Adamic Code: Difference between revisions

(185 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 24:

}}

'''Adamic''', (אדמס ~~קףל~~, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) ~~also referred to as '''Canonic''',~~ is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].

'''Adamic''' (אדמס קעל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]].

It's cultivated form is known as [[Canonic Code|Canonic Code]], where the transitional tables take hold over grammatical features.

==Etymology==

Line 37:

Line 39:

===Features===

~~The results untill 124A in https://wals.info/feature~~

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"

Line 46:

Line 47:

|-

! Consonant Inventories

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18)~~}} ~~Average (19-25)

| 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25) e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}}

|-

! Vowel Quality Inventories

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4)~~}} /~~ Average vowel inventory (5-6)

| 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6) e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}}

|-

! Consonant-Vowel Ratio

Line 148:

Line 149:

|-

! Coding of Nominal Plurality

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change}} e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"

| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix Plural stem change e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}}

|-

! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}} e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"

| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}}

|-

! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix}} e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"

| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}}

|-

! The Associative Plural

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals}} e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"

| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}}

|-

! Definite Articles

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun}} e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"

| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}}

|-

! Indefinite Articles

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'}} e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"

| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one' e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}}

|-

! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns

Line 175:

Line 176:

|-

! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features}} e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"

| 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"

| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}}

|-

! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person}} e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"

| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}}

|-

! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction}} e.g. ''atu'' "you"

| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction e.g. ''atu'' "you"}}

|-

! Indefinite Pronouns

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites}} e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"

| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}}

|-

! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated}} e.g. ''sā āk’pá~~-sa~~'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"

| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}}

|-

! Person Marking on Adpositions

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking}} e.g. ''ām'' "before"

| 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking e.g. ''ām'' "before"}}

|-

! Number of Cases

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories}} e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive

| 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}}

|-

! Asymmetrical Case-Marking

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"

| 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}}

|-

! Position of Case Affixes

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary}} e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"~~, ''ālbak'' "to the people"~~

| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}}

|-

! Comitatives and Instrumentals

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation}} e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)

| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}}

|-

! Ordinal Numerals

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions}} e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"

| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}}

|-

! Distributive Numerals

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies}} e.g. ''khi'' "one each"

| 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}}

|-

! Numeral Classifiers

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}~~ e.g. ...~~

| 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}}

|-

! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers

Line 220:

Line 221:

|-

! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary~~ e.g. ...~~}}

| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}}

|-

! Obligatory Possessive Inflection

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Number of Possessive Nouns

| 58B || {{No|None reported}} e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"

| 58B || {{No|None reported e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}}

|-

! Possessive Classification

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"

| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}}

|-

! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated}} e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"~~, ...~~

| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}}

|-

! Adjectives without Nouns

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix}} e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"

| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}}

|-

! Action Nominal Constructions

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking}} e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"

| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}}

|-

! Noun Phrase Conjunction

Line 272:

Line 273:

! The Optative

| 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}}

|}

~~====Notes====~~

* The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]

~~==Phonology==~~

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

~~===Consonants===~~

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

~~{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"~~

~~! |~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]~~

~~! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]~~

~~! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]~~

|-

! ~~rowspan=2~~ | ~~[[w:Nasal consonant~~|~~Nasal]]~~

!Situational Possibility

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant~~|~~Voiceless]]~~

| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}}

|

|-

|

!Epistemic Possibility

| ~~[[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal~~|~~n̥]]~~

| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}}

|

|-

|

!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking

|

| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}}

|

|-

!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality

| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}}

|-

!Coding of Evidentiality

| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}}

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]~~

| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}}

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]~~

!Verbal Number and Suppletion

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}}

~~| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiceless velar plosive~~|~~k]]~~

~~| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Glottal stop~~|~~ʔ]]~~

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Subject, Object and Verb

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]~~

| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV) e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}}

~~| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive~~|~~d]]~~

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive~~|(dˀ)]]

~~| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|~~g]]

~~| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]~~

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]~~

!Order of Subject and Verb

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

|

| ~~[[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]~~

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]~~

!Order of Object and Verb

~~! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]~~

| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}}

~~| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]~~

|

~~| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]~~

|

|~~[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative~~|~~h]]~~

|-

! ~~[[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb

| ~~[[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]~~

| 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV) e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}}

|

~~| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]~~

|

| ~~[[w:Voiced glottal fricative~~|~~ɦ]]~~

|-

! ~~rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]~~

!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

~~! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]~~

| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}}

|

| ~~[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]~~

|

|-

! ~~rowspan=1~~ | ~~[[w:Lateral consonant~~|~~Lateral]]~~

!Order of Genitive and Noun

! ~~[[w:Voiceless consonant~~|~~Voiceless]]~~

| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen) e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Adjective and Noun

| ~~[[w:Lateral consonant~~|~~l̥]]~~

| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}}

|

|-

|

!Order of Demonstrative and Noun

|

| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem) e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}}

|

|-

|}

!Order of Numeral and Noun

| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}}

~~====Notes====~~

|-

* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of ~~VOICE, MANNER,~~ and <~~small>ARTICULATION</small~~>. ~~Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being~~ ''~~voiceless>voiced~~'' ~~in VOICE,~~ ''~~occlusive>sonorant>turbulent~~'' in <~~small~~>~~MANNER, and~~ ''~~guttural>labial>dental~~'' in ~~ARTICULATION. As~~ not ~~all members~~ of ~~those sets correspond to~~ the ~~phonetic qualities attributed to them (~~with the ~~exception~~ of <~~small>VOICE</small~~>'~~s members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the~~ ''~~KHS~~-~~type~~'' and ~~the~~ ''~~IUA~~-~~type~~'', with ~~their proper compositions being named as expected:~~ ''K-~~type~~'', ''H-type'', ''S-~~type~~'', ''I-~~type~~''~~, ''U-type~~'', ~~and~~ ''A-~~type~~'' ~~in order.~~

!Order of Relative Clause and Noun

** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of ~~the KIHS~~-~~type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars,~~ (~~quasi~~-~~implosive emphatics), fricative glottals,~~ and ~~fricative sibilants~~.

| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}}

*** /k, g/, ~~part of the KI~~-~~type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.~~

|-

**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Order of Degree Word and Adjective

**** /g~~/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels~~.

| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg) e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}}

*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-~~type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

|-

**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Position of Polar Question Particles

**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

| 92A || {{No|No question particle e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}}

*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-~~type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.~~

|-

**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].

!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions

**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].

| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}}

*** /s, z/, part of the SI-~~type~~, ~~descend from~~ the ~~sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.~~

|-

**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].

!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause

**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].

| 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}}

** /p, b, (pˀ)~~, (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part~~ of the ~~KUHS-type,~~ is ~~a major subgroup composed by plosive labials~~, ~~(quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals~~.

|-

*** /p, b/, part of the KU-~~type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.~~

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase

**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].

| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].

|-

*** /(pˀ), ~~(bˀ)/ are also considered part of~~ the KU-~~type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase

**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].

| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].

|-

*** /n, m/, part of the HU-~~type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes~~.

!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun

**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].

| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}}

**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], ~~[m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone~~ is ~~[bʷ].~~

|-

*** /f, v/, part of the SU-~~type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.~~

!Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases

**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].

| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].

|-

** /t, ~~d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of~~ the ~~KAHS~~-~~type,~~ is a ~~major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants~~.

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

*** /t, d/, part of the KA-~~type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes~~.

| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to ~~front vowels.~~

!Alignment of Verbal Person Marking

*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-~~type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.~~

| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}}

**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-~~type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.~~

| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}}

**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].

|-

**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].

!Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-~~type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.~~

| 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}}

**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].

|-

**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

!Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking

| 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}}

|-

!Order of Person Markers on the Verb

| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}}

|-

!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'

| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}}

|-

!Reciprocal Constructions

| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical. e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}}

|-

!Passive Constructions

| 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}}

|-

!Antipassive Constructions

| 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}}

|-

!Applicative Constructions

| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}}

|-

!Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}}

|-

!Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions

| 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}}

|-

!Negative Morphemes

| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle e.g. ''la'' "not"}}

|-

!Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}}

|-

!Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation

| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}}

|-

!Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation

| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}}

|-

!Polar Questions

| 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}}

|-

!Predicative Possession

| 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}}

|-

!Predicative Adjectives

| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Nominal and Locational Predication

| 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl'' "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}}

|-

!Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals

| 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}}

|-

!Comparative Constructions

| 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}}

|-

!Relativization on Subjects

| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}}

|-

!Relativization on Obliques

| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}}

|-

!'Want' Complement Subjects

| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}}

|-

!Purpose Clauses

| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}}

|-

!'When' Clauses

| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Reason Clauses

| 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|-

!Utterance Complement Clauses

| 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}}

|}

===~~Vowels~~===

====Notes====

~~Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs~~. ~~Alternatively,~~ in ~~the poetic register~~, ~~diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/~~, ~~/o/~~, and /~~ɨ/~/ʉ~~/~~, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as~~ a ~~whole~~. ~~In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:~~

* The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value".

~~{| class~~=~~"nounderlines" cellspacing~~=~~"0px" cellpadding~~=~~0 style~~=~~"text-align~~:~~center; background-color~~:~~#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding~~:~~10px;"~~

==Phonology==

|~~- style="text-align:center; font-size~~:~~smaller;"~~

Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C2V2C2/C3(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

||

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | '''~~Front~~'''

* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]].

| ~~style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | ''~~'Near-front'~~''

~~| style=~~"~~width:60px;~~" ~~| ''~~'~~Central~~'''

* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]].

~~| style=~~"~~width:60px;~~" | ''~~'Near-back'~~''

~~| style="width~~:~~60px;"~~ | '''~~Back~~'''

* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

|-

~~| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |~~ '''~~Close~~'''

~~| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">~~[[~~Image~~:~~Blank vowel trapezoid.svg~~|~~300px~~]]~~<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">~~

~~{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"~~

|-

~~| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |~~

~~~~

* systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]].

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">i, iː</div>~~

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:~~#~~fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div>~~

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div>~~

~~~~

===Consonants===

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1~~.~~33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">~~(e, eː)</~~div>~~

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

~~<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2~~.~~66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o~~, ~~oː)<~~/~~div>~~

~~~~

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

~~<div~~ style="~~position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font~~-~~size~~:~~120%; background:#fcfcfc~~;"~~>a, aː</div>~~

! |

|}

! |

~~</div></div>~~

! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

|-

! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

| ~~style~~=~~"height~~:~~30px; font-size:smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Near‑close'''~~

! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size~~:~~smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Close‑mid'''~~

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

|

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]

|

|-

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;"~~ | ~~'''Mid'''~~

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]

|

|-

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size~~:~~smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Open‑mid'''~~

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]

|-

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font-size~~:~~smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Near‑open'''~~

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]

|-

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]]

| ~~style="height~~:~~30px; font~~-~~size~~:~~smaller; text-align~~:~~right;"~~ | ~~'''Open'''~~

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]

|}

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]

{|

| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]]

|~~- style="vertical-align~~: ~~top;"~~

| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]

|-

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]

| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]]

| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]

| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]]

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

~~|+Common Monophthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]

![[w:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front~~]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

![[w:~~Central vowel~~|~~Center~~]]

|

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

|

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]

|

|-

! ~~style~~=~~"text-align~~: ~~left;"~~ | [[w:~~Short vowel~~|~~Short~~]]

! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|i]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

|[[w:~~Open front central vowel~~|a]]

| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]]

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|u]]

|

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]

|

|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]

|-

! ~~style="text-align: left;" |~~ [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|iː]]

| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]]

|~~[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|uː]]

| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]

|}

|

| ~~   ~~

|

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align~~: ~~center;"~~

| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]

|~~+Short Diphthongs~~

|-

!

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]]

![[w:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front~~]]

! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]]

![[w:~~Central vowel~~|~~Center~~]]

|

![[w:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back~~]]

|

| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]

|

|-

! ~~style~~=~~"text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]

|[[w:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~u̯i~~]]

! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]]

~~|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]~~

|

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯u]]~~

|

|-

| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]]

! ~~style="text-align: left;" |~~ [[w:~~Long vowel~~|~~Long~~]]

|

|~~[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iu̯]]~~

|

|~~[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]~~

|

|[[w:~~Close back rounded vowel~~|~~ui̯~~]]

|

|}

~~|    ~~

|

{| ~~class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

~~|+Long Diphthongs~~

|-

!

~~![[w:Front vowel|Front]]~~

~~![[w:Central vowel|Center]]~~

~~![[w:Back vowel|Back]]~~

|-

~~! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

~~|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯iː]]~~

~~|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]~~

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯uː]]~~

|-

~~! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]~~

~~|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iːu̯]]~~

~~|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]~~

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uːi̯]]~~

|}

{|

====Notes====

|- ~~style="vertical~~-~~align~~: ~~top;"~~

* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in VOICE, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in MANNER, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in ARTICULATION. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of VOICE's members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order.

|

** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text~~-~~align: center;"~~

*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.

~~|+Monophtongized<br~~ /~~>Diphthongs~~

**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.

|-

**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

!

*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

![[~~w:Front vowel|Front~~]]

**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

![[~~w:Central vowel|Center~~]]

**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

![[~~w:Back vowel|Back~~]]

*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.

|-

**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].

~~! style="text-align: left~~;~~" |~~ [[~~w:Short vowel|Short~~]]

**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].

|[[~~w:Close~~-~~mid front unrounded vowel|e~~]]

*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.

|[[~~w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ<~~/~~span>~~]] ~ [[~~w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉ<~~/~~span>~~]]

**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].

|[[~~w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o~~]]

**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].

|-

** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.

~~! style="text-align: left~~;~~" |~~ [[w~~:Long vowel|Long~~]]

*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.

|[[~~w:Close-mid~~ front ~~unrounded vowel|eː~~]]

**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].

|[[~~w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː<~~/~~span>~~]] ~ [[~~w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉː<~~/~~span>~~]]

**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].

|[[~~w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː~~]]

*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

|}

**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].

~~| &nbsp~~;~~ &nbsp~~;

**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].

|

*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.

{| class="~~wikitable~~" style="text-align: center;"

**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].

|~~+Short Diphthongs~~

**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].

|-

*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.

!

**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].

~~![[w~~:~~Front vowel~~|~~Front]]~~

**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].

~~![[w~~:Central ~~vowel~~|~~Center]]~~

** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.

~~![[w~~:~~Back vowel~~|Back]]

*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.

**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.

**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.

*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.

**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].

**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].

*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.

**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].

**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

===Vowels===

Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:

{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;"

|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"

||

| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''

| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''

~~|[[w:~~Close ~~front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]~~

| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">

|~~[[w~~:~~Central vowel~~|<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~">~~i̯ʉ]] ~~~ [[w:~~Central~~ vowel|<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~">~~u̯ɨ]]~~

{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"

|~~[[w~~:~~Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w~~:~~Long vowel|Long]]~~

| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |

~~|[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]~~

~~|[[w~~:~~Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~">~~ʉi̯~~</~~span~~>~~]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|~~<~~span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~">~~ɨu̯~~</~~span~~>]]

~~|[[w~~:~~Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]~~

|}

~~|    ~~

</div></div>

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"~~

~~|+Long~~ ~~Diphthongs~~

|-

!

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''

~~![[w~~:~~Front vowel|Front]]~~

~~![[w~~:~~Central vowel|Center]]~~

~~![[w~~:~~Back vowel~~|~~Back]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w:Short vowel|Short]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''

~~|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]~~

~~|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉː]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨː]]~~

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]~~

|-

! style="text-align: ~~left~~;" | ~~[[w:Long vowel~~|~~Long]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''

|~~[[w~~:~~Close front unrounded vowel~~|~~eːu̯]]~~

|-

|~~[[w:Central vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~red~~"~~>ʉːi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel~~|~~<span~~ style="~~color~~:~~blue~~"~~>ɨːu̯]]~~

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''

~~|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]~~

|-

|}

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''

|-

| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''

|}

~~====Notes====~~

{|

* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (POSITION) and ''short>long'' (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].

|

*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]

|+Common Monophthongs

*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.

** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.

*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

=~~==Coloration Table===~~

~~In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as~~ "~~coloration~~"~~, consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.~~

{| class="wikitable~~" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1~~" style="text-align:center;"

~~! -~~/+

~~! |I Type~~

~~! |U Type~~

~~! |A Type~~

|-

!~~H Type~~

!

| ~~h ɦ~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

| ~~n̥ m~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

| ~~l̥ r~~

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

!~~S Type~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~s z~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]

| ~~f v~~

|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]]

| ~~t͡s ʔ~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]

|-

!~~K Type~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

| ~~k g~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]

| ~~p b~~

|[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]]

| ~~t d~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]

|}

|    

~~====Notes====~~

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

|+Short Diphthongs

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! ~~Root~~

!

! ~~Lemma~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

! ~~Gloss~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

| ~~־ל־כ־נ־~~ ~~''-l-k-n-''~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

| ~~לכנ~~ ~~''luín''~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯i]]

~~| wolf~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯u]]

|-

| ~~־מ־ף־ר־~~ ~~''-m-f-r~~-''

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

| ~~מףר~~ ~~''maúr''~~

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iu̯]]

~~| death~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|ui̯]]

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Long Diphthongs

|-

~~| ־ג־ל־ל־ ''-g-l-l-''~~

!

~~| גלל ''gâl''~~

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

~~| cosmos~~

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

|}

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

~~==Writing System==~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯iː]]

~~Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the~~ [[w:~~Hebrew alphabet~~|~~Hebrew Script~~]] ~~due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an~~ [[w:~~Abjad~~|~~abjad~~]]~~; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the~~ [[w:~~Latin Script~~|~~Latin Script~~]] ~~with three diacritics appearing on vowels (~~[[w:~~Circumflex accent~~|~~circumflex accent~~]], [[w:~~Acute accent~~|~~acute accent~~]] ~~and~~ [[w:~~Macron (diacritic)~~|~~macron~~]]~~) and one in consonants (an~~ [[w:~~Apostrophe~~|~~apostrophe~~]]~~, also treated as an independent letter when representing a~~ [[w:~~Glottal stop~~|~~glottal stop]]).~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯uː]]

~~===Ortography===~~

~~{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode"~~ style="~~vertical-align~~:~~top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;~~"

|-

! ~~colspan=16~~ style="~~background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

~~|-style="vertical~~-align:~~top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger~~;"

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iːu̯]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>ה</big> h / i~~

|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]]

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | <~~big>ק</big> ɦ / iː~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uːi̯]]

| style="~~width~~:~~6.25%;~~" ~~| <big~~>נ</~~big> n̥ / u</small~~>

|}

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>מ</big> m / uː~~

~~| style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | ~~<big>ל</big> l̥ / a~~

| ~~style="width~~:~~6.25%;"~~ | <~~big>ר</big> r / aː~~

|-style="~~vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big> s / i~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big> z / iː~~

~~| style="width~~:~~6.25%;~~" ~~| <big~~>ף</~~big> f / u</small~~>

| ~~style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big> v / uː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big> t͡s / a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big> ʔ / aː~~

~~|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big> k / i~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big> g / iː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big> p / u~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big> b / uː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big> t / a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big> d / aː~~

~~|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big> kˀ / i~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big> gˀ / iː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big> pˀ / u~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big> bˀ / uː~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big> tˀ / a~~

~~| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big> dˀ / aː~~

|}

~~====Notes====~~

{|

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

*The symbols <ס> and <ף> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

=~~==Romanization===~~

|+Monophtongized Diphthongs

{| ~~cellpadding~~="4" style="~~margin:auto;~~ text-align:center;"

|+ ~~Adamic Alphabet~~

|-

| Aа<~~br/~~>~~/a/ || Bb~~ ~~/b/ |~~| Cc<~~br/~~>~~/t͡s/ || Dd~~ ~~/d/~~ || ~~Ee /e/~~

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]

|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉ]]

|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]

|-

| Ff ~~/f/~~ |~~| Gg~~ ~~/g/~~ || ~~Hh /h/~~ || ~~Ii /i~i̯/~~ || Jj ~~/i̯/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]

|[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|ʉː]]

|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Short Diphthongs

|-

| ~~Kk /k/~~ || ~~Ll /l̥/ || Mn /m/ || Nn /n̥/ || Oo /o/~~

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

| Pp<~~br/~~>~~/p/ || Qq~~ ~~/ɦ/~~ |~~| Rr~~<~~br/~~>~~/r/ || Ss~~ ~~/s/~~ || ~~Tt /t/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]]

|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉ]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨ]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]]

|-

| Uu /u~u̯/ || Vv ~~/v/~~ || Ww /~~u̯/~~ || Yy /ɨ~ʉ/ |~~| Zz~~ ~~/z/~~

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

|}

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]]

|[[w:Central vowel|ʉi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|ɨu̯]]

~~====Notes====~~

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]]

|}

|    

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Long Diphthongs

|-

!

![[w:Front vowel|Front]]

![[w:Central vowel|Center]]

![[w:Back vowel|Back]]

|-

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]]

|[[w:Central vowel|i̯ʉː]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|u̯ɨː]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]]

|-

! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]]

|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]]

|[[w:Central vowel|ʉːi̯]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|ɨːu̯]]

|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]]

|}

* ~~The letter <’>~~, ~~representing~~ the ~~glottal stop~~ (ʔ), may ~~be left out~~, ~~as it often disappears~~ in the ~~spoken language. Alternatively~~, ~~it could be expressed~~ by ~~the letter <Xx> when alone as onset~~/~~coda.~~

====Notes====

** ~~e.g. ''drā''~~ /~~draː~~/ ~~"six"~~.

* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (POSITION) and ''short>long'' (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:

*** c.e.~~g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx''~~ /~~draːʔ~~/ ~~"six"~~.

** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].

*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.

* ~~Emphatic consonants use~~ the ~~apostrophe <’>~~, ~~as <K’k’>~~, ~~<G’g’>~~, ~~<P’p’>~~, ~~<B’b’>~~, ~~<T’t’>~~, and ~~<D’d’>.~~

** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]

** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".

*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.

*** c.~~e.g. ''~~-~~k-r-p~~-~~'' "detachment"~~.

** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.

*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.

===Coloration Table===

** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> ~~are exclusively used in derivation particles.~~

In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.

** e.g. ''-ja'' /~~i̯a~~/ ~~"belonging to".~~

*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /~~i̯a/ "belonging to"~~.

* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.

{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;"

** e.g. ''-~~k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/~~ "~~dog".~~

! -/+

*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-~~n-'' ⇒ ''~~/-~~/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".~~

! |I Type

! |U Type

*If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).

! |A Type

** e.g~~. ''-~~d-v~~-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".~~

|-

*** c.e.~~g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".~~

!H Type

| h ɦ

* In ~~diphthongs~~, the ~~second element bears~~ the ~~diacritical mark.~~

| n̥ m

** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

| l̥ r

*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

|-

!K Type

| k g

| p b

| t d

|-

!S Type

| s z

| f v

| t͡s ʔ

|}

====Notes====

* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

{|

~~|- style="vertical-align: top;"~~

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

!! ~~colspan=4 | KIHS Characters~~

! Root

! Lemma

! Gloss

|-

!!| ~~Sign~~

| ־ל־כ־נ־ ''-l-k-n-''

!!| ~~Name~~

| לכנ ''luín''

!!| ~~IPA~~

| wolf

~~!!| Letter~~

|-

| כ

| ־מ־ף־ר־ ''-m-f-r-''

| ''~~kik~~'' ~~[[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]~~

| מףר ''maúr''

~~| /k/~~

| death

| ''Kk''

|-

| ג

| ־ג־ל־ל־ ''-g-l-l-''

| ''~~gīg~~'' [[w:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|~~/giːg/~~]]

| גלל ''gâl''

~~| /g/~~

| cosmos

| ~~''Gg''~~

|}

==Writing System==

Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]).

===Ortography===

{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;"

|-

| ה

! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad'''

| ''~~hih~~'' ~~[[w~~:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~hih~~/]]

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| /h/

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big> h / i / ai̯

| ~~''Hh''~~

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big> ɦ / iː / aːi̯

|-

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big> n̥ / u / au̯

| ק

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big> m / uː / aːu̯

| ~~''qīq'' [[w~~:~~Help~~:~~IPA~~|/~~ɦiːɦ~~/]]

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big> l̥ / a / a

| /ɦ/

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big> r / aː / aː

| ''Qq''

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big> s / i / i

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big> z / iː / iː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ע</big> f / u / u

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big> v / uː / uː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big> t͡s / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big> ʔ / aː / aː

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;"

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big> k / i / i̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big> g / iː / i̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big> p / u / u̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big> b / uː / u̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big> t / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big> d / aː / aː

|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;"

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big> kˀ / i / i̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big> gˀ / iː / i̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big> pˀ / u / u̯a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big> bˀ / uː / u̯aː

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big> tˀ / a / a

| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big> dˀ / aː / aː

|}

====Notes====

*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/.

===Romanization===

{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"

|+ Adamic Alphabet

|-

| ס

| Aа /a/ || Bb /b/ || Cc /t͡s/ || Dd /d/ || Ee /e/

| ~~''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~sis~~/]]

| /s/

| ~~''Ss''~~

|-

| ז

| Ff /f/ || Gg /g/ || Hh /h/ || Ii /i~i̯/ || Jj /i̯/

| ~~''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~ziːz~~/]]

| /z/

| ~~''Zz''~~

|}

| ~~   ~~

|

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"~~

|-

~~!! colspan=4~~ | ~~KUHS Characters~~

| Kk /k/ || Ll /l̥/ || Mn /m/ || Nn /n̥/ || Oo /o/

|-

!!| ~~Sign~~

| Pp /p/ || Qq /ɦ/ || Rr /r/ || Ss /s/ || Tt /t/

!!| ~~Name~~

!!| ~~IPA~~

!!| ~~Letter~~

|-

| פ

| Uu /u~u̯/ || Vv /v/ || Ww /u̯/ || Yy /ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz /z/

~~| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|~~/~~pup~~/]]

| /p/

| ~~''Pp''~~

|-

~~| ב~~

~~| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~buːb~~/]]

~~| /b~~/

| ~~''Bb''~~

|-

~~| נ~~

~~| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥~~/]]

| /n̥/

| ~~''Nn''~~

|-

~~| מ~~

~~| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA~~|/~~muːm~~/]]

| /m/

| ~~''Mm''~~

|-

~~| ף~~

~~| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf~~/]]

| /f/

~~| ''Ff''~~

|-

~~| ו~~

~~| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]~~

~~| /v/~~

~~| ''Vv''~~

|}

| ~~  &nbsp~~;

|

====Notes====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.

!! colspan=4 | ~~KAHS~~ Characters

** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six".

*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six".

* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.

** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment".

* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.

** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four".

* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.

** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to".

* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.

** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog".

*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine".

*If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).

** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological".

*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead".

* In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.

** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

{|

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters

|-

!!| Sign

Line 845:

Line 927:

!!| Letter

|-

| ת

| כ

| ''~~tat~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~tat~~/]]

| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]]

| /t/

| /k/

| ''Tt''

| ''Kk''

|-

| ד

| ג

| ''~~dād~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~daːd~~/]]

| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]]

| /d/

| /g/

| ''Dd''

| ''Gg''

|-

| ל

| ה

| ''~~lal~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~l̥al̥~~/]]

| ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]]

| /l̥/

| /h/

| ''Ll''

| ''Hh''

|-

| ר

| ק

| ''~~rār~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~raːr~~/]]

| ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]]

| /r/

| /ɦ/

| ''Rr''

| ''Qq''

|-

| צ

| ס

| ''~~cac~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~t͡sat͡s~~/]]

| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]]

| /~~t͡s~~/

| /s/

| ''Cc''

| ''Ss''

|-

| א

| ז

| ''~~’ā’~~'' [[w:Help:IPA|/~~ʔaːʔ~~/]]

| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]]

| /ʔ/

| /z/

| ''’''

| ''Zz''

|}

|    

~~==Grammar==~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:

!! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters

* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Apposition|appositions]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.

* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|~~comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.~~

* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.

{| class="wikitable" style="~~width~~:~~100%~~"

! colspan=~~"5" align="center"~~| ~~Conjunct~~

|-

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Triptote Formula~~

!!| Sign

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Concatenation~~

!!| Name

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Root~~-~~pattern~~

!!| IPA

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Concatenation~~

!!| Letter

| ~~align="center"~~| ~~Triptote Formula~~

|-

| פ

| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]]

| /p/

| ''Pp''

|-

| ב

| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]]

| /b/

| ''Bb''

|-

| ~~align="center"| Clitic~~

| נ

~~| align="center"| Affix~~

| ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]]

~~| align="center"| Stem~~

| /n̥/

~~| align="center"| Affix~~

| ''Nn''

~~| align="center"| Clitic~~

|-

|}

| מ

| ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]]

~~===Root-Pattern===~~

| /m/

| ''Mm''

~~One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root~~ ''~~-d-v-n-~~'' ~~denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with~~ [[w:~~Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w~~:~~Triconsonantal root~~|~~Triconsonantal Root~~]]~~, whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root~~|~~Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)~~/aí/~~a/'' yielding~~ ''~~daívan~~'' ~~"biologist").~~

|-

| ף

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

| ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]]

| /f/

* '''~~Rule 0~~:~~''' Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to~~ /a/~~), and finally semivowels as third-class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.~~

| ''Ff''

|-

~~: e.g.1<~~/~~sub> ''~~m~~'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore~~ /~~ŋ/ ⇒~~ ''n''.

| ו

| ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]]

~~: e.g.2~~ ''p''~~, ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore~~ /pʰ/ ~~⇒ ''p’'', but~~ /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.

| /v/

| ''Vv''

~~: e.g.3~~ ''r'' ~~and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore~~ /ɾ/ ~~⇒ ''r'', and~~ /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.

|}

|    

: ~~e.g.~~4~~~~ ''h'' ~~and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore~~ /ħ/ ~~⇒ ''h'', and~~ /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.

|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

~~: e.g.5 As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become~~ ''z'' ~~and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as~~ /i/, /~~e/, /u/, /o/, and /a~~/ ~~are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.~~

|-

!! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters

* '''~~Rule 1 (1 syllable):~~'~~'' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, the first member in between them is the medial one, and if there is none, it will be a glottal stop.~~

|-

!!| Sign

~~: e.g.1 ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k~~-~~'' "quantum mechanics".~~

!!| Name

!!| IPA

~~: e.g.2~~ ''~~Grimm~~'' ~~yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as~~ /r/ ~~is counted before~~ /ɪ/ ~~in both priority and sequence.~~

!!| Letter

|-

~~: e.g.3~~ ''~~Gauss'' yields~~ ''-~~g-v-s-~~'' ~~and not~~ ''~~-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as~~ /a/ ~~has less priority than the semivowel~~ /w/.

| ת

| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]]

* '''~~Rule 2 (2 syllables):~~'~~'' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.~~

| /t/

| ''Tt''

~~: e.g.1~~ ''~~Plátōn~~'' ~~yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".~~

|-

| ד

: ~~e.g.2<~~/~~sub> ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political~~/~~militar might".~~

| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]]

| /d/

~~: e.g.3~~ ''~~Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not~~ ''-~~d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.~~

| ''Dd''

|-

* ''''~~Rule 3 (3 or more syllables)~~:~~''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.~~

| ל

| ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]]

: ~~e.g.1<~~/~~sub> ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".~~

| /l̥/

| ''Ll''

~~: e.g.2 ''Aristotélēs~~'' ~~yields ''-~~’~~-r-t-~~'' ~~for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.~~

|-

| ר

~~: e.g.3 ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".~~

| ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]]

| /r/

Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

| ''Rr''

|-

| צ

| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]]

| /t͡s/

| ''Cc''

|-

| א

| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]]

| /ʔ/

| ''’''

|}

~~: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].~~

==Grammar==

: ~~''qucar'' "sound/speech"~~ [~~Diluvian~~] ~~⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech"~~ [~~Adamic~~].

Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:

: ''~~yammuhar~~'' ~~"sea"~~ [~~Diluvian~~] ⇒ ''~~-m-f-h-~~'' ~~"sea"~~ [~~Adamic~~].

* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language.

~~In the sample above~~, ~~the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular~~. ~~Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it~~ is ~~noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the~~ ''~~ya-~~'' ~~and~~ ''-(c)~~ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last~~ and ~~even neglected~~.

* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language.

~~Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the~~ [[~~Pangaean Code~~]]~~. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions~~, ~~or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon~~ (~~e.g. '~~'~~-q-h-f-~~'' ~~"animalism" in Adamic being from~~ ''~~uħihu~~'' ~~"animal" in Pangaean, rather than~~ ''au'~~' "animal" in Diluvian~~). ~~Diluvian influence~~ is ~~only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as~~ the ~~medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic~~ ''~~-r-~~'' or ''~~-l-'' being added in~~ the ~~third position~~ (~~when not taken by~~ the ~~root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively~~.

* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language.

: ~~''n''~~ "~~instance~~" ~~[Pangaean] ⇒ ''~~-n-’-~~r-''~~ "~~instance~~" ~~[Adamic].~~

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"

! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct

|-

| align="center"| Triptote Formula

| align="center"| Concatenation

| align="center"| Root-pattern

| align="center"| Concatenation

| align="center"| Triptote Formula

|-

| align="center"| Clitic

| align="center"| Affix

| align="center"| Stem

| align="center"| Affix

| align="center"| Clitic

|}

~~: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''~~-~~n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].~~

===Root-Pattern===

: ''n̠'' "~~ancientness~~" [~~Pangaean~~] ⇒ ''~~kna~~'' "~~old age~~" ~~[Diluvian] ⇒~~ ''-k-’-n-'' "~~aging~~" ~~[Adamic]~~.

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist").

~~Other functionalities~~ of ~~triconsonantal roots include fusion~~, ~~wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second~~ and ~~third erased~~, ~~while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.~~

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

: ''~~-q-h-f-'' "animalism" + ''-p-’-r-'' "bearing" =~~ ''~~-q-p-r-~~'' ~~"ensnaring"~~.

* '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

~~Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks~~ can be ~~made~~. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; appositions of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.

: e.g.1 ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''.

~~====Nouns====~~

: e.g.2 ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''.

~~Nouns~~ are ~~lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier~~, and/~~or formality:~~

: e.g.3 ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''.

*thirty-six classes: ~~Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class~~ 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, ~~Class 36~~.

: e.g.4 ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''.

*six elements: ~~solid~~, ~~current~~, ~~ethereal~~, ~~elemental~~, ~~igneous~~, and ~~fluid~~.

: e.g.5 As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively.

*two densities: ~~sparse and dense~~.

: e.g.6 Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer".

*~~three compositions~~: ~~diffuse, insular~~, ~~and concentrated~~.

* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one.

*six classifiers: ~~inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman~~.

: e.g.1 ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics".

*two formalities: ~~informal~~ and ~~formal~~.

: e.g.2 ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.

~~They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations (~~<~~small~~>~~CLASS~~</~~small~~> ~~x ELEMENT<~~/~~small> x DENSITY<~~/~~small> x COMPOSITION<~~/~~small>), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (CLASSIFIER<~~/~~small> x FORMALITY), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (∅)~~. ~~In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as [[w:Construct state|state]]:~~

: e.g.3 ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.

*~~two states~~: ~~[[w:Absolute state|absolute]] and [[w:Construct state|construct]]~~.

* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.

The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. ~~The transfix is always a~~ <~~small~~>~~DEFINITION~~</~~small~~> ~~morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article~~ ''~~iru~~'' ~~"the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula~~ ''-/-/-/-'' and ''-~~///~~-~~'' (as well as non~~-~~finite verbs of formula ''~~-~~///~~'' ~~and~~ ''~~///~~-~~'') not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond ''~~-~~///~~-''~~. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in ''adūna muri'' "biology of dying" and the noun in ''adūna ari maur''~~ "~~biology of death~~".

: e.g.1 ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics".

~~{| class="wikitable" style="text-align~~:~~center;"~~

: e.g.2 ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might".

~~! rowspan="1" |~~

~~! colspan="6" | STATE~~

|-

~~! Absolute~~

~~| -~~/-/-/- || -/~~//- || /-// || //-/ || -/-/-/ || /-/-/-~~

|-

~~! Construct~~

~~| -///- || -///- || /-/V/ || /V/-/ || -/V//, -//V/ || /V//-, //V/-~~

|-

|}

~~Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted~~. ~~The word ''kûn'' "dog", for example, in the sentence ''kûniru'' "the dog" (~~<~~small~~>~~ABSOLUTE~~</~~small~~>~~) contains the article~~ ''~~iru~~'' ~~"the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in~~ ''~~kufin~~'' ~~"the dog" (CONSTRUCT), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of~~ ''-i-'' ~~(the first vowel of the article). This occurs because~~ ''~~kûn'' (''kúfn'', ''kúun'', et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula ''/~~-~~//'' (''k~~-fn''), ~~programmed to become ''~~/-/V/~~'' (''k-fVn'')~~. ~~The process may be less straightforward in other instances:~~

: e.g.3 ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.

: ''~~āvála~~'' ~~"humanity"~~ (~~-'-v-l-~~) ~~⇒ '~~'~~aūla~~'' ~~"humanity" (-///-)~~.

* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.

: ''~~(i)saíkat aru~~'' ~~"a philosopher" (~~-s-k-t-~~) ⇒ ''iskat~~'' "~~a philosopher~~" ~~(-//V/)~~.

: e.g.1 ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy".

: ''~~babalú aru~~'' ~~"an idea of confusion" (~~-b-b-l-~~) ⇒ ''babla~~'' "~~an idea of confusion~~" ~~(/V//-)~~.

: e.g.2 ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.

~~=====Edenic Nouns=====~~

: e.g.3 ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry".

~~The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by~~ the ~~Edenic Patterns~~. ~~Through them~~, ~~roots are easily morphed into abstract terms~~, ~~such as~~ the ~~lemma ''ādáma'' "ancestry" out~~ of the ~~root ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry". There is also~~ a ~~shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores~~ the ~~two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes~~ the ~~medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere,~~ which ~~may disappear instead)~~.

Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

~~{| class=~~"~~wikitable~~" ~~style=~~"~~text-align~~:~~center;~~"

: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic].

~~! rowspan=~~"1" |

~~! colspan=~~"1" ~~| EDENIC NOUNS~~

: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic].

|-

~~! Plain~~

: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic].

~~| a~~/a/a/a

|-

In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected.

~~! Reduced~~

| a~~///~~a

Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.

|-

|}

: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic].

~~=====Postdiluvian Nouns=====~~

: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic].

~~Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as~~ ''~~-q-h-f-~~'' "~~animalism~~"~~, its essence can be extracted as~~ ''~~qâhf~~'' "~~life~~"~~, with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as~~ ''-k-’-n-'' "~~passage of time" yielding ''kâ’n'' "year", ''kû’n'' "old person", and ''kî’n'' "clock~~".

: ''n̠'' "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n-'' "aging" [Adamic].

~~{| class=~~"~~wikitable~~" ~~style="text~~-~~align:center;"~~

Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.

~~! rowspan=~~"2" |

~~! colspan~~="2" ~~| POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS~~

: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" + ''-p-’-r-'' "bearing" = ''-q-p-r-'' "ensnaring".

|-

~~! Formal~~

Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; adjuncts of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.

~~! Informal~~

|-

====Nouns====

! a

| /á// || //á/

|-

~~! au~~

| /ú// || //ú/

|-

~~! ao~~

| /û// || //û/

|-

~~! aa~~

| /â// || //â/

|-

~~! ae~~

| /î// || //î/

|-

~~! ai~~

| /í// || //í/

|-

|}

~~=====Prediluvian~~ Nouns~~=====~~

Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality:

~~Prediluvian Nouns are more complex~~, ~~associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as ''-m-f-r-'' "death" can yield ''ímufar'' "poison"~~, ~~''maífar'' "deceased"~~, ~~''mafaúra'' "lifespan (until death)"~~, ~~et cetera~~.

*thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

*six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid.

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="6" | ~~PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I)~~

*two densities: sparse and dense.

|-

~~! h~~

*three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated.

~~! ɦ~~

~~! ħ~~

*six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman.

~~! ʕ~~

~~! χ~~

*two formalities: informal and formal.

~~! ʁ~~

They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations (CLASS x ELEMENT x DENSITY x COMPOSITION), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (CLASSIFIER x FORMALITY), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (∅). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as [[w:Construct state|state]]:

*two states: [[w:Absolute state|absolute]] and [[w:Construct state|construct]].

The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a DEFINITION morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article ''iru'' "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula ''-/-/-/-'' and ''-///-'' (as well as non-finite verbs of formula ''-///'' and ''///-'') not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond ''-///-''. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in ''adūna muri'' "biology of dying" and the noun in ''adūna ari maur'' "biology of death".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | STATE

|-

! h

! Absolute

| í/-/-/- || -/-/í/- || iá/-/-/- || -/-/~~iá/-~~ || iú/-/-/- || -/-~~/iú~~/-

| -/-/-/- || -///- || /-// || //-/ || -/-/-/ || /-/-/-

|-

! ɦ

! Construct

| -/í/-/- || -/-/-/í || -/iá/-/- || -/-/-/iá || -/iú/-/~~- || -~~/-/-~~/iú~~

| -///- || -///- || /-/V/ || /V/-/ || -/V//, -//V/ || /V//-, //V/-

|-

~~! ħ~~

|}

~~| aí/~~-/-/- || -/-/aí/- ~~|| á~~/-/-/- || -/-/á/~~- || aú~~/-/-/- || -/-/aú/-

Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word ''kûn'' "dog", for example, in the sentence ''kûniru'' "the dog" (ABSOLUTE) contains the article ''iru'' "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in ''kufin'' "the dog" (CONSTRUCT), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of ''-i-'' (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because ''kûn'' (''kúfn'', ''kúun'', et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula ''/-//'' (''k-fn''), programmed to become ''/-/V/'' (''k-fVn''). The process may be less straightforward in other instances:

: ''āvála'' "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ ''aūla'' "humanity" (-///-).

: ''(i)saíkat aru'' "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ ''iskat'' "a philosopher" (-//V/).

: ''babalú aru'' "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ ''babla'' "an idea of confusion" (/V//-).

=====Edenic Nouns=====

The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ''ādáma'' "ancestry" out of the root ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="1" | EDENIC NOUNS

|-

! ʕ

! Plain

| -/aí/-/~~- || -/-/-/aí || -/á/-/- || -/-/-/á || -/aú/-/- || -/-/-/aú~~

| a/a/a/a

|-

! χ

! Reduced

| uí/-/-/~~- || -/-/uí/- || uá/-/-/- || -/-/uá/- || ú/-/-/- || -/-/ú/-~~

| a///a

|-

~~! ʁ~~

~~| -/uí/-/- || -/-/-/uí || -/uá/-/- || -/-/-/uá || -/ú/-/- || -/-/-/ú~~

|-

|}

=====Postdiluvian Nouns=====

Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism", its essence can be extracted as ''qâhf'' "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as ''-k-’-n-'' "passage of time" yielding ''kâ’n'' "year", ''kû’n'' "old person", and ''kî’n'' "clock".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="6" | ~~PREDILUVIAN~~ NOUNS ~~(II)~~

! colspan="2" | POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS

|-

! X̰

! Formal

! X

! Informal

~~! X̤~~

~~! X̰̃~~

~~! X̃~~

~~! X̤̃~~

|-

! ə

! a

| ~~a<///>u || a<///>a || a<///>i || a<///>ū || a<~~///>ā || a<///>ī

| /á// || //á/

|-

! u

! au

| u<///>u || u<///~~>a || u<///>i || u<///>ū || u<///>ā || u<///>ī~~

| /ú// || //ú/

|-

! o

! ao

| ū<///>u || ū<///~~>a || ū<///>i || ū<///>ū || ū<///>ā || ū<///>ī~~

| /û// || //û/

|-

! a

! aa

| ā<///>u || ā<///~~>a || ā<///>i || ā<///>ū || ā<///>ā || ā<///>ī~~

| /â// || //â/

|-

! e

! ae

| ī<///>u || ī<///~~>a || ī<///>i || ī<///>ū || ī<///>ā || ī<///>ī~~

| /î// || //î/

|-

! i

! ai

| i<///>u || i<///~~>a || i<///>i || i<///>ū || i<///>ā || i<///>ī~~

| /í// || //í/

|-

|}

====~~Verbs~~====

=====Prediluvian Nouns=====

~~Verbs~~ are ~~conjugated by voice~~, ~~person~~, ~~mood~~, ~~number~~, ~~and aspect, or by form:~~

Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as ''-m-f-r-'' "death" can yield ''ímufar'' "poison", ''maífar'' "deceased", ''mafaúra'' "lifespan (until death)", et cetera.

*six voicesF: [[w:Causative voice|causative]], obligative, [[w:Medio-passive voice|medio-passive]], experimental, [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="2" |

*two voicesN: [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]].

! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I)

*three persons: [[w:Grammatical person|first]], [[w:Grammatical person|second]] and [[w:Grammatical person|third]].

*three moods: [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[w:Indicative mood|indicative]], and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]].

*two numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]] and [[w:Plural number|plural]].

*two aspectsF: [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] and [[w:Imperfeftive aspect|imperfective]].

*six aspectsN: [[w:Gerund|complete gerund]], [[w:Gerund|incomplete gerund]], generic lemma, basic lemma, [[w:Infinitive|complete infinitive]], and [[w:Infinitive|incomplete infinitive]].

They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (VOICEF x PERSON x MOOD x NUMBER x ASPECTF), and Non-finite Verbs, with 12 permutations (VOICEN x ASPECTN). In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for [[w:Participle|participles]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | ~~PARTICIPATION~~

|-

! ~~Verb~~

! h

~~| -/'''-'''// || //-/'''-''' || /-/'''-'''/ || -///'''-''' || /-//'''-''' || -//'''-'''/~~

! ɦ

! ħ

! ʕ

! χ

! ʁ

|-

! ~~Participle~~

! h

| ~~'''~~-~~'''~~/-// || //~~'''~~-~~'''~~/- || /~~'''~~-~~'''~~/-/ || ~~'''~~-~~'''~~///- || /~~'''~~-~~'''~~//- || ~~'''~~-~~'''~~//-/

| í/-/-/- || -/-/í/- || iá/-/-/- || -/-/iá/- || iú/-/-/- || -/-/iú/-

|-

! ɦ

| -/í/-/- || -/-/-/í || -/iá/-/- || -/-/-/iá || -/iú/-/- || -/-/-/iú

|-

! ħ

| aí/-/-/- || -/-/aí/- || á/-/-/- || -/-/á/- || aú/-/-/- || -/-/aú/-

|-

! ʕ

| -/aí/-/- || -/-/-/aí || -/á/-/- || -/-/-/á || -/aú/-/- || -/-/-/aú

|-

! χ

| uí/-/-/- || -/-/uí/- || uá/-/-/- || -/-/uá/- || ú/-/-/- || -/-/ú/-

|-

! ʁ

| -/uí/-/- || -/-/-/uí || -/uá/-/- || -/-/-/uá || -/ú/-/- || -/-/-/ú

|-

|}

Emphasis marks stress ('''-'''), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even [[w:Minimum Pair|minimun pairs]] with some nouns (e.g. the words ''asita'' /aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and ''ásita'' /ˈasita/ "been thinking").

~~=====Finite Verbs=====~~

Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''mafrú'' "I (willingly) die", ''amfúr'' "I (unwillingly) die", ''muarú'' "I force to kill", ''amûr'' "I am forced to kill", ''amurú'' "I kill", and ''mafúr'' "I am killed".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="6" | ~~FINITE VERBS~~

! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II)

|-

! ~~colspan="6" | Medio-passive~~

! X̰

! X

! X̤

! X̰̃

! X̃

! X̤̃

|-

! ~~Sub.Imp.~~

! ə

~~! Sub.Per.~~

| a<///>u || a<///>a || a<///>i || a<///>ū || a<///>ā || a<///>ī

~~! Ind.Imp.~~

~~! Ind.Per.~~

~~! Jus.Imp.~~

~~! Jus.Per.~~

|-

! ~~1st.Sin.~~

! u

| /i//ú || /ī//ú || /a//ú || /ā//ú || /u//ú || /ū//ú

| u<///>u || u<///>a || u<///>i || u<///>ū || u<///>ā || u<///>ī

|-

! ~~2nd.Sin.~~

! o

| /i//í || /ī//í || /a//í || /ā//í || /u//í || /ū//í

| ū<///>u || ū<///>a || ū<///>i || ū<///>ū || ū<///>ā || ū<///>ī

|-

! ~~3rd.Sin.~~

! a

| /i//á || /ī//á || /a//á || /ā//á || /u//á || /ū//á

| ā<///>u || ā<///>a || ā<///>i || ā<///>ū || ā<///>ā || ā<///>ī

|-

! ~~1st.Plu.~~

! e

| /i//û || /ī//û || /a//û || /ā//û || /u//û || /ū//û

| ī<///>u || ī<///>a || ī<///>i || ī<///>ū || ī<///>ā || ī<///>ī

|-

! ~~2nd.Plu.~~

! i

| /i//î || /ī//î || /a//î || /ā//î || /u//î || /ū//î

| i<///>u || i<///>a || i<///>i || i<///>ū || i<///>ā || i<///>ī

|-

~~! 3~~<~~sup~~>rd</~~sup~~>.~~Plu~~.

|}

| /i//â || ~~/ī//â~~ || /a//~~â ||~~ /ā//~~â ||~~ /u//~~â ||~~ /ū//â

|-

====Verbs====

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="6" | ~~Experimental~~

Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood, number, and aspect, or by form: