| Cī- || -īC
+| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā/ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú
 |-
-! i
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
-| Ci- || -iC
+| //i/í || //ī/í || //a/í || //ā/í || //u/í || //ū/í
 |-
-|}
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
+| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || //ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á
-In nouns (importance/size):
+|-
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
-: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''quhqáhf'' "(precious) life".
+| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || //ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û
+|-
-: ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûnin'' "puppy".
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || //ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î
-In verbs (frequency/completion):
+|-
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
-: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''gicāgâfl'' "they did eat less".
+| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || //ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â
+|-
-: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmârir'' "they barely died".
+! rowspan="1" |
+! colspan="6" | Obligative
-In adjectives (comparison/evaluation):
+|-
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūk’āt'' "strongest".
+| i/ú// || ī/ú// || a/ú// || ā/ú// || u/ú// || ū/ú//
+|-
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "big (among big ones)".
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+| i/í// || ī/í// || a/í// || ā/í// || u/í// || ū/í//
-In adverbs (comparison/evaluation):
+|-
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''’ūci’a'' "as strong as it can get".
+| i/á// || ī/á// || a/á// || ā/á// || u/á// || ū/á//
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgīcug'' "greatly (among great manners)".
-In incoporations (comparison/evaluation):
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''’uci’t-'' "stronger than many".
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgug-'' "great (among great ones)".
-In expressions (comparison/evaluation):
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''kuk’a'' "being more than strong enough".
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gīcig'' "when less than great".
-In prefixes (comparison/evaluation):
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūkā-'' "as strong as it can be done".
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīcug-'' "great (among great doings)".
-In postpositions (comparison/evaluation):
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''tuciāt'' "if more than enough".
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''gicīg'' "(incredibly) almost as/while".
-=====Extension=====
-Stems may be replicated ('''X ⇒ XX''') entirely, producing a semantic continuum responsible for conveying the idea of repetitive and cyclical phenomena. Two stems often stand for the repetitive sense (e.g. ), whereas three (e.g. ) for the cyclical one.
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="3" | EXTENSION
 |-
-! Simplication
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
-! Reduplication
+| i/û// || ī/û// || a/û// || ā/û// || u/û// || ū/û//
-! Triplication
 |-
-! Stem ⇒
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
-| X || XX || XXX
+| i/î// || ī/î// || a/î// || ā/î// || u/î// || ū/î//
 |-
-|}
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+| i/â// || ī/â// || a/â// || ā/â// || u/â// || ū/â//
-In nouns (veracity or diffuse plural):
+|-
+! rowspan="1" |
-: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''qáhf-qáhf'' "genuine life".
+! colspan="6" | Active
+|-
-: ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn-kûn-kûn'' "dogs here and there".
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
+| i///ú || ī///ú || a///ú || ā///ú || u///ú || ū///ú
-In verbs (repetition or habit):
+|-
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
-: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''āgâfl-āgâfl'' "they repeatedly did eat".
+| i///í || ī///í || a///í || ā///í || u///í || ū///í
+|-
-: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmâr-āmâr-āmâr'' "they used to die".
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
+| i///á || ī///á || a///á || ā///á || u///á || ū///á
-In adjectives (excellence or continuation):
+|-
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''k’āt-k’āt'' "indeed strong".
+| i///û || ī///û || a///û || ā///û || u///û || ū///û
+|-
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīg-gīg-gīg'' "constantly big".
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+| i///î || ī///î || a///î || ā///î || u///î || ū///î
+|-
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+| i///â || ī///â || a///â || ā///â || u///â || ū///â
+|-
+! rowspan="1" |
+! colspan="6" | Passive
+|-
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin.
+| /i/ú/ || /ī/ú/ || /a/ú/ || /ā/ú/ || /u/ú/ || /ū/ú/
+|-
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin.
+| /i/í/ || /ī/í/ || /a/í/ || /ā/í/ || /u/í/ || /ū/í/
+|-
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin.
+| /i/á/ || /ī/á/ || /a/á/ || /ā/á/ || /u/á/ || /ū/á/
+|-
+! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu.
+| /i/û/ || /ī/û/ || /a/û/ || /ā/û/ || /u/û/ || /ū/û/
+|-
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu.
+| /i/î/ || /ī/î/ || /a/î/ || /ā/î/ || /u/î/ || /ū/î/
+|-
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu.
+| /i/â/ || /ī/â/ || /a/â/ || /ā/â/ || /u/â/ || /ū/â/
+|-
+|}
-In adverbs (excellence or continuation):
+=====Non-finite Verbs=====
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''i’a-i’a'' "indeed strongly".
+Non-finite verbs are the least productive class of verbs, underperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''murí'' "dying" (gerund), ''murá'' "to die" (lemma), ''murú'' "to die" (infinitive).
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgī-īgī-īgī'' "constantly great".
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="2" | NON-FINITE VERBS
+|-
+! Active
+! Passive
+|-
+! ʔ
+| á/// || ///á
+|-
+! ʔu
+| ú/// || ///ú
+|-
+! ʔo
+| û/// || ///û
+|-
+! ʔa
+| â/// || ///â
+|-
+! ʔe
+| î/// || ///î
+|-
+! ʔi
+| í/// || ///í
+|-
+|}
-In incoporations (excellence or continuation):
+====Adjuncts====
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''i’ti’t-'' "indeed strong".
+Adjuncts are demarked by effect and amplitude:
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgīgīg-'' "constantly great".
+*three effects: describer, ascriber, and inscriber.
-In expressions (excellence or continuation):
+*two amplitudes: local and universal. The first group works within the word boundary; the second within the phrase.
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''k’a-k’a'' "indeed being very strong".
+Adjectives (''/-/''), incorporations (''-//''), and prefixes (''/--'') precede nouns/verbs, whereas adverbs (''-/-''), expressions (''//-''), and postpositions (''--/'') are right-bound. Also, incorporations may equal to adverbs before consonants, as prefixes may equal to adjectives before vowels. Those two word classes distinguish themselves in Adamic by the fact that incorporations modify nouns while prefixes modify verbs. Vide ''ādūqáfl'' "proto-language" and ''’āmúqul'' "to foretell since the beginning".
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gī-gī-gī'' "constantly when great"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="6" | ADJUNCTS
+|-
+! Adjective
+! Adverb
+! Incorporation
+! Expression
+! Prefix
+! Postposition
+|-
+! /// ⇒
+| /-/ || -/- || -// || //- || /-- || --/
+|-
+|}
-In prefixes (excellence or continuation):
+=====Adjectives=====
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kākā-'' "indeed strong".
+Adjectives describe the noun/verb.
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīgīgī-'' "constantly great".
+: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’ām'' "ancestral".
-In postpositions (excellence or continuation):
+=====Adverbs=====
-: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''iāt-iāt'' "indeed if".
+Adverbs describe the nominal/verbal phrase.
-: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''īg-īg-īg'' "constantly (incredibly) as/while".
+: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādū'' "originally".
-====Addition====
+=====Incorporations=====
-By directly extending the stem through [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]], affixes determine its relation with new actors.
+Incorporations ascribe the noun.
-=====Derivation=====
+: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādm-'' "proto-" [incorporation].
-When Postdiluvian particles are applied, the resultant word denotes a new actor ('''X''') through the relation with the stem's original ('''Y'''). Furthermore, left-bound affixes are active whereas right-ones passive, which helps stems to diverge in semantic content (e.g. ''haûl'' "fire" ⇒ ''mahaûl'' "firewood" / ''haûmma'' "ashes"). This process includes not only nouns, but verbs (e.g. ''úgul'' "to eat" ⇒ ''múgul'' "to be hungry" / ''úgumma'' "to be satisfied"), adjuncts (e.g. ''’ūl'' "human" ⇒ ''ma’ūl'' "natural" / ''’ūmma'' "artificial"), and even some clitics (e.g. ''su'' "he" ⇒ ''masu'' "who" [relative] / ''suma'' "who" [interrogative]).
+=====Expressions=====
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+Expressions ascribe the nominal phrase.
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="2" | DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
+: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''dū'' "back then".
+=====Prefixes=====
+Prefixes inscribe the verb.
+: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’āū-'' "fore- (since the beginning)".
+=====Postpositions=====
+Postpositions inscribe the verbal phrase.
+: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ām'' "before (long ago)".
+===Concatenation===
+The root is liable to be modified by extensions or affixes, which cover the border of a stem as either [[w:Prefix|prefixes]] or [[w:Suffix|suffixes]].
+====Replication====
+By directly extending the stem through [[w:Reduplication|repetition]], affixes determine its measurements and quantities.
+=====Degree=====
+The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''iru gugīgá-nuta'' "I am the one bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog").
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="2" | DEGREE
 |-
-! !! Particle !! Sense
+! Relative
+! Absolute
 |-
-! rowspan=18 | Postdiluvian
+! ə
-| ''-ka-'' || X/Y is next to Y/X
+| Ca- || -aC
 |-
-| ''-ga-'' || X/Y interacts with Y/X
+! u
+| Cu- || -uC
 |-
-| ''-ta-'' || X/Y commands to stop Y/X
+! o
+| Cū- || -ūC
 |-
-| ''-da-'' || X/Y commands to move Y/X
+! a
+| Cā- || -āC
 |-
-| ''-pa-'' || X/Y takes Y/X
+! e
+| Cī- || -īC
 |-
-| ''-ba-'' || X/Y uses Y/X
+! i
+| Ci- || -iC
 |-
-| ''-nā-'' || X/Y is many Y/X
+|}
-|-
-| ''-na-'' || X/Y happens to Y/X
+In nouns (importance/size):
-|-
-| ''-ma-'' || X/Y possibilitates Y/X
+: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''quhqáhf'' "(precious) life".
-|-
-| ''-ra-'' || X/Y is Y/X
+: ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûnin'' "puppy".
-|-
-| ''-sa-'' || X/Y generates (many) Y/X
+In verbs (frequency/completion):
-|-
-| ''-za-'' || X/Y generates (one) Y/X
+: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''gicāgâfl'' "they did eat less".
-|-
-| ''-ha-'' || X/Y makes concrete part of Y/X
+: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmârir'' "they barely died".
-|-
-| ''-qa-'' || X/Y makes abstract part of Y/X
+In adjectives (comparison/evaluation):
-|-
-| ''-ja-'' || X/Y belongs (constitution) to Y/X
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūk’āt'' "strongest".
-|-
-| ''-wa-'' || X/Y belongs (ownership) to Y/X
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "big (among big ones)".
-|-
-| ''-ca-'' || X/Y derives Y/X
-|-
-| ''-’a-'' || X/Y does Y/X
-|}
-=====Relation=====
+In adverbs (comparison/evaluation):
-Prediluvian particles are attached exclusively to clitics, bearing different functions depending on their position within them. As left-bound particles in strong clitics, they are responsible for correlation (e.g. ''aiku'' "this one"); as right-bound, for case (e.g. ''airuk'' "with the one"); and in weak clitics or [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] for modality (e.g. ''auru ka'' "someone can").
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''’ūci’a'' "as strong as it can get".
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgīcug'' "greatly (among great manners)".
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="4" | RELATIVE AFFIXES
+In incoporations (comparison/evaluation):
-|-
-! !! Particle !! Sense I !! Sense II !! Sense III
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''’uci’t-'' "stronger than many".
-|-
-! rowspan=18 | Prediluvian
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgug-'' "great (among great ones)".
-| ''-k-'' || that || with || can
+In expressions (comparison/evaluation):
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''kuk’a'' "being more than strong enough".
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gīcig'' "when less than great".
+In prefixes (comparison/evaluation):
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūkā-'' "as strong as it can be done".
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīcug-'' "great (among great doings)".
+In postpositions (comparison/evaluation):
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''tuciāt'' "if more than enough".
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''gicīg'' "(incredibly) almost as/while".
+=====Extension=====
+Stems may be replicated ('''X ⇒ XX''') entirely, producing a semantic continuum responsible for conveying the idea of repetitive and cyclical phenomena. Two stems often stand for the repetitive sense (e.g. ), whereas three (e.g. ) for the cyclical one.
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="3" | EXTENSION
 |-
-| ''-g-'' || that || with/of || can
+! Simplication
+! Reduplication
+! Triplication
 |-
-| ''-t-'' || such || at || want
+! Stem ⇒
-|-
+| X || XX || XXX
-| ''-d-'' || such  || by || dare
-|-
-| ''-p-'' || that || with || can
-|-
-| ''-b-'' || that || with || shall
-|-
-| ''-n-'' || some/no || when/at || must
-|-
-| ''-m-'' || some/no || when/during || may
-|-
-| ''-r-'' || same || with || indeed
-|-
-| ''-l-'' || other || without || not
-|-
-| ''-s-'' || every || when/at || shall
-|-
-| ''-z-'' || each || when/at || shall
-|-
-| ''-h-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
-|-
-| ''-q-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
-|-
-| ''-j-'' || such || like || expect
-|-
-| ''-w-'' || such || about || seem/must
 |-
-| ''-c-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
-|-
-| ''-’-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
 |}
-===Triptote Formula===
+In nouns (veracity or diffuse plural):
-The Triptote Formula inflects through case, number, definition and/or gender:
+: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''qáhf-qáhf'' "genuine life".
-*six cases: [[w:Nominative case|nominative]], [[w:Accusative case|accusative]], [[w:Dative case|dative]], [[w:Oblique case|oblique]], [[w:Ergative case|ergative]], and [[w:Genitive case|genitive]].
+: ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn-kûn-kûn'' "dogs here and there".
-*three numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]], [[w:Dual number|dual]], and [[w:Plural number|plural]].
+In verbs (repetition or habit):
-*three referentialities: [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], and [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]].
+: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''āgâfl-āgâfl'' "they repeatedly did eat".
-*three genders: [[w:Feminine gender|feminine]], [[w:Masculine gender|masculine]], and [[w:Neuter gender|neuter]].
+: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmâr-āmâr-āmâr'' "they used to die".
-Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide:
+In adjectives (excellence or continuation):
-: ''-i̯'' (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_i'' (dative) [Adamic]
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''k’āt-k’āt'' "indeed strong".
-: ∅  (nominative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_u'' (nominative) [Adamic]
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīg-gīg-gīg'' "constantly big".
-: ''-ʔ'' (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_a'' (accusative) [Adamic]
+In adverbs (excellence or continuation):
-To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_V<sub>cas</sub>'') combine with correlation (''C<sub>cor</sub>'') and definition particles (''V<sub>def</sub>'') in the formula ''_V<sub>def</sub>C<sub>cor</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''C<sub>pro</sub>'') as in ''_C<sub>pro</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>''. Furthermore, as articles are always treated as clitics whereas pronouns may act as stems, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article, and otherwise by the particle ''a'' when a pronoun). Vide:
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''i’a-i’a'' "indeed strongly".
-: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''saíkat iru'' "the philosopher" (nominative)
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgī-īgī-īgī'' "constantly great".
-: ''_nu'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''anu'' "I" (nominative)
+In incoporations (excellence or continuation):
-When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space:
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''i’ti’t-'' "indeed strong".
-: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru saíkat'' "it's the philosopher" (oblique)
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgīgīg-'' "constantly great".
-: ''nu_'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''nua'' "it's me" (oblique)
+In expressions (excellence or continuation):
-Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-uī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'') to represent ''-ua''.
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''k’a-k’a'' "indeed being very strong".
-Gender functions mostly behave as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gī-gī-gī'' "constantly when great"
-====Pronouns====
+In prefixes (excellence or continuation):
-Pronouns can be inflected by primary and secondary cases (e.g ''ana'' "me", ''anuk'' "with me"), beyond the following affixes:
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kākā-'' "indeed strong".
-* '''(C)''': feminine construction with ''ca'' and/or ''’a'' that may aid the feminine marker ''i''. Vide: ''anuci'' "I (f.)", ''anu’a'' "I (f.)", ''anu’ai'' "I (f.)", ''anuca’'' "I (f.)", et cetera.
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīgīgī-'' "constantly great".
-* '''(N)''': plural construction with the Diluvian particle ''nā'' (e.g. ''anu'' "I" and ''anunā'' "we"), which may suffer a variety of deformations, such as being reduced to ''n'' (e.g. ''anūn'' "we") or fused with ''ca'' (e.g. ''anucān'' "we"). The feminine (C) may be included.
+In postpositions (excellence or continuation):
-Pronouns may also differ among themselves, as the distribution of their roots is formely distinguished as Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, that would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic:
+: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''iāt-iāt'' "indeed if".
-*Eurasian:
+: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''īg-īg-īg'' "constantly (incredibly) as/while".
-: ''naocar'' "the near person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-'' (1<sup>st</sup> person) [Adamic]
+====Addition====
-: ''taocar'' "the person of reference" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-t-'' (2<sup>nd</sup> person) [Adamic]
+By directly extending the stem through [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]], affixes determine its relation with new actors.
-: ''yaocar'' "that person (3<sup>rd</sup>-person)" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-s-'' (3<sup>rd</sup> person) [Adamic]
+=====Derivation=====
-*Laurentian:
+When Postdiluvian particles are applied, the resultant word denotes a new actor ('''X''') through the relation with the stem's original ('''Y'''). Furthermore, left-bound affixes are active whereas right-ones passive, which helps stems to diverge in semantic content (e.g. ''haûl'' "fire" ⇒ ''mahaûl'' "firewood" / ''haûmma'' "ashes"). This process includes not only nouns, but verbs (e.g. ''úgul'' "to eat" ⇒ ''múgul'' "to be hungry" / ''úgumma'' "to be satisfied"), adjuncts (e.g. ''’ūl'' "human" ⇒ ''ma’ūl'' "natural" / ''’ūmma'' "artificial"), and even some clitics (e.g. ''su'' "he" ⇒ ''masu'' "who" [relative] / ''suma'' "who" [interrogative]).
-: ''kaocar'' "this person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-'' (1<sup>st</sup> person) [Adamic]
-: ''paocar'' "the present person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-p-'' (2<sup>nd</sup> person) [Adamic]
-: ''aocar'' "person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-∅-'' (3<sup>rd</sup> person) [Adamic]
-=====Plain Pronouns=====
-The plain form of pronouns is equivalent to the absolute state of nouns, inflected by case. This class may also behave as articles for a noun when independent (e.g. ''’ûl-asu'' "that man"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="3" |
+! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+! colspan="2" | DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
 |-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
+! !! Particle !! Sense
-! colspan="3" | Dual
-! colspan="3" | Plural
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
+! rowspan=18 | Postdiluvian
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
+| ''-ka-'' || X/Y is next to Y/X
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
 |-
-! Nominative
+| ''-ga-'' || X/Y interacts with Y/X
-| atu || anu || asu || atau || anau || asau || atu(N) || anu(N) || asu(N)
 |-
-! Accusative
+| ''-ta-'' || X/Y commands to stop Y/X
-| ata || ana || asa || atau || anau || asau || ata(N) || ana(N) || asa(N)
 |-
-! Dative
+| ''-da-'' || X/Y commands to move Y/X
-| ati || ani || asi || atau || anau || asau || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)
 |-
-! Oblique
+| ''-pa-'' || X/Y takes Y/X
-| tua || nua || sua || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tua(N) || nua(N) || sua(N)
 |-
-! Ergative
+| ''-ba-'' || X/Y uses Y/X
-| tā || nā || sā || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tā(N) || nā(N) || sā(N)
 |-
-! Genitive
+| ''-nā-'' || X/Y is many Y/X
-| tia || nia || sia || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)
 |-
-! rowspan="1" |
+| ''-na-'' || X/Y happens to Y/X
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
-! Nominative
+| ''-ma-'' || X/Y possibilitates Y/X
-| atui(C) || anui(C) || asui(C) || atai || anai || asai || atui(N) || anui(N) || asuī(N)
 |-
-! Accusative
+| ''-ra-'' || X/Y is Y/X
-| atai(C) || anai(C) || asai(C) || atai || anai || asai || atai(N) || anai(N) || asaī(N)
 |-
-! Dative
+| ''-sa-'' || X/Y generates (many) Y/X
-| ati(C) || ani(C) || asi(C) || atai || anai || asai || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)
+|-
+| ''-za-'' || X/Y generates (one) Y/X
+|-
+| ''-ha-'' || X/Y makes concrete part of Y/X
+|-
+| ''-qa-'' || X/Y makes abstract part of Y/X
 |-
-! Oblique
+| ''-ja-'' || X/Y belongs (constitution) to Y/X
-| tuia(C) || nuia(C) || suia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tuia(N) || nuia(N) || suia(N)
 |-
-! Ergative
+| ''-wa-'' || X/Y belongs (ownership) to Y/X
-| taia(C) || naia(C) || saia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || taia(N) || naia(N) || saia(N)
 |-
-! Genitive
+| ''-ca-'' || X/Y derives Y/X
-| tia(C) || nia(C) || sia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)
 |-
+| ''-’a-'' || X/Y does Y/X
 |}
+=====Relation=====
+Prediluvian particles are attached exclusively to clitics, bearing different functions depending on their position within them. As left-bound particles in strong clitics, they are responsible for correlation (e.g. ''aiku'' "this one"); as right-bound, for case (e.g. ''airuk'' "with the one"); and in weak clitics or [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] for modality (e.g. ''auru kī'' "someone can").
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="3" |
+! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
+! colspan="4" | RELATIVE AFFIXES
+|-
+! !! Particle !! Sense I !! Sense II !! Sense III
 |-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
+! rowspan=18 | Prediluvian
-! colspan="3" | Dual
+| ''-k-'' || that || with || can
-! colspan="3" | Plural
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
+| ''-g-'' || that || with/of || can
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
 |-
-! Nominative
+| ''-t-'' || such || at || want
-| apu || aku || au || apau || akau || āu || apu(N) || aku(N) || au(N)
 |-
-! Accusative
+| ''-d-'' || such  || by || dare
-| apa || aka || ā || apau || akau || āu || apa(N) || aka(N) || ā(N)
 |-
-! Dative
+| ''-p-'' || that || with || can
-| api || aki || ai || apau || akau || āu || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N)
 |-
-! Oblique
+| ''-b-'' || that || with || shall
-| pua || kua || ua || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pua(N) || kua(N) || ua(N)
 |-
-! Ergative
+| ''-n-'' || some/no || when/at || must
-| pā || kā || ā || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pā(N) || kā(N) || ā(N)
 |-
-! Genitive
+| ''-m-'' || some/no || when/during || may
-| pia || kia || ia || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)
 |-
-! rowspan="1" |
+| ''-r-'' || same || with || indeed
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
 |-
-! Nominative
+| ''-l-'' || other || without || not
-| apui(C) || akui(C) || aui(C) || apai || akai || āi || apui(N) || akui(N) || aui(N)
 |-
-! Accusative
+| ''-s-'' || every || when/at || shall
-| apai(C) || akai(C) || āi(C) || apai || akai || āi || apai(N) || akai(N) || aī(N)
 |-
-! Dative
+| ''-z-'' || each || when/at || shall
-| api(C) || aki(C) || ai(C) || apai || akai || āi || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N)
+|-
+| ''-h-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
+|-
+| ''-q-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
 |-
-! Oblique
+| ''-j-'' || such || like || expect
-| puia(C) || kuia(C) || uia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || puia(N) || kuia(N) || uia(N)
 |-
-! Ergative
+| ''-w-'' || such || about || seem/must
-| paia(C) || kaia(C) || aia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || āi(a) || paia(N) || kaia(N) || aia(N)
 |-
-! Genitive
+| ''-c-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
-| pia(C) || kia(C) || ia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)
 |-
+| ''-’-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small>
 |}
-=====Enclitic Pronouns=====
+===Triptote Formula===
+The Triptote Formula inflects through case, number, definition and/or gender:
+*six cases: [[w:Nominative case|nominative]], [[w:Accusative case|accusative]], [[w:Dative case|dative]], [[w:Oblique case|oblique]], [[w:Ergative case|ergative]], and [[w:Genitive case|genitive]].
+*three numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]], [[w:Dual number|dual]], and [[w:Plural number|plural]].
+*three referentialities: [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], and [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]].
-The enclitic form of pronouns is equivalent to the construct state of nouns, not inflected by case. This class may also behave as relative connectors when clitic (e.g. ''ira saíkat nu abūlá'' "the philosopher (me) who reads"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:
+*three genders: [[w:Feminine gender|feminine]], [[w:Masculine gender|masculine]], and [[w:Neuter gender|neuter]].
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide:
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
-|-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
-! colspan="3" | Dual
-! colspan="3" | Plural
-|-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-|-
-! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| tu || nu || su || tau || nau || sau || tu(N) || nu(N) || su(N)
-|-
-! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| ut || un || us || aut || aun || aus || ut(N) || un(N) || us(N)
-|-
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
-|-
-! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| ta || na || sa || tā || nā || sā || ta(N) || na(N) || sa(N)
-|-
-! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| at || an || as || āt || ān || ās || at(N) || an(N) || as(N)
-|-
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
-|-
-! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| ti || ni || si || tai || nai || sai || ti(N) || ni(N) || si(N)
-|-
-! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| it || in || is || ait || ain || ais || it(N) || in(N) || is(N)
-|-
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+: ''-i̯'' (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_i'' (dative) [Adamic]
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
+: ∅  (nominative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_u'' (nominative) [Adamic]
-|-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
+: ''-ʔ'' (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_a'' (accusative) [Adamic]
-! colspan="3" | Dual
-! colspan="3" | Plural
+To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_V<sub>cas</sub>'') combine with correlation (''C<sub>cor</sub>'') and definition particles (''V<sub>def</sub>'') in the formula ''_V<sub>def</sub>C<sub>cor</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''C<sub>pro</sub>'') as in ''_C<sub>pro</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>''. Furthermore, as articles are always treated as clitics whereas pronouns may act as stems, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article, and otherwise by the particle ''a'' when a pronoun). Vide:
-|-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
+: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''saíkat iru'' "the philosopher" (nominative)
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
+: ''_nu'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''anu'' "I" (nominative)
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
+When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space:
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
+: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru saíkat'' "it's the philosopher" (oblique)
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
+: ''nu_'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''nua'' "it's me" (oblique)
-|-
-! <small>VOWEL</small>
+Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-uī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'') to represent ''-ua''.
-| pu || ku || ’u || pau || kau || ’au || pu(N) || ku(N) || ’u(N)
-|-
+Gender functions mostly behave as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.
-! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| up || uk || u || aup || auk || au || up(N) || uk(N) || u(N)
+====Pronouns====
-|-
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
-|-
-! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| pa || ka || ’a || pā || kā || ’ā || pa(N) || ka(N) || ’a(N)
-|-
-! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| ap || ak || a || āp || āk || ā || ap(N) || ak(N) || a(N)
-|-
-! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
-|-
-! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| pi || ki || ’i || pai || kai || ’ai || pi(N) || ki(N) || ’i(N)
-|-
-! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| ip || ik || i || aip || aik || ai || ip(N) || ik(N) || i(N)
-|-
-|}
-=====Heretoclitic Pronouns=====
+Pronouns can be inflected by primary and secondary cases (e.g ''ana'' "me", ''anuk'' "with me"), beyond the following affixes:
-Interrogative and relative pronouns are encompassed by this class, derived by the attachment of the particle ''-ma-'', denoting possibility. Notably, the interrogative group is not limited to the third person (e.g. ''numa'' "who (among us)?", ''tuma'' "who (among you)?", and ''suma'' "who (among them)?").
+* '''(C)''': feminine construction with ''ca'' and/or ''’a'' that may aid the feminine marker ''i''. Vide: ''anuci'' "I (f.)", ''anu’a'' "I (f.)", ''anu’ai'' "I (f.)", ''anuca’'' "I (f.)", et cetera.
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+* '''(N)''': plural construction with the Diluvian particle ''nā'' (e.g. ''anu'' "I" and ''anunā'' "we"), which may suffer a variety of deformations, such as being reduced to ''n'' (e.g. ''anūn'' "we") or fused with ''ca'' (e.g. ''anucān'' "we"). The feminine (C) may be included.
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+Pronouns may also differ among themselves, as the distribution of their roots is formely distinguished as Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, that would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic:
-|-
+*Eurasian:
+: ''naocar'' "the near person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-'' (1<sup>st</sup> person) [Adamic]
+: ''taocar'' "the person of reference" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-t-'' (2<sup>nd</sup> person) [Adamic]
+: ''yaocar'' "that person (3<sup>rd</sup>-person)" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-s-'' (3<sup>rd</sup> person) [Adamic]
+*Laurentian:
+: ''kaocar'' "this person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-'' (1<sup>st</sup> person) [Adamic]
+: ''paocar'' "the present person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-p-'' (2<sup>nd</sup> person) [Adamic]
+: ''aocar'' "person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-∅-'' (3<sup>rd</sup> person) [Adamic]
+=====Plain Pronouns=====
+The plain form of pronouns is equivalent to the absolute state of nouns, inflected by case. This class may also behave as articles for a noun when independent (e.g. ''’ûl-asu'' "that man"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="3" |
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+|-
 ! colspan="3" | Singular
 ! colspan="3" | Dual
@@ Line 1,944: / Line 1,896: @@
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| matu || manu || masu || matau || manau || masau || matu(N) || manu(N) || masu(N)
+| atu || anu || asu || atau || anau || asau || atu(N) || anu(N) || asu(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| mata || mana || masa || matau || manau || masau || mata(N) || mana(N) || masa(N)
+| ata || ana || asa || atau || anau || asau || ata(N) || ana(N) || asa(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| mati || mani || masi || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N)
+| ati || ani || asi || atau || anau || asau || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| tuma || numa || suma || tauma || nauma || sauma || tuma(N) || numa(N) || suma(N)
+| tua || nua || sua || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tua(N) || nua(N) || sua(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| tama || nama || sama || tauma || nauma || sauma || tama(N) || nama(N) || sama(N)
+| tā || nā || sā || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tā(N) || nā(N) || sā(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| tia || nia || sia || tauma || nauma || sauma || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N)
+| tia || nia || sia || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
@@ Line 1,965: / Line 1,917: @@
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| matui(C) || manui(C) || masui(C) || matai || manai || masai || matui(N) || manui(N) || asui(N)
+| atui(C) || anui(C) || asui(C) || atai || anai || asai || atui(N) || anui(N) || asuī(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| matai(C) || manai(C) || masai(C) || matau || manau || masau || matai(N) || manai(N) || masai(N)
+| atai(C) || anai(C) || asai(C) || atai || anai || asai || atai(N) || anai(N) || asaī(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| mati(C) || mani(C) || masi(C) || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N)
+| ati(C) || ani(C) || asi(C) || atai || anai || asai || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| tuima(C) || nuima(C) || suima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tuima(N) || nuima(N) || suima(N)
+| tuia(C) || nuia(C) || suia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tuia(N) || nuia(N) || suia(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| taima(C) || naima(C) || saima(C) || taima || naima || saima || taima(N) || naima(N) || saima(N)
+| taia(C) || naia(C) || saia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || taia(N) || naia(N) || saia(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| tima(C) || nima(C) || sima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N)
+| tia(C) || nia(C) || sia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N)
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 2,003: / Line 1,955: @@
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| mapu || maku || mau || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapu(N) || maku(N) || ma’u(N)
+| apu || aku || au || apau || akau || āu || apu(N) || aku(N) || au(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| mapa || maka || mā || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapa(N) || maka(N) || mā(N)
+| apa || aka || ā || apau || akau || āu || apa(N) || aka(N) || ā(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| mapi || maki || mai || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N)
+| api || aki || ai || apau || akau || āu || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| puma || kuma || uma || pauma || kauma || auma || puma(N) || kuma(N) || uma(N)
+| pua || kua || ua || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pua(N) || kua(N) || ua(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| pama || kama || ama || pauma || kauma || auma || pama(N) || kama(N) || ama(N)
+| pā || kā || ā || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pā(N) || kā(N) || ā(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| pia || kia || ia || pauma || kauma || auma || poma(N) || kima(N) || ima(N)
+| pia || kia || ia || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
@@ Line 2,024: / Line 1,976: @@
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| mapui(C) || makui(C) || ma’ui(C) || mapai || makai || ma’ai || mapui(N) || makui(N) || aui(N)
+| apui(C) || akui(C) || aui(C) || apai || akai || āi || apui(N) || akui(N) || aui(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| mapai(C) || makai(C) || ma’ai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapai(N) || makai(N) || ma’ai(N)
+| apai(C) || akai(C) || āi(C) || apai || akai || āi || apai(N) || akai(N) || aī(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| mapi(C) || maki(C) || mai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N)
+| api(C) || aki(C) || ai(C) || apai || akai || āi || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| puima(C) || kuima(C) || uima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || puima(N) || kuima(N) || ’uima(N)
+| puia(C) || kuia(C) || uia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || puia(N) || kuia(N) || uia(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| paima(C) || kaima(C) || aima(C) || paima || kaima || ’aima || paima(N) || kaima(N) || ’aima(N)
+| paia(C) || kaia(C) || aia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || āi(a) || paia(N) || kaia(N) || aia(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| pima(C) || kima(C) || ima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || pima(N) || kima(N) || ima(N)
+| pia(C) || kia(C) || ia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N)
 |-
 |}
-Although highly inflective, a pronoun such as ''masu'' "who, that" bears no animate-inanimate distinction. For this purpose, there is ''’ūmma'' "who?", ''’āmma'' "what", and their varied forms:
+=====Enclitic Pronouns=====
+The enclitic form of pronouns is equivalent to the construct state of nouns, not inflected by case. This class may also behave as relative connectors when clitic (e.g. ''saíkat iru, nu abūlá'' "the philosopher who (among us) reads"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows:
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="6" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
-! colspan="2" | Singular
+! colspan="3" | Singular
-! colspan="2" | Dual
+! colspan="3" | Dual
-! colspan="2" | Plural
+! colspan="3" | Plural
 |-
-! Animate
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! Inanimate
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! Animate
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! Inanimate
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! Animate
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! Inanimate
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
 |-
-! Obl./Erg./Gen.
+! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| ’ūmma || ’āmma || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N)
+| tu || nu || su || tau || nau || sau || tu(N) || nu(N) || su(N)
 |-
-! Nom./Erg./Dat.
+! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| ma’ūl || ma’āl || ma’ūlau || ma’ālau || ma’ūl(N)|| ma’āl(N)
+| ut || un || us || aut || aun || aus || ut(N) || un(N) || us(N)
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="6" | FEMININE DECLENSION
+! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
-! Obl./Erg./Gen.
+! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| ’ūmmai(C) || ’āmmai(C) || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N)
+| ta || na || sa || tā || nā || sā || ta(N) || na(N) || sa(N)
 |-
-! Nom./Erg./Dat.
+! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| ma’ūli(C) ||  ma’āli(C) || ma’ūlai || ma’ālai || ma’ūli(N) || ma’āli(N)
+| at || an || as || āt || ān || ās || at(N) || an(N) || as(N)
 |-
-|}
+! rowspan="1" |
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
-It is common for heteroclitic nouns to be reduced (e.g. ''ma’ūli(C)'' reduced to ''’ūli'' "who? (f.)"); specially when reduplication is applied. Vide: ''ma’āl'' "what" and ''mama’āl'' "which" (also reduced to ''mam'').
-{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="2" | DECLENSION
 |-
-! colspan="1" | Generic
+! <small>VOWEL</small>
-! colspan="1" | Specific
+| ti || ni || si || tai || nai || sai || ti(N) || ni(N) || si(N)
 |-
-! Heteroclitic
+! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| ma || mam
+| it || in || is || ait || ain || ais || it(N) || in(N) || is(N)
 |-
 |}
-It is also important to notice that heteroclitic pronouns can be used freely, in contrast to the relative use of enclitic pronouns (e.g. ''sama babál'' "what respectively is being read", ''bîblira sa babál'' "the book, which is being read").
-=====Possessive Pronouns=====
-Enclitic pronouns when flexed over articles acquire a possessive meaning (e.g. ''si'' "she" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asiru'' "hers"). It goes without saying that this process completely overcomes any inflection of definition (e.g. ''su'' "he" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asuru'' "his"), yet it is important to notice both the possessor and the possession inflect this class of pronouns (e.g. ''tat siru'' "her dad", ''mūm siruci'' "her mom").
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
 |-
 ! colspan="3" | Singular
@@ Line 2,105: / Line 2,051: @@
 ! colspan="3" | Plural
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
 |-
-! Nominative
+! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| aturu || anuru || asuru || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturu(N) || anuru(N) || asuru(N)
+| pu || ku || ’u || pau || kau || ’au || pu(N) || ku(N) || ’u(N)
 |-
-! Accusative
+! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| atura || anura || asura || aturau || anurau || asurau || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N)
+| up || uk || u || aup || auk || au || up(N) || uk(N) || u(N)
 |-
-! Dative
+! rowspan="1" |
-| aturi || anuri || asuri || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)
+! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
 |-
-! Oblique
+! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| turua || nurua || surua || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a
+| pa || ka || ’a || pā || kā || ’ā || pa(N) || ka(N) || ’a(N)
 |-
-! Ergative
+! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| turā || nurā || surā || turaua || nuraua || suraua || tura(N)a || nurs(N)a || surs(N)a
+| ap || ak || a || āp || āk || ā || ap(N) || ak(N) || a(N)
-|-
-! Genitive
-| turia || nuria || suria || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suri(N)a
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
 ! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
-! Nominative
+! <small>VOWEL</small>
-| aturu(C) || anuru(C) || asuru(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)
+| pi || ki || ’i || pai || kai || ’ai || pi(N) || ki(N) || ’i(N)
 |-
-! Accusative
+! <small>CONSONANT</small>
-| atura(C) || anura(C) || asura(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N)
+| ip || ik || i || aip || aik || ai || ip(N) || ik(N) || i(N)
-|-
-! Dative
-| aturi(C) || anuri(C) || asuri(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)
-|-
-! Oblique
-| turu(C)a || nuru(C)a || suru(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a
-|-
-! Ergative
-| tura(C)a || nura(C)a || sura(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || tura(N)a || nura(N)a || sura(N)a
-|-
-! Genitive
-| turi(C)a || nuri(C)a || suri(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suria(N)a
 |-
 |}
+=====Heretoclitic Pronouns=====
+Interrogative and relative pronouns are encompassed by this class, derived by the attachment of the particle ''-ma-'', denoting possibility. Notably, the interrogative group is not limited to the third person (e.g. ''numa'' "who (among us)?", ''tuma'' "who (among you)?", and ''suma'' "who (among them)?").
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
 ! colspan="3" | Singular
@@ Line 2,164: / Line 2,099: @@
 ! colspan="3" | Plural
 |-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| apuru || akuru || auru || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N)
+| matu || manu || masu || matau || manau || masau || matu(N) || manu(N) || masu(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| apura || akura || aura || apurau || akurau || aurau || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N)
+| mata || mana || masa || matau || manau || masau || mata(N) || mana(N) || masa(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| apuri || akuri || auri || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuri(N) || akuri(N) || auri(N)
+| mati || mani || masi || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| purua || kurua || urua || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a
+| tuma || numa || suma || tauma || nauma || sauma || tuma(N) || numa(N) || suma(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| purā || kurā || urā || puraua || kuraua || uraua || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a
+| tama || nama || sama || tauma || nauma || sauma || tama(N) || nama(N) || sama(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| puria || kuria || uria || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a
+| tia || nia || sia || tauma || nauma || sauma || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N)
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| apuru(C) || akuru(C) || auru(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N)
+| matui(C) || manui(C) || masui(C) || matai || manai || masai || matui(N) || manui(N) || asui(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| apura(C) || akura(C) || aura(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N)
+| matai(C) || manai(C) || masai(C) || matau || manau || masau || matai(N) || manai(N) || masai(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| apuri(C) || akuri(C) || auri(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuri(N) || akiri(N) || airi(N)
+| mati(C) || mani(C) || masi(C) || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| puru(C)a || kuru(C)a || uru(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a
+| tuima(C) || nuima(C) || suima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tuima(N) || nuima(N) || suima(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| pura(C)a || kura(C)a || ura(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a
+| taima(C) || naima(C) || saima(C) || taima || naima || saima || taima(N) || naima(N) || saima(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| puri(C)a || kuri(C)a || uri(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a
+| tima(C) || nima(C) || sima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N)
 |-
 |}
-====Articles====
-Articles in Adamic are either [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], or [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]]. The first case denotes either a specific being one is able or unable to identify (translated in English as "the" or "a certain"); the second, an unespecific being that may be random or somewhat specific (translated as "any" or "some"); and the third applies to generic identities, such as the subject in ''’ûlaru amfár'' "people die".
-=====Nominal Articles=====
-Plain articles accompany nouns and pseudo-nouns in the absolute state. Instead of relying on an epenthetic vowel to determine their syntactic functions such as pronouns, they are known to be arranged either before or after a nominal phrase (e.g. ''iru mur liviatan'' "it's the dead whale").
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
 |-
 ! colspan="3" | Singular
@@ Line 2,231: / Line 2,158: @@
 ! colspan="3" | Plural
 |-
-! Definite
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! Indefinite
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! Nomic
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! Definite
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! Indefinite
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! Nomic
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! Definite
+! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! Indefinite
+! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! Nomic
+! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| _iru || _uru || _aru || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īru(N) || _ūru(N) || _āru(N)
+| mapu || maku || mau || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapu(N) || maku(N) || ma’u(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| _ira || _ura || _ara || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īra(N) || _ūra(N) || _āra(N)
+| mapa || maka || mā || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapa(N) || maka(N) || mā(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| _iri || _uri || _ari || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N)
+| mapi || maki || mai || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| iru_ || uru_ || aru_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īru(N)_ || ūru(N)_ || āru(N)_
+| puma || kuma || uma || pauma || kauma || auma || puma(N) || kuma(N) || uma(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| ira_ || ura_ || ara_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īra(N)_ || ūra(N)_ || āra(N)_
+| pama || kama || ama || pauma || kauma || auma || pama(N) || kama(N) || ama(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| iri_ || uri_ || ari_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_
+| pia || kia || ia || pauma || kauma || auma || poma(N) || kima(N) || ima(N)
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| _irui(C) || _urui(C) || _arui(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrui(N) || _ūrui(N) || _ārui(N)
+| mapui(C) || makui(C) || ma’ui(C) || mapai || makai || ma’ai || mapui(N) || makui(N) || aui(N)
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| _irai(C) || _urai(C) || _arai(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrai(N) || _ūrai(N) || _ārai(N)
+| mapai(C) || makai(C) || ma’ai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapai(N) || makai(N) || ma’ai(N)
 |-
 ! Dative
-| _iri(C) || _uri(C) || _ari(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N)
+| mapi(C) || maki(C) || mai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N)
 |-
 ! Oblique
-| irui(C)_ || urui(C)_ || arui(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrui(N)_ || ūrui(N)_ || ārui(N)_
+| puima(C) || kuima(C) || uima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || puima(N) || kuima(N) || ’uima(N)
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| irai(C)_ || urai(C)_ || arai(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrai(N)_ || ūrai(N)_ || ārai(N)_
+| paima(C) || kaima(C) || aima(C) || paima || kaima || ’aima || paima(N) || kaima(N) || ’aima(N)
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| iri(C)_ || uri(C)_ || ari(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_
+| pima(C) || kima(C) || ima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || pima(N) || kima(N) || ima(N)
 |-
 |}
-=====Enclitic Articles=====
+Although highly inflective, a pronoun such as ''masu'' "who, that" bears no animate-inanimate distinction. For this purpose, there is ''’ūmma'' "who?", ''’āmma'' "what", and their varied forms:
-Enclitic articles accompany nouns in the absolute state or when the equivalent plain article would appear again (e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book", ''bîbli liviatan iruci'' "the book and the whale"). They may be either infixes or sufixes, depending on whether the noun is triradical or not, in which case an open space between consonants either draws the vowel or its inexistence pulls it away. Exceptions such as ''bîblV'' rather than ''bîbVl'' occur though due the presence of liquid consonants.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
+! colspan="6" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
 |-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
+! colspan="2" | Singular
-! colspan="3" | Dual
+! colspan="2" | Dual
-! colspan="3" | Plural
+! colspan="2" | Plural
 |-
-! Definite
+! Animate
-! Indefinite
+! Inanimate
-! Nomic
+! Animate
-! Definite
+! Inanimate
-! Indefinite
+! Animate
-! Nomic
+! Inanimate
-! Definite
-! Indefinite
-! Nomic
 |-
-! Infix
+! Obl./Erg./Gen.
-| -i- || -u- || -a- || -ai- || -au- || -ā- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)-
+| ’ūmma || ’āmma || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N)
 |-
-! Suffix
+! Nom./Erg./Dat.
-| -i || -u || -a || -ai || -au || -ā || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N)
+| ma’ūl || ma’āl || ma’ūlau || ma’ālau || ma’ūl(N)|| ma’āl(N)
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION
+! colspan="6" | FEMININE DECLENSION
 |-
-! Infix
+! Obl./Erg./Gen.
-| -i(C)- || -u(C)- || -a(C)- || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C)- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)
+| ’ūmmai(C) || ’āmmai(C) || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N)
 |-
-! Suffix
+! Nom./Erg./Dat.
-| -i(C) || -u(C) || -a(C) || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C) || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N)
+| ma’ūli(C) ||  ma’āli(C) || ma’ūlai || ma’ālai || ma’ūli(N) || ma’āli(N)
 |-
 |}
-==Syntax [...]==
+It is common for heteroclitic nouns to be reduced (e.g. ''ma’ūli(C)'' reduced to ''’ūli'' "who? (f.)"); specially when reduplication is applied. Vide: ''ma’āl'' "what" and ''mama’āl'' "which" (also reduced to ''mam'').
-The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the [[w:Construct state|construct state]]; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject-Object (except when regarding pronouns); whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in ''mur liviatan iru'' "the dead whale"), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in ''āgūlá ūfā'' "he ate deadly"). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the [[w:Topic and comment|topic]], and the second, the [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]].
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="2" |
-===Construct State===
+! colspan="2" | DECLENSION
+|-
+! colspan="1" | Generic
+! colspan="1" | Specific
+|-
+! Heteroclitic
+| ma || mam
+|-
+|}
-The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct can always be identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:
+It is also important to notice that heteroclitic pronouns can be used freely, in contrast to the relative use of enclitic pronouns (e.g. ''sama babál'' "what respectively is being read", ''bîblira sa babál'' "the book, which is being read").
-: ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"
+=====Possessive Pronouns=====
-The logical exclusion of one ''iri'' for means of redudancy does not indicate the syntactic relationship alone, but is accompanied by the construct with two possibilities:
+Enclitic pronouns when flexed over articles acquire a possessive meaning (e.g. ''si'' "she" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asiru'' "hers"). It goes without saying that this process completely overcomes any inflection of definition (e.g. ''su'' "he" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asuru'' "his"), yet it is important to notice both the possessor and the possession inflect this class of pronouns (e.g. ''tat siru'' "her dad", ''mūm siruci'' "her mom").
-: '''''bîbli''' iri saíkat'' "the book of the philosopher"
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+! rowspan="3" |
-: ''bîbliri '''siktí''''' "the philosopher to the book"
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+|-
-====Nouns====
+! colspan="3" | Singular
+! colspan="3" | Dual
-When constructs, nouns lose their triptote inflection, while still behaving as independent subjects.
+! colspan="3" | Plural
+|-
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
-|top= סכת ר אול
+! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
-|סכת ר אול
+! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
-|skt r ’vl
+! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
-|saíkat iru ’ûvil
+! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
-|"The person being the philosopher" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
-}}
+! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
+! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|-
-|top= סכת ר אול
+! Nominative
-|סכת ר אול
+| aturu || anuru || asuru || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturu(N) || anuru(N) || asuru(N)
-|skt r ’vl
+|-
-|iskít iru ’ûl
+! Accusative
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human
+| atura || anura || asura || aturau || anurau || asurau || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N)
-|"The philosopher is the person" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+|-
-}}
+! Dative
+| aturi || anuri || asuri || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|-
-|top= סכת ר אול
+! Oblique
-|סכת ר אול
+| turua || nurua || surua || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a
-|skt r ’vl
+|-
-|saíkat ira ’ûvil
+! Ergative
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+| turā || nurā || surā || turaua || nuraua || suraua || tura(N)a || nurs(N)a || surs(N)a
-|"The person influences/becomes the philosopher" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+|-
-}}
+! Genitive
+| turia || nuria || suria || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suri(N)a
+|-
+! rowspan="1" |
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+|-
+! Nominative
+| aturu(C) || anuru(C) || asuru(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)
+|-
+! Accusative
+| atura(C) || anura(C) || asura(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N)
+|-
+! Dative
+| aturi(C) || anuri(C) || asuri(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N)
+|-
+! Oblique
+| turu(C)a || nuru(C)a || suru(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a
+|-
+! Ergative
+| tura(C)a || nura(C)a || sura(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || tura(N)a || nura(N)a || sura(N)a
+|-
+! Genitive
+| turi(C)a || nuri(C)a || suri(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suria(N)a
+|-
+|}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-|top= סכת ר אול
+! rowspan="3" |
-|סכת ר אול
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
-|skt r ’vl
+|-
-|iskít ira ’ûl
+! colspan="3" | Singular
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human
+! colspan="3" | Dual
-|"The philosopher is influenced/become by the person" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+! colspan="3" | Plural
-}}
+|-
+! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
-|top= סכת ר אול
+! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
-|סכת ר אול
+! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
-|skt r ’vl
+! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
-|saíkat iri ’ûvil
+! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person
-|"The person to the philosopher" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+! 1<sup>st</sup> Person
-}}
+! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person
+|-
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+! Nominative
-|top= סכת ר אול
+| apuru || akuru || auru || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N)
-|סכת ר אול
+|-
-|skt r ’vl
+! Accusative
-|iskít iri ’ûl
+| apura || akura || aura || apurau || akurau || aurau || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N)
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human
+|-
-|"The person's philosopher" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+! Dative
-}}
+| apuri || akuri || auri || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuri(N) || akuri(N) || auri(N)
+|-
-=====Collective Formation=====
+! Oblique
+| purua || kurua || urua || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a
-The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:
+|-
+! Ergative
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+| purā || kurā || urā || puraua || kuraua || uraua || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a
-|top= בבל סכת ר
+|-
-|בבל סכת ר
+! Genitive
-|bbl skt r
+| puria || kuria || uria || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a
-|bîbli saíkat iru
+|-
-|book>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
+! rowspan="1" |
-|"the book and the philosopher"
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
-}}
+|-
+! Nominative
+| apuru(C) || akuru(C) || auru(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N)
+|-
+! Accusative
+| apura(C) || akura(C) || aura(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N)
+|-
+! Dative
+| apuri(C) || akuri(C) || auri(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuri(N) || akiri(N) || airi(N)
+|-
+! Oblique
+| puru(C)a || kuru(C)a || uru(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a
+|-
+! Ergative
+| pura(C)a || kura(C)a || ura(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a
+|-
+! Genitive
+| puri(C)a || kuri(C)a || uri(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a
+|-
+|}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+====Articles====
-|top= סכת רך בבל כאנ
-|סכת רך בבל כאנ
-|skt rk bbl k’n
-|iskít iruk bîbl kî’in
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}} book>inanimate>human ancientness>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"the philosopher is with the book and the clock"
-}}
-=====Attributive Formation=====
+Articles in Adamic are either [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], or [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]]. The first case denotes either a specific being one is able or unable to identify (translated in English as "the" or "a certain"); the second, an unespecific being that may be random or somewhat specific (translated as "any" or "some"); and the third applies to generic identities, such as the subject in ''’ûlaru amfár'' "people die".
-The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against nouns may lead from (1) to (4).
+=====Nominal Articles=====
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+Plain articles accompany nouns and pseudo-nouns in the absolute state. Instead of relying on an epenthetic vowel to determine their syntactic functions such as pronouns, they are known to be arranged either before or after a nominal phrase (e.g. ''iru mur liviatan'' "it's the dead whale").
-|top= אול ר מףר סכת
-|אול ר מףר סכת
-|’vl r mfr skt
-|’ûvil iru mur saíkat
-|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>
-|"the person is the dead philosopher"
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-|top= אול ר מףר
+! rowspan="3" |
-|אול ר מףר
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
-|’vl r mfr
+|-
-|’ûvil iru murá
+! colspan="3" | Singular
-|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}
+! colspan="3" | Dual
-|"the person is the dead one"
+! colspan="3" | Plural
-}}
+|-
+! Definite
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+! Indefinite
-|top= אול ר מףר
+! Nomic
-|אול ר מףר
+! Definite
-|’vl r mfr
+! Indefinite
-|’ûl iru mur
+! Nomic
-|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}
+! Definite
-|"the person is dead"
+! Indefinite
-}}
+! Nomic
+|-
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+! Nominative
-|top= אול מףרס
+| _iru || _uru || _aru || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īru(N) || _ūru(N) || _āru(N)
-|אול מףרס
+|-
-|’vl mfrs
+! Accusative
-|’ûvil mur-us
+| _ira || _ura || _ara || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īra(N) || _ūra(N) || _āra(N)
-|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|-
-|"the person is dead"
+! Dative
-}}
+| _iri || _uri || _ari || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N)
+|-
-====Pronouns====
+! Oblique
+| iru_ || uru_ || aru_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īru(N)_ || ūru(N)_ || āru(N)_
-When constructs, pronouns lose their triptote inflection, becoming enclitics attached to the unit they are subjects of.
+|-
+! Ergative
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+| ira_ || ura_ || ara_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īra(N)_ || ūra(N)_ || āra(N)_
-|top= נ סכת
+|-
-|נ סכת
+! Genitive
-|n skt
+| iri_ || uri_ || ari_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_
-|anu iskít
+|-
-|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+! rowspan="1" |
-|"The philosopher being I" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION
-}}
+|-
+! Nominative
+| _irui(C) || _urui(C) || _arui(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrui(N) || _ūrui(N) || _ārui(N)
+|-
+! Accusative
+| _irai(C) || _urai(C) || _arai(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrai(N) || _ūrai(N) || _ārai(N)
+|-
+! Dative
+| _iri(C) || _uri(C) || _ari(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N)
+|-
+! Oblique
+| irui(C)_ || urui(C)_ || arui(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrui(N)_ || ūrui(N)_ || ārui(N)_
+|-
+! Ergative
+| irai(C)_ || urai(C)_ || arai(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrai(N)_ || ūrai(N)_ || ārai(N)_
+|-
+! Genitive
+| iri(C)_ || uri(C)_ || ari(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_
+|-
+|}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+=====Enclitic Articles=====
-|top= ר סכתנ
-|ר סכתנ
-|r sktn
-|iru saíkat-an
-|the.{{gcl|OBL}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"I am the philosopher" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+Enclitic articles accompany nouns in the absolute state or when the equivalent plain article would appear again (e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book", ''bîbli liviatan iruci'' "the book and the whale"). They may be either infixes or sufixes, depending on whether the noun is triradical or not, in which case an open space between consonants either draws the vowel or its inexistence pulls it away. Exceptions such as ''bîblV'' rather than ''bîbVl'' occur though due the presence of liquid consonants.
-|top= נ סכת
-|נ סכת
-|n skt
-|ana iskít
-|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"The philosopher influences/becomes me" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
-|top= ר סכתנ
+! rowspan="3" |
-|ר סכתנ
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION
-|r sktn
+|-
-|ira saíkat-an
+! colspan="3" | Singular
-|the.{{gcl|ERG}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+! colspan="3" | Dual
-|"I am influenced/become by the philosopher" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+! colspan="3" | Plural
-}}
+|-
+! Definite
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+! Indefinite
-|top= נ סכת
+! Nomic
-|נ סכת
+! Definite
-|n skt
+! Indefinite
-|ani iskít
+! Nomic
-|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+! Definite
-|"The philosopher to me" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+! Indefinite
-}}
+! Nomic
+|-
+! Infix
+| -i- || -u- || -a- || -ai- || -au- || -ā- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)-
+|-
+! Suffix
+| -i || -u || -a || -ai || -au || -ā || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N)
+|-
+! rowspan="1" |
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION
+|-
+! Infix
+| -i(C)- || -u(C)- || -a(C)- || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C)- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)
+|-
+! Suffix
+| -i(C) || -u(C) || -a(C) || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C) || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N)
+|-
+|}
+==Syntax==
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the [[w:Construct state|construct state]]; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject-Object (except when regarding pronouns); whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in ''mur liviatan iru'' "the dead whale"), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in ''āgūlá ūfā'' "he ate deadly"). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the [[w:Topic and comment|topic]], and the second, the [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]].
-|top= ר סכתנ
-|ר סכתנ
+===Construct State===
-|r sktn
-|iri saíkat-an
+The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct is often identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in:
-|the.{{gcl|GEN}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"The philosopher's I" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
-}}
-=====Collective Formation=====
+: ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher"
-The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:
+The logical exclusion of one ''iri'' for means of redudancy does not indicate the syntactic relationship alone, but is accompanied by the construct with two possibilities:
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+: '''''bîbli''' iri saíkat'' "the book of the philosopher"
-|top= תנ
-|תנ
-|tn
-|atu-na
-|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"I and you"
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+: ''bîbliri '''siktí''''' "the philosopher to the book"
-|top= נכס ת
-|נכס ת
-|nks t
-|nuak-us ta
-|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"he is with me and you"
-}}
-=====Attributive Formation=====
+====Nouns====
-The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pronouns may lead from (1) to (4).
+When constructs, nouns lose their triptote inflection, while still behaving as independent subjects.
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= ר מףר סכתס
+|top= סכת ר אול
-|ר מףר סכתס
+|סכת ר אול
-|r mfr skts
+|skt r ’vl
-|iru mur saíkat-us
+|saíkat iru ’ûvil
-|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"he is the dead philosopher"
+|"The person being the philosopher" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= ר מףרס
+|top= סכת ר אול
-|ר מףרס
+|סכת ר אול
-|r mfrs
+|skt r ’vl
-|iru murá-su
+|iskít iru ’ûl
-|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human
-|"he is the dead one"
+|"The philosopher is the person" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
-|top= ס מפר
+|top= סכת ר אול
-|ס מףר
+|סכת ר אול
-|s mfr
+|skt r ’vl
-|asu mur
+|saíkat ira ’ûvil
-|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"he is dead"
+|"The person influences/becomes the philosopher" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
-|top= מפרס
+|top= סכת ר אול
-|מףרס
+|סכת ר אול
-|mfrs
+|skt r ’vl
-|mur-us
+|iskít ira ’ûl
-|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human
-|"he is dead"
+|"The philosopher is influenced/become by the person" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+|top= סכת ר אול
+|סכת ר אול
+|skt r ’vl
+|saíkat iri ’ûvil
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"The person to the philosopher" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+|top= סכת ר אול
+|סכת ר אול
+|skt r ’vl
+|iskít iri ’ûl
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human
+|"The person's philosopher" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
-====Pseudo-nouns====
+=====Collective Formation=====
-When constructs, non-finite verbs lose their triptote inflection, attracting verbal enclitics to themselves while behaving as nouns.
+The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= תסכת אול
+|top= בבל סכת ר
-|תסכת אול
+|בבל סכת ר
-|tskt ’vl
+|bbl skt r
-|t-úsit-u ’ûvil
+|bîbli saíkat iru
-|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|book>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
-|"The person wanting to think" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+|"the book and the philosopher"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= תסכת ר אול
+|top= סכת רך בבל כאנ
-|תסכת ר אול
+|סכת רך בבל כאנ
-|tskt r ’vl
+|skt rk bbl k’n
-|t-úsit iru ’ûl
+|iskít iruk bîbl kî’in
-|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}} book>inanimate>human ancientness>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"Wanting to think is the person" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+|"the philosopher is with the book and the clock"
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+=====Attributive Formation=====
-|top= תסכת אול
-|תסכת אול
+The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against nouns may lead from (1) to (4).
-|tskt ’vl
-|t-úsit-a ’ûvil
-|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|NDEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"The person wants to think" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= תסכת ר אול
+|top= אול ר מףר סכת
-|תסכת ר אול
+|אול ר מףר סכת
-|tskt r ’vl
+|’vl r mfr skt
-|t-úsit ira ’ûl
+|’ûvil iru mur saíkat
-|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human
+|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>
-|"To think is wanted by the person" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+|"the person is the dead philosopher"
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= תסכת אול
+|top= אול ר מףר
-|תסכת אול
+|אול ר מףר
-|tskt ’vl
+|’vl r mfr
-|t-úsit-i ’ûvil
+|’ûvil iru murá
-|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}
-|"The person to wanting to think" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+|"the person is the dead one"
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
-|top= תסכת ר אול
+|top= אול ר מףר
-|תסכת ר אול
+|אול ר מףר
-|sktt r ’vl
+|’vl r mfr
-|t-úsit iri ’ûl
+|’ûl iru mur
-|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}
-|"The person's wanting to think" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+|"the person is dead"
 }}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= אול מףרס
+|אול מףרס
+|’vl mfrs
+|’ûvil mur-us
+|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"the person is dead"
+}}
-=====Collective Formation=====
+====Pronouns====
-The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:
+When constructs, pronouns lose their triptote inflection, becoming enclitics attached to the unit they are subjects of.
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top=כאן מףרצ
+|top= נ סכת
-|כאן מףרצ
+|נ סכת
-|k’n mfrc
+|n skt
-|kāní murí-cu
+|anu iskít
-|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}-{{gcl|NOM}}
+|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"aging and dying"
+|"The philosopher being I" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= הול ךכאן מףר
+|top= ר סכתנ
-|הול ךכאן מףר
+|ר סכתנ
-|hvl kk’n mfr
+|r sktn
-|hūlú-m uk-kāní murí
+|iru saíkat-an
-|fire.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}}-{{gcl|DEB}} {{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|the.{{gcl|OBL}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"having to burn right after aging and dying"
+|"I am the philosopher" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
-=====Attributive Formation=====
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|top= נ סכת
+|נ סכת
+|n skt
+|ana iskít
+|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"The philosopher influences/becomes me" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+}}
-The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pseudo-nouns may lead from (1) to (4).
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= ר סכתנ
+|ר סכתנ
+|r sktn
+|ira saíkat-an
+|the.{{gcl|ERG}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"I am influenced/become by the philosopher" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
-|top= כאן ר הול מףר
+|top= נ סכת
-|כאן ר הול מףר
+|נ סכת
-|k’n r hvl mfr
+|n skt
-|kāní iru hūl maúr
+|ani iskít
-|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}} death>generic
+|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"aging is the fiery death"
+|"The philosopher to me" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+|top= ר סכתנ
+|ר סכתנ
+|r sktn
+|iri saíkat-an
+|the.{{gcl|GEN}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"The philosopher's I" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
+}}
+=====Collective Formation=====
+The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+|top= תנ
+|תנ
+|tn
+|atu-na
+|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"I and you"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= כאן ר הול
+|top= נכס ת
-|כאן ר הול
+|נכס ת
-|k’n r hvl
+|nks t
-|kāní iru hūlá
+|nuak-us ta
-|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}
+|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"aging is the fiery one"
+|"he is with me and you"
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
-|top= כאןץ הול
-| כאןץ הול
-|k’nc hvl
-|kāní-cu hūl
-|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}-{{gcl|NOM}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}
-|"aging is fiery"
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
-|top= כאן הולס
-| כאן הולס
-|k’n hvls
-|kāní hūl-as
-|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"aging is fiery"
 }}
-===Word Order===
+=====Attributive Formation=====
-====Constituent Order====
+The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pronouns may lead from (1) to (4).
-The default constituent order in Adamic is [[w:Object-subject-verb word order|OSV]], except when the subject is a pronoun, wherein it takes the [[w:Object-verb-subject word order|OVS]] form. Alternatively, the [[w:Verb-object-subject word order|VOS]] and therefore the [[w:Verb-subject-objectword order|VSO]] order appear as liberties.
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= בבל ר סכת בבל
+|top= ר מףר סכתס
-|בבל ר סכת בבל
+|ר מףר סכתס
-|bbl r skt bbl
+|r mfr skts
-|bîbl ira siktí ābūlá
+|iru mur saíkat-us
-|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"The philosopher read the book"
+|"he is the dead philosopher"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= בבל ר בבלת
+|top= ר מףרס
-|בבל ר בבלת
+|ר מףרס
-|bbl r bblt
+|r mfrs
-|bîbl ira ābūlí-ta
+|iru murá-su
-|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"You read the book"
+|"he is the dead one"
 }}
-=====Nouns=====
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|top= ס מפר
+|ס מףר
+|s mfr
+|asu mur
+|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}
+|"he is dead"
+}}
-The position of nouns is more often than not determined by the position of their articles. When the latter form a syntactical relationship with the sentence (i.e. a construction), there will be certain spots where the noun can be located in order to accomplish grammatical sense.
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= מפרס
-=====Verbs=====
+|מףרס
+|mfrs
-The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence.
+|mur-us
+|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"he is dead"
+}}
-====Modifier Order====
+====Pseudo-nouns====
-Modifers may be left out, but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with their morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology, either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/verbal phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows.
+When constructs, non-finite verbs lose their triptote inflection, attracting verbal enclitics to themselves while behaving as nouns.
-=====Incorporated Adjuncts=====
-As adjuncts incorporated into the constituent aligment, those that modify the noun/verb are left-bound, and those that modify the nominal/verbal phrase are right-bound:
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= מפר סךת ר
+|top= תסכת אול
-|מפר סךת ר
+|תסכת אול
-|mfr skt r
+|tskt ’vl
-|mur saíkat iru
+|t-úsit-u ’ûvil
-|death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
+|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"the dead philosopher" (<small>ADJECTIVE</small>)
+|"The person wanting to think" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= סכת מפר
+|top= תסכת ר אול
-|סכת מפר
+|תסכת ר אול
-|skt mfr
+|tskt r ’vl
-|askút ūfā
+|t-úsit iru ’ûl
-|philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ADV}}
+|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human
-|"I think deadly" (<small>ADVERB</small>)
+|"Wanting to think is the person" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
-|top= מפרסךת ר
+|top= תסכת אול
-|מפרסךת ר
+|תסכת אול
-|mfrskt r
+|tskt ’vl
-|ūfr-saíkat iru
+|t-úsit-a ’ûvil
-|death.{{gcl|INC}}-philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
+|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|NDEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"the necro-philosopher" (<small>INCORPORATION</small>)
+|"The person wants to think" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
-|top= סכת מפר ר
+|top= תסכת ר אול
-|סכת מפר ר
+|תסכת ר אול
-|skt mfr r
+|tskt r ’vl
-|saíkat fā iru
+|t-úsit ira ’ûl
-|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> death.{{gcl|EXPR}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
+|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human
-|"The philosopher as morbid as a corpse " (<small>EXPRESSION</small>)
+|"To think is wanted by the person" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
-|top= מפרסכת
+|top= תסכת אול
-|מפרסכת
+|תסכת אול
-|mfrskt
+|tskt ’vl
-|muā-askút
+|t-úsit-i ’ûvil
-|death.{{gcl|PREF}}-philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"I necro-think" (<small>PREFIX</small>)
+|"The person to wanting to think" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
-|top= סכת מפר
+|top= תסכת ר אול
-|סכת מפר
+|תסכת ר אול
-|skt mfr
+|sktt r ’vl
-|askút ūr
+|t-úsit iri ’ûl
-|philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|POST}}
+|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human
-|"At least as long as I think " (<small>POSTPOSITION</small>)
+|"The person's wanting to think" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>)
 }}
-=====Segmental Adjuncts=====
+=====Collective Formation=====
-Contrary to adjuncts per se, segments that function as adjuncts (i.e. disposable) may be located either left or right in relation to the arguments they modify, but their function differs in each case. For example, it is important to notice the difference between the next two samples, which although both can be translated as "the philosopher reads the book in the library", only (1) implies the action of reading occurs there, whereas (2) implies the book was in the library aforementioned:
+The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects:
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= בבל דתס רת סכת בבל
+|top=כאן מףרצ
-|בבל דתס רת סכת בבל
+|כאן מףרצ
-|bbl dts rt skt bbl
+|k’n mfrc
-|bîbli datasiú irat siktí abūlá
+|kāní murí-cu
-|book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} writing><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DES}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}-{{gcl|NOM}}
-|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"
+|"aging and dying"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל
+|top= הול ךכאן מףר
-|דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל
+|הול ךכאן מףר
-|dts rt bbl r skt bbl
+|hvl kk’n mfr
-|datasiú irut bîbl ira siktí abūlá
+|hūlú-m uk-kāní murí
-|writing><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DES}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|fire.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}}-{{gcl|DEB}} {{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"
+|"having to burn right after aging and dying"
 }}
-===Subordinate Clauses===
+=====Attributive Formation=====
-In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Contrary to what one might conclude, though, the construct state is not triggered in the same manner as the arrangement of nouns and their articles within the level of the clause; rather, it occurs during [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|ellipsis]].
+The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pseudo-nouns may lead from (1) to (4).
-====Absolute Clauses====
-Absolute clauses modify their subjects/objects through means beneath the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that do not specify a noun).
-=====Argument Clauses=====
-Some subordinated clauses may prioritize the use of the triptote formula, addressing it as marker of the same level of the sentence rather than a particle attached to certain elements (e.g.''sā'''ru''' maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother" and '''''cu''' āūla sāri maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother's personhood"). As consequence, the clause is effectively treated as a pseudo-noun bearing the same syntactic functions as the latter.
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|top= כאן ר הול מףר
-|ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|כאן ר הול מףר
-|c ml sn qhf skt
+|k’n r hvl mfr
-|cu maliú āsunā aqqâf askút
+|kāní iru hūl maúr
-|{{gcl|OBL}} where.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PLU}} live.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}} death>generic
-|"I think it is where they live" (<small>OBLIQUE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"aging is the fiery death"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= מפרת ץ סכת
+|top= כאן ר הול
-|מפרת ץ סכת
+|כאן ר הול
-|mfrt c skt
+|k’n r hvl
-|mur-at cu askút
+|kāní iru hūlá
-|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|NOM}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}
-|"I think you are dead" (<small>NOMINATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"aging is the fiery one"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
-|top= ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל
+|top= כאןץ הול
-|ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל
+| כאןץ הול
-|c bbl r bbl n ggfl
+|k’nc hvl
-|ca bîbl ara ábūlu ana gigualá
+|kāní-cu hūl
-|{{gcl|ERG}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|CAU}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}><small>DEGREE</small>
+|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}-{{gcl|NOM}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}
-|"It made me eat less reading books" (<small>ERGATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"aging is fiery"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
-|top= גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ
+|top= כאן הולס
-|גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ
+| כאן הולס
-|gfl nr gfl sn c qslnn
+|k’n hvls
-|gáfl nāra águlā sān ca āqilû-nūn
+|kāní hūl-as
-|food>generic our.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|ACC}} see.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"We saw them eating our food" (<small>ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"aging is fiery"
 }}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+===Word Order===
-|top= ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס
-|ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס
-|c s p’ksn k’ps
-|ci asa ipākâ-sān k’ap’á-su
-|{{gcl|GEN}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} take.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} destroy.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"He will be killed if they catch him" (<small>GENITIVE CLAUSE</small>)
-}}
-{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+====Constituent Order====
-|top= ס מאלסן ץ מאלס
-|ס מאלסן ץ מאלס
-|s m’lsn c m’ls
-|asa umālâ-sān ci amālá-su
-|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|JUS}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DAT}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
-|"He loves them for them to love him" (<small>DATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
-}}
-=====Adjunct Clauses=====
+The default constituent order in Adamic is [[w:Object-subject-verb word order|OSV]], except when the subject is a pronoun, wherein it takes the [[w:Object-verb-subject word order|OVS]] form. Alternatively, the [[w:Verb-object-subject word order|VOS]] and therefore the [[w:Verb-subject-objectword order|VSO]] order appear as liberties.
-Clauses may end with postpositions or coordinators such as the individual ''ī'' "and/then", the comparative ''ū'' "or/but", and the medial ''ā'' "while/rather".
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת
+|top= בבל ר סכת בבל
-|ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת
+|בבל ר סכת בבל
-|t qslsn ’dm qslnt
+|bbl r skt bbl
-|ata iqilâ-sān ām āqilá-nut
+|bîbl ira siktí ābūlá
-|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEU}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} death.{{gcl|POST}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|"I saw you before they could have seen" (<small>OBLIQUE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"The philosopher read the book"
 }}
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
-|top= ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|top= בבל ר בבלת
-|ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|בבל ר בבלת
-|c ml sn qhf skt
+|bbl r bblt
-|cu maliú āsunā aqqâf askút
+|bîbl ira ābūlí-ta
-|{{gcl|OBL}} where.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PLU}} live.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|"I think it is where they live" (<small>OBLIQUE CLAUSE</small>)
+|"You read the book"
 }}
-[...]
+=====Nouns=====
-====Relative Clauses====
+The position of nouns is more often than not determined by the position of their articles. When the latter form a syntactical relationship with the sentence (i.e. a construction), there will be certain spots where the noun can be located in order to accomplish grammatical sense.
-Relative clauses modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or animacy and case such as ''masu''.
+=====Verbs=====
-In Adamic [...]
+The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence, except when participles, wherein they tend to be left-bound and close to the noun they modify (e.g. ''kûnira ka’áp'' "the dog is taken" (non-participle) and  ''ká’ap kûniru'' "the taken dog" (participle)). However, the syntax of verbs still possesses a great effect upon nouns, pronouns, and pseudo-nouns. Excluding the extensive and often specific circumstances of objects (e.g. the difference between accusative ''asak āqfúlun'' "I spoke with him" and nominative ''asuk āqfúlun'' "I spoke next to him"), when subjects are treated, there is a limited array of responses on how the relationship among case and verbal inflection behave. The medio-passive voice for instance triggers the subject as nominative; the experimental, as oblique; the active, as ergative; the passive, as accusative; the causative, as dative (causer) and caseless (causee); and the obligative, as genitive (causee) and caseless (causer).
-''sa'' may be used instead of ''masu'', but in fewer instances (solely the nominative, oblique, accusative, and ergative)
+: ''asu gaflá'' "he eats" [medio-passive]
+: ''sua aguál'' "he finds himself eating" [experimental]
-[...]
+: ''sā agulá'' "he eats it" [active]
+: ''asa gafál'' "he is eaten" [passive]
+: ''asi gualá-su'' "he makes him eat it" [causative]
-He loves whom loves him
+: ''sia agáfl-us'' "he is made by him to eat it" [obligative]
-he loves
-X who Y
-asa amālá-su + asa amālá-su = asa amālá sa amālá
-syntax of pronouns:
+====Modifier Order====
-asa amālá-su "he loves him"
-sā amālá-su "he loves himself"
+Modifers may be left out, but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with their morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology, either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/verbal phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows.
+=====Incorporated Adjuncts=====
+As adjuncts incorporated into the constituent aligment, those that modify the noun/verb are left-bound, and those that modify the nominal/verbal phrase are right-bound:
-=====Non-Restrictive Clauses=====
 {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
-|top= בבל דתס רת סכת בבל
+|top= מפר סךת ר
-|בבל דתס רת סכת בבל
+|מפר סךת ר
-|bbl dts rt skt bbl
+|mfr skt r
-|bîbli datasiú irat siktí abūlá
+|mur saíkat iru
-|book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} writing><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DES}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
-|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"
+|"the dead philosopher" (<small>ADJECTIVE</small>)
 }}
-''nua sa bîblira abūlá'' "it's me, who reads the book"
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|top= סכת מפר
-''’ûliru sima mûm āmfár'' "the man, whose mother died"
+|סכת מפר
+|skt mfr
+|askút ūfā
+|philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ADV}}
+|"I think deadly" (<small>ADVERB</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|top= מפרסךת ר
+|מפרסךת ר
+|mfrskt r
+|ūfr-saíkat iru
+|death.{{gcl|INC}}-philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
+|"the necro-philosopher" (<small>INCORPORATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= סכת מפר ר
+|סכת מפר ר
+|skt mfr r
+|saíkat fā iru
+|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> death.{{gcl|EXPR}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
+|"The philosopher as morbid as a corpse " (<small>EXPRESSION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+|top= מפרסכת
+|מפרסכת
+|mfrskt
+|muā-askút
+|death.{{gcl|PREF}}-philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"I necro-think" (<small>PREFIX</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+|top= סכת מפר
+|סכת מפר
+|skt mfr
+|askút ūr
+|philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|POST}}
+|"At least as long as I think " (<small>POSTPOSITION</small>)
+}}
+=====Segmental Adjuncts=====
+Contrary to adjuncts per se, segments that function as adjuncts (i.e. disposable) may be located either left or right in relation to the arguments they modify, but their function differs in each case. For example, it is important to notice the difference between the next two samples, which although both can be translated as "the philosopher reads the book in the library", only (1) implies the action of reading occurs there, whereas (2) implies the book was in the library aforementioned:
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+|top= בבל דתס רת סכת בבל
+|בבל דתס רת סכת בבל
+|bbl dts rt skt bbl
+|bîbli datasiú irat siktí abūlá
+|book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} writing><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DES}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"
+}}
-nua na bîbl
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|top= דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל
+|דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל
+|dts rt bbl r skt bbl
+|datasiú irut bîbl ira siktí abūlá
+|writing><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DES}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the philosopher reads the book in the library"
+}}
-''bîbliru'' "the book"
+===Subordinate Clauses===
-''babál sa bîblira'' "the book which is being read'
-''bîblira, sa babál'' "the book, which is being read"
-''
+In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence; be it optimal for reflexion, anaphora, or against ambiguity:
-''they say that I want to work tommorrow, in order to earn money; me, who knew nothing about it''<br>
+: ''sā amālá'' "he loves it" ⇒ ''sā'''s''' amālá'' "he loves himself"
-''mur su saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead"
+: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him" ⇒ ''amālá masa amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves whom loves him"
-''saíkat su mur iru'' "the philosopher, who is dead"
-''abbál sa saíkat'' "the philosopher who reads"
+: ''asi'''s''' m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him" / ''asi m’alá-sȳ'''s''''' "he makes her love herself"
-''saíkat sa abbál'' "the philosopher, who reads"
-''nāk āqfúl-as'' "I spoke with him"
+====Absolute Clauses====
-''abbál sa saíkat irak āqfúl'' "I spoke with the philosopher who reads"
-''sak āqfúl'' "whom I spoke with" subject pronoun ommitted
-''sa abbál'' "he reads"
-''saíkat sa abbál''
-''murásu, askút'' "I think he is dead"
-''tu nuī'' "you and me"
-''murátu ī muránu''  "you are dead and I am dead"
-''saíkat bûlū'' "philosopher or fool"
-''sitátu ū būlátu''
-Have him to do it
-''datasiú irut bîbliru'' "the book in this library" is comparable to ''datasiú sat bîbliru'' "the book that is in the library".
+Absolute clauses modify their subjects/objects through means beneath the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that do not specify a noun).
+=====Argument Clauses=====
+Some subordinated clauses may prioritize the use of the triptote formula, addressing it as marker of the same level of the sentence rather than a particle attached to certain elements (e.g.''sā'''ru''' maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother" and '''''cu''' āūla sāri maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother's personhood"). As consequence, the clause is effectively treated as a pseudo-noun bearing the same syntactic functions as the latter.
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+|top= ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|ץ מל סן קהף סכת
+|c ml sn qhf skt
+|cu maliú asūnā aqqâf askút
+|{{gcl|OBL}} where.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PLU}} live.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"I think it is where they live" (<small>OBLIQUE CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|top= מפרת ץ סכת
+|מפרת ץ סכת
+|mfrt c skt
+|mur-at cu askút
+|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|NOM}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"I think you are dead" (<small>NOMINATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|top= ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל
+|ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל
+|c bbl r bbl n ggfl
+|ca bîbl ara ábūlu ana gigualá
+|{{gcl|ERG}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|CAU}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}><small>DEGREE</small>
+|"It made me eat less reading books" (<small>ERGATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ
+|גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ
+|gfl nr gfl sn c qslnn
+|gáfl nāra águlā sān ca āqilû-nūn
+|food>generic our.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|ACC}} see.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"We saw them eating our food" (<small>ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+|top= ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס
+|ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס
+|c s p’ksn k’ps
+|ci asa ipākâ-sān k’ap’á-su
+|{{gcl|GEN}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} take.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} destroy.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"He will be killed if they catch him" (<small>GENITIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+|top= ס מאלסן ץ מאלס
+|ס מאלסן ץ מאלס
+|s m’lsn c m’ls
+|asa umālâ-sān ci amālá-su
+|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|JUS}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DAT}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"He loves them for them to love him" (<small>DATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+=====Adjunct Clauses=====
+Clauses may end with postpositions or coordinators such as the individual ''ī'' "and/then", the comparative ''ū'' "or/but", and the medial ''ā'' "while/rather" (the latter may even dispose of particles to modify their sense; vide ''aiku lū auku'' "neither this nor that").
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+|top= ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת
+|ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת
+|t qslsn ’dm qslnt
+|ata iqilâ-sān ām āqilá-nut
+|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEU}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} ancestry.{{gcl|POST}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"I saw you before they could have seen" (<small>POSTPOSITIONAL CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|top= בבל ר כבבלת ל סן הול
+|בבל ר כבבלת ל סן הול
+|bbl r kbblt l sn hvl
+|bîbl ara k-ábūla-t l-ā asānā áhūli
+|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not-while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"You can't read books while burning them" (<small>COORDENATIVE CLAUSE</small>)
+}}
+====Relative Clauses====
-''ata áqila-k siktí'' "the philosopher can see you"
+[[w:Relative clause|Relative clauses]] modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Clitics and heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or case such as ''masu''; with the latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. ''murus su, saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead" and ''muras masu'' "who is dead").
-''ata áqila-kan'' "I can see you"
+=====Non-Restrictive Clauses=====
-''ísit iru ’ûl'' is an alternative form to ''ísitu ’ûvil''
+[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Non-restrictive]] relations force right-bound order, where the verb follows the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated after the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''bîbliru, sa nā babál'' "the book, which is being read by me").
-''úgūl-at ca siktí'' "the philosopher wants to eat"
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+|top= ּאול ר ס כען ר מער
+|אול ר ס כען ר מער
+|’vl r s kfn r mfr
+|’ûl iru su kûn iru āmfár
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man, whose dog died" (<small>NOMINATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
-''úgūl-at ca-na'' "I want to eat"
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער
+|אול ר ס ר כען מער
+|’vl r s r kfn mf
+|’ûl iru su iru kûn āmfár
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man, who is the dog, died" (<small>OBLIQUE RELATION</small>)
+}}
-''úbūl-ak ca siktí'' "the philosopher can read"
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|top= אול ר ס כען ר מער
+|אול ר ס כען ר מער
+|’vl r s kfn r mfr
+|’ûl iru su kûn ira āmurá
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man, who killd the dog" (<small>ACCUSATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער
+|אול ר ס ר כען מער
+|’vl r s r kfn mfr
+|’ûl iru su ira kûn māfár
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}}
+|"the man, who was killed by the dog" (<small>ERGATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ
+|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ
+|’vl r s kfn r p’k
+|’ûl iru su kûn iri pâ’ak
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man, taken to the dog" (<small>DATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
+|top= אול ר ס ר כען פאכ
+|אול ר ס ר כען פאכ
+|’vl r s r kfn p’k
+|’ûl iru su iri kûn pâ’ak
+|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man, taken from the dog" (<small>GENITIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
 =====Restrictive Clauses=====
-''bîblira abūlá sa nua'' "it's me who reads the book"
+[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me").
-''mûm āmfár sima ’ûliru'' "the man whose mother died"
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1)
+|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|mfr kfn r s ’vl r
+|āmfár kûn iru su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man whose dog died" (<small>NOMINATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2)
+|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|mfr r kfn s ’vl r
+|āmfár iru kûn su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man who is the dog died" (<small>OBLIQUE RELATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3)
+|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|מער כען ר ס אול ר
+|mfr kfn r s ’vl r
+|āmurá kûn ira su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man who killd the dog" (<small>ACCUSATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4)
+|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|מער ר כען ס אול ר
+|mfr r kfn s ’vl r
+|māfár ira kûn su ’ûl iru
+|death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man who was killed by the dog" (<small>ERGATIVE RELATION</small>)
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5)
+|top= פאך כען ר ס אול ר
+|פאך כען ר ס אול ר
+|p’k kfn r s ’vl r
+|pâ’ak kûn iri su ’ûl iru
+|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
+|"the man taken to the dog" (<small>DATIVE RELATION</small>)
-'''uxrá'' "so that he makes them do it"
-"the man kills whom loves him"
-ira xûl akxāpá "the man kills"
-'''ira xûvil akxāpá'' "the man kills himself"
-''ani bîbli agasá
-sā amālá "he loves"
-taíval nūru ...pater noster, qui es in caelis
-saíkat iri bîbli  + bîblira āgāsá-sa = *saíkat bîbli āgāsá-sa "he gave the book to the philosopher"
-*saíkat iri sa bîblira āgāsá-sa
-the book that ...
-==Canonic==
-[...]
-Canonic onset clusters: [...]
-[...] The language may gain considerable fusional morphology in the [[Adamic Code#Canonic|Canonic register]].
-Canonic coda clusters: [...]
-The Adamic Code can be spoken in a poetic register, called Canonic, where the Coloration Table is almost abused in grammatical restructuration. In this register, for example, sound laws follow coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, in such form that another language is created within the language after abandoning the system of patterns. Vide the translation of "I think the person is dead":
-:  ''avâla murá-su, askút'' (Adamic) > ''ālbai muris, sia'' (Canonic)
-table...
-diphthongs to monophthongs
-iu > y, ui > ȳ
-ia > e, ai > ē
-ua > o, au > ō
-triphthongs to diphthongs
-ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy
-ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē
-ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō
-in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).
-===Sound Changes===
-With the [[w:Phonological rule|generative notation]] developed in the 20<sup>th</sup> Century by [[w:Noam Chomsky|Noam Chomsky]] and [[w:Morris Halle|Morris Halle]]<ref name="Chomsky; Halle">[[w:The Sound Pattern of English|The Sound Pattern of English]] (1968).</ref>...
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! -/+
-! |I-type
-! |U-type
-! |A-type
-|-
-!H-type
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-|-
-!S-type
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-|-
-!K-type
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-| {{Phonorule|C|0|_#}}
-|}
-{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"
-! -/+
-! |I-type
-! |U-type
-! |A-type
-|-
-!H-type
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-|-
-!S-type
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-|-
-!K-type
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-| {{Multifeature|-voice}} is
-|}
-{{Phonorule|{V// <low>}|{V// nasal // <low>}|{V// nasal // <glottalized>}C<sub>0</sub>_}}
-Coherent with Index Diachronica...
-In Sca2
-Sets: (non-supported)
-Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence)
-G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence)
-ẞ=sz, Þ=fv, Ð=c'
-ẞ→/#_/#_J
-S→/#_/#_JWR
-Categories:
-V=yaeiouȳāēīōū
-Y=yaeiou
-Ȳ=ȳāēīōū
-J=ieīē
-W=uoūō
-R=yaȳā
-C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv'
--=kpthnlsfc
-+=gbdqmrzv'
-K=kgpbtd
-S=szfvc'
-H=hqnmlr
-Q=123456
-=kghqsz
-=pbnmfv
-=tdlrc'
-I=khs
-Ī=gqz
-U=pnf
-Ū=bmv
-A=tlc
-Ā=dr'
-Rewrite rules:
-i|1
-u|2
-nd|3
-mb|4
-lb|5
-rd|6
-Sound Changes:
-V→/#_CVVCVVCVV
-V→/#_CVCVVCVV
-V→/#_CVVCVCVV
-V→/#_CVVCVVCV
-V→/#_CVCVCVV
-V→/#_CVCVVCV
-V→/#_CVVCVCV
-V→/#_CVCVCV
-V→/#_CVVCVV
-V→/#_CVCVV
-V→/#_CVVCV
-V→/#_CVCV
-CV→/CV_CV
-V→/CVCVC_#
-V→/CVCVCC_#
-ia→e/_
-ai→ē/_
-uo→o/_
-au→ō/_
-ui→ȳ/_
-iu→y/_
-K→S/[īē]_
-K→H/[ūō]_
-K→S/_J
-K→H/_W
-H→Q/R_R
-C→/_#
-[sz]→/#_/#_J
-[sz]→/_#/J_#
-[fv]→/#_/#_W
-[fv]→/_#/W_#
-[c']→/#_/#_R
-[c']→/_#/R_#
-+→-/_#
--→+/V_V
-: ''asakata'' > ''*_sakata'' > ''*sa_ta'' > ''*'''s'''ata'' > ''*a'''t'''a'' > ''ada''
-: ''asakasta'' > ''*_sakasta'' > ''*sakast_'' > ''*'''s'''akast'' > ''*akas'''t''''' > ''*aka'''s''''' > ''*a'''k'''a'' > ''aga''
-: ''asakastar'' > ''*_sakastar'' > ''*'''s'''akastar'' > ''*a'''k'''astar'' > ''*agasta'''r''''' > ''agasta''
-gīg
-bībl
-kun
-saikat
-daitas
-būl
-agalala
-datasiu
-avāla
->
-zī
-ī
-hu
-sēza
-ē'a
-mū
-galba
-dazy
-ālba
-stemic harmony in canonic:
-sikūtí (-s-k-t-) >  siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized
-(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized
-vocalic change
-ka > ho, ky > hu
-pa > fe, py > fi
-====Alternation====
-'''Accrescence''' (...): type-1 consonants extend to ...
-'''Excrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|H|Q|V_R}}''): type-2 consonants extend to ''i'', ''u'', ''nd'', ''mb'', ''lb'', and ''rd'' respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.
-'''Decrescence''' (''{{Phonorule|Z|∅|[#]_[#]/[G]_[G]}}''): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.
-====Elision====
-Apocape (1): in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel.
-Syncope (2): in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.
-Aphaeresis (3): in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.
-====Epenthesis====
-Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
-EX: ...
-Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
-EX: 'atlya > adalyal
-Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
-EX: palk > palsil
-====Harmony====
-(used in special cases of other laws)
-Haplology:
-dadasa > dasa
-Compensatory lengthening
-bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl
-gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla
-Metathesis: glides only where the stress is
-garda, gráda, gadrá
-adtís > addís
-Final devoicing (''{{Phonorule|-sonorant|-voice|_#}}'')
-Initial voicing
-{{Phonorule|a|y|_{iu}}}
-dad > dat
-Intervocalic voicing
-ata > ada
-/ai̯/ > /eː/
-/i̯a/ > /e/
-/au̯/ > /oː/
-/u̯a/ > /o/
-/u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/
-/i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/
-/e/ > /i/
-/o/ > /u/
-Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.
-skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)
-gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)
-krp > karda, karrēia  (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)
-qfl >  qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)
-karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"
-i (concrete, active terms) / u  (abstract, passive terms)
-''qiat azīs hu'' "he saw the giant's dog"
-''avāda sazēia'' "the temptations of humans"
-k’ālú "to be in a place"
-∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"
-Íz > IgÁ
-Úq > UgÁ
-Í' > IdÁ
-Úr > UdÁ
-Ím > IbÁ
-Úv > UbÁ
-===Sandhi===
-====Internal Euphony====
-====External Euphony====
-===Meter===
-Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:
-*(C)<sup>2</sup>V(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|light]])
-*(C)<sup>2</sup>VV(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>V̄(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>VC̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|heavy]])
-*(C)<sup>2</sup>V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)<sup>2</sup>V̄C̬(C̥) ([[w:Syllable weight|superheavy]])
-Any other arrangement, such as ''(C)(C)V̄VC̬'', is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥ = one non-sonorant consonant
-light (μ<sub>1</sub>)
-heavy (μ<sub>2</sub>)
-superheavy (μ<sub>3</sub>)
-A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables up to 36 light syllables [...]
-====Caesura====
-====Elision====
-KH- KH/HK -HK
-monosyllabic stressed word attracts article
-bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/ = bîbliru
-... = bîbliru
-canonic allophones
-kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ
-pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ
-tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ
-canonic clusters
-hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd
-kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr
-the equivalent of ''lucifer'' "lightbearer" would be ''haípar'' (h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)
-''āvala aru k’a agaúl'' "if a man is strong he eats"
-''k’ātásu āvala aru agaúl iāt'' "if a man eats he is strong"
-āvala iru imfar
-murásu āvala
-combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels
-EX: ask > asak
--k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs
--p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf
--t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc
--g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz
--b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv
--d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'
-khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā
-kihs 1
-punf 2
-talc 3
-qīz 4
-nūv 5
-drā 6
-drāsi 7
-nūca 8
-qīfu 9
-unū 10
-unūs 11
-udrā 12
-udrās 13
-udrāf 14
-anū 15
-anūs 16
-anūf 17
-adrā 18
-adrās 19
-īnū 20
-īnūs 21
-īnūf 22
-īnūc 23
-īdrā 24
-ūnū 25
-ūnūs 26
-ūnūf 27
-ūnūc 28
-ūnūzi 29
-ūdrā/ānū 30
-...
-ādrā 36
-...
-upādrā 72
-...
-īqādrā 144
-...
-ādupādrā 432
-ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā
-kihs ghīz  ikh hzī
-punf bmūv upn mvū
-talc drā' atl r'ā
-/
-drāikh 7
-ghīzu 8
-talcatl 9
-mūvu 10
-...
-drā'atl 18
-drā'rā 36
-''drā’ikh'' 7, ''drā’upn'' 12, ''drā’atl'' 18, ''drā’zī'' 24, ''drā’vū'' 30, ''drā’’ā'' 36
-Non-finite verbs are (despite the name) more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them
-''murú appúral'' "I do not pretend to die"
-''ígul mārasu'' "eating is good
-''liviatan'' "whale"
-''maubidik'' "sperm whale"
-''bailzaibub'' "fly"
-''drakula'' "bat"
-''ganaisa'' "elephant"
-''aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga'' "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"
-genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter
-mostly synthetic
-====Canonic Inflection/Conjugation====
-In the Canonic register of Adamic, affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. [...] There are 150 possibilities out of 36 permutations.
-{| class="wikitable"
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="6" | CANONIC DECLENSION
-|-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
-! colspan="3" | Plural
-|-
-! Definite
-! Indefinite
-! Nomic
-! Definite
-! Indefinite
-! Nomic
-|-
-! Nominative
-| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Accusative
-| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Dative
-| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Copulative
-| a-X-h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Ergative
-| a-X-s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || a-X-z{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-'{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Genitive
-| a-X-k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-s{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-h{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-l{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-g{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-za{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-q{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ga{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-b{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-m{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-va{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-ba{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || a-X-d{{ref|0|0}}, a-X-'a{{ref|1|1}}, a-X-r{{ref|2|2}}, a-X-da{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-|}
-{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
-The canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices. That is: canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases. Vide the translation of "'I think that he is dead,' he said":
-: ''"murá-su, askút," quat''
-{| class="wikitable"
-! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="6" | CANONIC CONJUGATION
-|-
-! colspan="3" | Singular
-! colspan="3" | Plural
-|-
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person
-! 1<sup>st</sup>-person
-! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person
-|-
-! Active Future
-| -h{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ay{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -n{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -aw{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -l{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -q{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āy{{ref|A|A}}, -ēia{{ref|B|B}} || -m{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -āw{{ref|A|A}}, -ōua{{ref|B|B}} || -r{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Active Present
-| -s{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, -∅{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -i{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -f{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, -u{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -c{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}} || -z{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ī{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -v{{ref|0|0}}, -va{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ū{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -'{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Active Past
-| -k{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -s{{ref|1|1}}, -h{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ya{{ref|A|A}}, -e{{ref|B|B}} || -p{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -n{{ref|1|1}}, -f{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wa{{ref|A|A}}, -o{{ref|B|B}} || -t{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, -l{{ref|2|2}}, -∅{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, -a{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -g{{ref|0|0}}, -za{{ref|1|1}}, -q{{ref|2|2}}, -ga{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -yā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -b{{ref|0|0}}, -m{{ref|1|1}}, -va{{ref|2|2}}, -ba{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -wā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || -d{{ref|0|0}}, -'a{{ref|1|1}}, -r{{ref|2|2}}, -da{{ref|3|3}}, -∅{{ref|4|4}}, -ā{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Passive Future
-| h-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ay-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || n-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, a-X-∅{{ref|4|4}}, aw-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || l-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || q-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āy-{{ref|A|A}}, ēi-{{ref|B|B}} || m-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, āw-{{ref|A|A}}, ōu-{{ref|B|B}} || r-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-! Passive Present
-| s-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|1|1}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, i-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || f-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|3|3}}{{ref|4|4}}, u-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || c-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}} || z-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ī-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || v-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, va-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ū-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || '-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|2|2}}{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}
-|-
-! Passive Past
-| k-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, s-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, h-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ya-{{ref|A|A}}, e-{{ref|B|B}} || p-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, n-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, f-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wa-{{ref|A|A}}, o-{{ref|B|B}} || t-X-a{{ref|0|0}}{{ref|3|3}}, l-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|1|1}}{{ref|4|4}}, a-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || g-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, za-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, q-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ga-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, yā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || b-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, m-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, va-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, ba-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, wā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}} || d-X-a{{ref|0|0}}, 'a-X-a{{ref|1|1}}, r-X-a{{ref|2|2}}, da-X-a{{ref|3|3}}, ∅-X-a{{ref|4|4}}, ā-{{ref|A|A}}{{ref|B|B}}
-|-
-|}
-{{note|0|0}} Consonantal stem; {{note|1|1}} I-stem; {{note|2|2}} U-stem; {{note|3|3}} A-stem; {{note|4|4}} Repeated stem; {{note|A|A}} Vocalic stem; {{note|B|B}} Irregular stem.
-The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of ''-a-''. Compare the pair ''zīs'' "to the giant" / ''azīs'' "the giant's" with ''kāuf'' "I kill" / ''iāpa'' "I am killed".
-''nun/nȳō'', ''lih/sȳē'', ''al/sȳa'' (nom)
-''nuf/nȳu'', ''lis/sȳi'', ''ac/sȳa'' (acc)
-''nuf/nȳua'', ''lis/sȳia'', ''at/sȳa'' (dat)
-mū (n > m-u-u)
-ry (l > r-i-u)
-zō (∅ > z-a-u)
-[[Adamic Code#Canonic|Triptote Inflection]]
-[[w:Participle|infinite participles]]
-==Example texts==
-{{Kinship
-|PaternalGrandMother=aa
-|PaternalGrandFather=aaaaa
-|MaternalGrandMother=aaaaaaaa
-|MaternalGrandFather=
-|PaternalAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalAunt=
-|PaternalUnclesWife=
-|PaternalUncle=
-|Father=
-|Mother=
-|PaternalTwinUnclesWife=
-|PaternalTwinUncle=
-|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
-|PaternalYoungerUncle=
-|PaternalOlderUnclesWife=
-|PaternalOlderUncle=
-|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalTwinAunt=
-|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalYoungerAunt=
-|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
-|PaternalOlderAunt=
-|MaternalTwinUnclesWife=
-|MaternalTwinUncle=
-|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
-|MaternalYoungerUncle=
-|MaternalOlderUnclesWife=
-|MaternalOlderUncle=
-|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
-|MaternalTwinAunt=
-|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
-|MaternalYoungerAunt=
-|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
-|MaternalOlderAunt=
-|PaternalTwinUnclesSon=
-|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
-|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
-|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
-|PaternalOlderUnclesSon=
-|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
-|PaternalTwinAuntsSon=
-|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
-|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
-|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
-|PaternalOlderAuntsSon=
-|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalTwinUnclesSon=
-|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
-|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
-|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
-|MaternalOlderUnclesSon=
-|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
-|MaternalTwinAuntsSon=
-|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
-|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalOlderAuntsSon=
-|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
-|Sister=
-|Self=
-|Husband=
-|Wife=
-|LittleSister=
-|TwinSister=
-|BigSister=
-|BigBrother=
-|TwinBrother=
-|LittleBrother=
-|LittleSistersHusband=
-|TwinSistersHusband=
-|BigSistersHusband=
-|BigBrothersWife=
-|TwinBrothersWife=
-|LittleBrothersWife=
-|MaternalAuntsSon=
-|MaternalAuntsDaughter=
-|MaternalUnclesSon=
-|MaternalUnclesDaughter=
-|HusbandSon=
-|HusbandDaughter=
-|WifeSon=
-|WifeDaughter=
-|TwinSisterNiece=
-|TwinSisterNephew=
-|LittleSisterNiece=
-|LittleSisterNephew=
-|BigSisterNiece=
-|BigSisterNephew=
-|TwinBrotherNiece=
-|TwinBrotherNephew=
-|LittleBrotherNiece=
-|LittleBrotherNephew=
-|BigBrotherNiece=
-|BigBrotherNephew=
 }}
-{{Swadesh
+{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6)
-|language=
+|top= פאך ר כען ס אול ר
-|nativename=
+|פאך ר כען ס אול ר
-|I=anu (nom.)
+|p’k r kfn s ’vl r
-|you (singular)=atu (nom.)
+|pâ’ak iri kûn su ’ûl iru
-|he=asu (nom.)
+|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}}
-|we=
+|"the man taken from the dog" (<small>GENITIVE RELATION</small>)
-|you (plural)=
-|they=
-|this=
-|that=
-|here=
-|there=
-|who=
-|what=
-|where=
-|when=
-|how=
-|not=
-|all=
-|many=
-|some=
-|few=
-|other=
-|one=
-|two=
-|three=
-|four=
-|five=
-|big=
-|long=
-|wide=
-|thick=
-|heavy=
-|small=
-|short=
-|narrow=
-|thin=
-|woman=
-|man (adult male)=
-|man (human being)=
-|child=
-|wife=
-|husband=
-|mother=
-|father=
-|animal=
-|fish=
-|bird=
-|dog=kun
-|louse=
-|snake=
-|worm=
-|tree=
-|forest=
-|stick=
-|fruit=
-|seed=
-|leaf=
-|root=
-|bark=
-|flower=
-|grass=
-|rope=
-|skin=
-|meat=
-|blood=
-|bone=
-|fat=
-|egg=
-|horn=
-|tail=
-|feather=
-|hair=
-|head=
-|ear=
-|eye=
-|nose=
-|mouth=
-|tooth=
-|tongue=
-|fingernail=
-|foot=
-|leg=
-|knee=
-|hand=
-|wing=
-|belly=
-|guts=
-|neck=
-|back=
-|breast=
-|heart=
-|liver=
-|drink=
-|eat=
-|bite=
-|suck=
-|spit=
-|vomit=
-|blow=
-|breathe=
-|laugh=
-|see=
-|hear=
-|know=
-|think=
-|smell=
-|fear=
-|sleep=
-|live=
-|die=
-|kill=
-|fight=
-|hunt=
-|hit=
-|cut=
-|split=
-|stab=
-|scratch=
-|dig=
-|swim=
-|fly=
-|walk=
-|come=
-|lie=
-|sit=
-|stand=
-|turn=
-|fall=
-|give=
-|hold=
-|squeeze=
-|rub=
-|wash=
-|wipe=
-|pull=
-|push=
-|throw=
-|tie=
-|sew=
-|count=
-|say=
-|sing=
-|play=
-|float=
-|flow=
-|freeze=
-|swell=
-|sun=
-|moon=
-|star=
-|water=
-|rain=
-|river=
-|lake=
-|sea=
-|salt=
-|stone=
-|sand=
-|dust=
-|earth=
-|cloud=
-|fog=
-|sky=
-|wind=
-|snow=
-|ice=
-|smoke=
-|fire=
-|ashes=
-|burn=
-|road=
-|mountain=
-|red=
-|green=
-|yellow=
-|white=
-|black=
-|night=
-|day=
-|year=ka’n
-|warm=
-|cold=
-|full=
-|new=
-|old=
-|good=
-|bad=
-|rotten=
-|dirty=
-|straight=
-|round=
-|sharp=
-|dull=
-|smooth=
-|wet=
-|dry=
-|correct=
-|near=
-|far=
-|right=
-|left=
-|at=
-|in=
-|with=
-|and=
-|if=
-|because=
-|name=
 }}