Adamic Code: Difference between revisions
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'''Adamic''' | '''Adamic''' (אדמס קעל, ''ādamja qafl'', [[w:Help:IPA|[àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]]]) is a [[Philosophical language|philosophical]] [[ab interiori language]] of the [[w:mesolithic|Mesolithic]] that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through [[w:Nonconcatenative morphology|introflection]]. | ||
It's cultivated form is known as [[Canonic Code|Canonic Code]], where the transitional tables take hold over grammatical features. | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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===Features=== | ===Features=== | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 46: | Line 47: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Consonant Inventories | ! Consonant Inventories | ||
| 1A || Moderately small (15-18) | | 1A || {{Yes|Moderately small (15-18), Average (19-25)<br>e.g. ''n̥, m, p, b, f, v, l̥, r, t, d, t͡s, ʔ, h, ɦ, k, g, s, z, (pˀ), (bˀ), (tˀ), (dˀ), (kˀ), (gˀ)''}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vowel Quality Inventories | ! Vowel Quality Inventories | ||
| 2A || Small vowel inventory (2-4) | | 2A || {{Yes|Small vowel inventory (2-4), Average vowel inventory (5-6)<br>e.g. ''i, a, u, (e), (ɨ~ʉ), (o)''}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Consonant-Vowel Ratio | ! Consonant-Vowel Ratio | ||
| 3A || Average (2.75-4.5) / Moderately high (4.5-6.5) | | 3A || {{Yes|Average (2.75-4.5)}} / Moderately high (4.5-6.5) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | ! Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | ||
| Line 79: | Line 80: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Syllable Structure | ! Syllable Structure | ||
| 12A || Complex syllable structure (≥CCVCC≥) | | 12A || {{Yes|Complex syllable structure}} (≥CCVCC≥) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Tone | ! Tone | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | ! Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives | ||
| 20A || Ablaut/concatenative | | 20A || {{Yes|Ablaut/concatenative}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives | ! Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives | ||
| Line 115: | Line 116: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locus of Marking in the Clause | ! Locus of Marking in the Clause | ||
| 23A || Other types | | 23A || {{Yes|Other types}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | ! Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases | ||
| 24A || Other | | 24A || {{Yes|Other}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology | ! Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology | ||
| 25A || Inconsistent or other | | 25A || {{Yes|Inconsistent or other}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Zero Marking of A and P Arguments | ! Zero Marking of A and P Arguments | ||
| 25B || {{No|Non-zero marking }} | | 25B || {{No|Non-zero marking}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | ! Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | ||
| Line 133: | Line 134: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Case Syncretism | ! Case Syncretism | ||
| 28A || Inflectional case marking is syncretic<br>Inflectional case marking is never syncretic | | 28A || {{Yes|Inflectional case marking is syncretic<br>Inflectional case marking is never syncretic}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking | ! Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking | ||
| 29A || Subject person/number marking is syncretic<br>Subject person/number marking is never syncretic | | 29A || {{Yes|Subject person/number marking is syncretic<br>Subject person/number marking is never syncretic}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Number of Genders | ! Number of Genders | ||
| 30A || Two<br>Three | | 30A || {{Yes|Two<br>Three}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | ! Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | ||
| Line 148: | Line 149: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Coding of Nominal Plurality | ! Coding of Nominal Plurality | ||
| 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change}} | | 33A || {{Yes|Plural suffix<br>Plural stem change<br>e.g. ''lût'' "whale", ''lúvācit'' "whales"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality | ! Occurrence of Nominal Plurality | ||
| 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory}} | | 34A || {{Yes|Plural in all nouns, always obligatory<br>e.g. ''liviatan'' "whale", ''liviatanān'' "whales"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | ! Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | ||
| 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix | | 35A || {{Yes|Person stem with a nominal plural affix<br>e.g. ''anu'' "I", ''anunā'' "we"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! The Associative Plural | ! The Associative Plural | ||
| 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals | | 36A || {{Yes|Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals<br>e.g. ''zaûlirau'' "the Sun and the Moon"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Definite Articles | ! Definite Articles | ||
| 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun | | 37A || {{Yes| Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruci'' "the whale", ''liviatan ikuci'' "this whale"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Indefinite Articles | ! Indefinite Articles | ||
| 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one' | | 38A || {{Yes|Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one'<br>e.g. ''liviatan aruci'' "a whale", ''liviatan ikisu'' "one whale"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | ! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | ||
| 39A || {{No|No inclusive/exclusive opposition}} | | 39A || {{No|No inclusive/exclusive opposition}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection | ||
! | | 40A || {{No|No inclusive/exclusive opposition}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives | ||
| | | 41A || {{Yes|Five (or more)-way contrast}}<br>e.g. ''iku'' "this (next)", ''īku'' "this (near)", ''āku'' "this/that (in between)", ''ūku'' "that (away)", ''uku'' "that (far away)" | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives | ||
| | | 42A || {{Yes|Different inflectional features<br>e.g. ''liviatan iku'' "this whale", ''aiku'' "this"}} | ||
| | |- | ||
! Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives | |||
| 43A || {{No|Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''aiku'' "this"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | |||
| 44A || {{Yes|Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person<br>e.g. ''asu'' "he", ''asȳ'' "she"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns | |||
| 45A || {{No|Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction<br>e.g. ''atu'' "you"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Indefinite Pronouns | ||
| 46A || {{Yes|Special indefinites<br>e.g. ''auru'' "something/someone", ''suma'' ~ ''sam'' "who?"}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns | ||
| 47A || {{Yes|Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are formally differentiated<br>e.g. ''sās āk’pá'' "he killed himself", ''asura'' "he himself"}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Person Marking on Adpositions | ||
| | | 48A || {{No|Adpositions without person marking<br>e.g. ''ām'' "before"}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Number of Cases | ||
| | | 49A || {{Yes|6-7 case categories<br>e.g. Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Copulative, Ergative, and Genitive}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Asymmetrical Case-Marking | ||
| | | 50A || {{Yes|Symmetrical case-marking<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale", ''ani'' "to me"}} | ||
|- | |||
! Position of Case Affixes | |||
| 51A || {{Yes|Mixed morphological case strategies with none primary<br>e.g. ''liviatan irici'' "to the whale"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Comitatives and Instrumentals | ||
| 52A || {{Yes|Differentiation<br>e.g. ''liviatan iruki'' "with the whale" (comitative), ''liviatan irubi'' "with the whale" (instrumental)}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Ordinal Numerals | ||
| 53A || {{Yes|Variou-th: Other solutions<br>e.g. ''kahs'' "one", ''kis'' "first"}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Distributive Numerals | ||
| | | 54A || {{Yes|Marked by mixed or other strategies<br>e.g. ''khi'' "one each"}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Numeral Classifiers | ||
| | | 55A || {{No|Numeral classifiers are absent}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers | ||
| | | 56A || {{Yes|Formally different<br>e.g. ''ī'' "and", ''azu'' "each"}} | ||
|- | |||
! Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes | |||
| 57A || {{Yes|Both possessive prefixes and possessive suffixes, with neither primary}} | |||
|- | |||
! Obligatory Possessive Inflection | |||
| 58A || {{No|No obligatorily possessed nouns<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Number of Possessive Nouns | |||
| 58B || {{No|None reported<br>e.g. ''kî’n'' "clock"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Possessive Classification | |||
| 59A || {{No|No possessive classification<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses | |||
| 60A || {{Yes|Highly differentiated<br>e.g. ''kî’in irici liviatan'' "the whale's clock", ''mur liviatan iruci'' "the dead whale"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Adjectives without Nouns | |||
| 61A || {{Yes|Adjective may occur without noun, obligatorily marked by suffix<br>e.g. ''mur liviatan'' "dead whale", ''mura'' "dead one"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Action Nominal Constructions | ||
| 62A || {{Yes|Possessive-Accusative: S/A treated as possessors, P retains sentential marking<br>e.g. ''bîbli nira aúdutas'' "my writing of the book"}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Noun Phrase Conjunction | ||
! | | 63A || {{Yes|AND-languages: 'and' and 'with' are not identical<br>e.g. ''ī'' "and", ''-k'' "with"}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Nominal and Verbal Conjunction | ||
| | | 64A || {{Yes|Nominal and verbal conjunction are different<br>e.g. ''bîbli liviatan iruci'' "the book and the whale", ''tat siru āqfál ī mûm siruci āmfár'' "her father spoke and her mother died"}} | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Perfective/Imperfective Aspect | ||
| | | 65A || {{Yes|Grammatical marking of perfective/imperfective distinction<br>e.g. ''amurá'' "is killing/will kill", ''āmurá'' "kills/has killed"}} | ||
| | |- | ||
|} | ! The Past Tense | ||
| 66A || {{No|No grammatical marking of past/non-past distinction<br>e.g. ''amfár'' "is dying/will die", ''āmfár'' "dies/has died"}} | |||
|- | |||
! The Future Tense | |||
| 67A || {{No|No inflectional marking of future/non-future distinction<br>e.g. ''mafár'' "is being killed/will be killed", ''māfár'' "is killed/has been killed"}} | |||
|- | |||
! The Perfect | |||
| 68A || {{No|No perfect<br>e.g. ''nā āmurú'' "I kill/have killed"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | |||
| 69A || {{Yes|Tense-aspect tone<br>e.g. ''saia āmālá'' "she loved"}} | |||
|- | |||
! The Morphological Imperative | |||
| 70A || {{No|The language has no morphologically dedicated second-person imperatives at all<br>e.g. ''umālí'' "if you love, may you love, love!"}} | |||
|- | |||
! The Prohibitive | |||
| 71A || {{Yes|The prohibitive uses a verbal construction other than the second singular imperative and a sentential negative strategy found in (indicative) declaratives<br>e.g. ''amālí la'' "you do not love", ''umālí la'' "do not love"}} | |||
|- | |||
! Imperative-Hortative Systems | |||
| 72A || {{No|The language has neither a maximal nor a minimal system<br>e.g. ''umālá'' "may he love!", ''umālí'' "love!"}} | |||
|- | |||
! The Optative | |||
| 73A || {{No|Inflectional optative absent<br>e.g. ''umālá'' "maybe he loves, he may love, may he love!"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Situational Possibility | |||
| 74A || {{Yes|The language can express situational possibility with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murúka'' "can die"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Epistemic Possibility | |||
| 75A || {{Yes|The language cannot express epistemic possibility with verbal constructions, but with affixes on verbs<br>e.g. ''murîva'' "must have died"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking | |||
| 76A || {{Yes|The language has no markers that can code both situational and epistemic modality<br>e.g. ''murîma'' "must have died" (situational), ''murîva'' "must have died" (epistemic)}} | |||
|- | |||
!Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality | |||
| 77A || {{Yes|Only indirect evidentials<br>e.g. ''murî fī'' "seems to have died"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Coding of Evidentiality | |||
| 78A || {{Yes|Separate particle<br>e.g. ''fī'' "apparently"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect | |||
| 79A || {{No|No suppletion in tense or aspect<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''āgulá'' "he ate"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Verbal Number and Suppletion | |||
| 80A || {{Yes|Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion<br>e.g. ''agulá'' "he eats", ''agulâ'' "they eat"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Order of Subject, Object and Verb | |||
| 81A || {{Yes|Object-subject-verb (OSV)<br>e.g. ''bîblira siktí abūlá'' "the philosopher reads the book"}} | |||
|- | |||
{| | !Order of Subject and Verb | ||
|- | | 82A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}} | ||
|| | |- | ||
| | !Order of Object and Verb | ||
| 83A || {{Yes|Both orders with neither order dominant}} | |||
| | |- | ||
!Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb | |||
| | | 84A || {{Yes|Oblique-object-verb (XOV)<BR>e.g. ''ati asa āgilá-nu'' "I gave it to you"}} | ||
|- | |||
!Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | |||
| 85A || {{Yes|Postpositions}} | |||
|- | |||
!Order of Genitive and Noun | |||
| 86A || {{Yes|Noun-genitive (NGen)<BR>e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Order of Adjective and Noun | |||
| 87A || {{Yes|Modifying adjective precedes noun (AdjN)}} | |||
|- | |||
!Order of Demonstrative and Noun | |||
| 88A || {{Yes|Demonstrative word follows noun (NDem)<BR>e.g. ''bîbl iku'' "this book"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Order of Numeral and Noun | |||
| 89A || {{Yes|Numeral follows noun (NNum)}} | |||
|- | |||
!Order of Relative Clause and Noun | |||
| 90A || {{Yes|Mixed types of relative clause with none dominant}} | |||
|- | |||
!Order of Degree Word and Adjective | |||
| 91A || {{Yes|Degree word follows adjective (AdjDeg)<BR>e.g. ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "very big"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Position of Polar Question Particles | |||
| 92A || {{No|No question particle<BR>e.g. ''ikut 'āliú-tu?'' "are you here?"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | |||
| 93A || {{Yes|Mixed, some interrogative phrases obligatorily initial, some not}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause | |||
| | | 94A || {{Yes|Adverbial subordinators which are separate words and which appear at the end of the subordinate clause}} | ||
{| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | ||
| 95A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}} | |||
|- | |||
!Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Phrase | |||
| 96A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}} | |||
|} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun | ||
| 97A || {{Yes|Languages not falling into one of the preceding four types}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases | ||
| 98A || {{Yes|Tripartite}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns | ||
| 99A || {{Yes|Tripartite}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | ||
| 100A || {{Yes|Tripartite}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns | ||
| 101A || {{Yes|Pronominal subjects are expressed by clitics with variable host}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | !Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns | ||
| | | 102A || {{Yes|Person marking of both the A and P arguments}} | ||
{ | |||
{| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking | ||
! | | 103A || {{Yes|No zero realization of third person S forms}} | ||
! | |- | ||
! | !Order of Person Markers on the Verb | ||
| 104A || {{Yes|A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb<BR>e.g. ''ata aqilá-nu'' "I see you"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' | |||
| 105A || {{Yes|Indirect-object construction}} | |||
|- | |||
!Reciprocal Constructions | |||
| 106A || {{Yes|The reciprocal and reflexive constructions are formally identical.<BR>e.g. ''amālâ-sāns'' "they love each other", "they love themselves"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Passive Constructions | ||
| | | 107A || {{Yes|There is a passive construction}} | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Antipassive Constructions | ||
| | | 108A || {{Yes|Antipassive with patient-like argument left implicit<BR>e.g. ''asȳ amālá-su'' "he loves her"> ''sā amālá'' "he loves"}} | ||
| | |||
{| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Applicative Constructions | ||
| 109A || {{Yes|No applicative construction}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Periphrastic Causative Constructions | ||
| | | 110A || {{Yes|Both sequential type and purposive type}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Non-Periphrastic Causative Constructions | ||
| | | 111A || {{Yes|Morphological type but no compound type<BR>e.g. ''asis m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Negative Morphemes | ||
| 112A || {{Yes|Negative particle<BR>e.g. ''la'' "not"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation | ||
| | | 113A || {{Yes|Symmetric standard negation only: Type Sym<BR>e.g. ''amālú'' "I love it", ''l-amālú'' "I do not love it"}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation | ||
| 114A || {{Yes|Non-assignable (no asymmetry found)}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
{ | |||
{| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation | ||
| 115A || {{Yes|Negative indefinites preclude predicate negation<BR>e.g. ''āin amālá'' "no one loves it", ''lāin amālá'' "someone does not love it"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Polar Questions | ||
| | | 116A || {{Yes|Interrogative intonation only<BR>e.g. ''ana amālí'' "you love me", "do you love me?'}} | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Predicative Possession | ||
| | | 117A || {{Yes|Have-Possessive<BR>e.g. ''kûnarān ’ûvil apālá'' "the man has dogs"}} | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Predicative Adjectives | ||
| 118A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Nominal and Locational Predication | ||
| | | 119A || {{Yes|Split (i.e. different) encoding of nominal and locational predication<BR>e.g. ''iskít iru ’ûl'' "the philosopher is the person", ... in the library}} | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals | ||
| | | 120A || {{Yes|Predicative adjectives have mixed encoding<BR>e.g. ''’ûvil mur-us'', ''’ûl iru mur'' "the man is dead"}} | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Comparative Constructions | ||
! | | 121A || {{Yes|Locational Comparative<BR>e.g. ''kúfin saíkat iru gugīg'' "the philosopher is bigger than the dog"}} | ||
! | |- | ||
! | !Relativization on Subjects | ||
| 122A || {{Yes|Relative pronoun<BR>e.g. ''babál nā sa, bîbliru" "the book which is being read by me"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Relativization on Obliques | |||
| 123A || {{Yes|Relative Pronoun Strategy<BR>e.g. ''ākavú-nu asa sȳ, kiâvirub'' "the knife with which I cut him"}} | |||
|- | |||
!'Want' Complement Subjects | |||
| 124A || {{Yes|'Want' is expressed as a desiderative verbal affix<BR>e.g. ''túqula sān iūl'' "it is said that they want to speak"}} | |||
|- | |||
!Purpose Clauses | |||
| 125A || {{Yes|Balanced<BR>e.g. ''úqula ā’â’s'' "they came to speak"}} | |||
|- | |||
!'When' Clauses | |||
| 126A || {{Yes|Balanced}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Reason Clauses | ||
| | | 127A || {{Yes|Balanced}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Utterance Complement Clauses | ||
| | | 128A || {{Yes|Balanced}} | ||
| | |} | ||
|} | |||
|} | |||
====Notes==== | ====Notes==== | ||
= | * The WALS metrics<ref name="WALS">https://wals.info/feature</ref> hold particular definitions in each category of their own, considering for example solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person; and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value". | ||
==Phonology== | |||
Adamic can have as many as 24 [[w:Consonant|consonants]] and 12 [[w:Vowel|vowels]], with [[w:Allophone|allophonic]] [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tones]] liable to manifestate depending on the position of the [[w:Stress(linguistics)|stress]]. Its syllable structure of ''C<sup>2</sup>V<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>/C<sup>3</sup>(V)'' supports up to 3 sounds in a [[w:Consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as [[w:Syllable#Onset|onset]] or [[w:Syllable#Coda|coda]] (e.g. ''qfál'' "saying", ''aktvú'' "I cut", and ''ka’n'' "year"); also, it does not accept [[w:Triphthong|triphthongs]]. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of: | |||
* [[w:Emphatic consonant|emphatic consonants]]. | |||
* a simple vowel system composed of ''i'', ''u'', and ''a'', with [[w:Vowel length|phonemic length]]. | |||
| | |||
* predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender. | |||
* | * systematic sound transitions dictated by a [[Adamic Code#Coloration Table|coloration table]]. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ===Consonants=== | ||
Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the [[Diluvian Code|Diluvian]] and [[Pangaean Code|Pangaean]] Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! | | |||
! | | |||
! colspan=2|[[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
! colspan=2|[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! colspan=2|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
! |[[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
! | ! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]] | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]] | ||
| | | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]] | ||
| | ! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]] | ||
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|(pˀ)]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|(tˀ)]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|(kˀ)]] | |||
| [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]] | ||
| | | [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|(bˀ)]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|(dˀ)]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|(gˀ)]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=1 | [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ||
! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental consonant|f]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced labiodental consonant|v]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=1 | [[w:Vibrant voice|Vibrant]] | ||
! [[w:Voiced consonant|Voiced]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=1 | [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | ||
! [[w:Voiceless consonant|Voiceless]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Lateral consonant|l̥]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
====Notes==== | ====Notes==== | ||
* Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small>. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being ''voiceless>voiced'' in <small>VOICE</small>, ''occlusive>sonorant>turbulent'' in <small>MANNER</small>, and ''guttural>labial>dental'' in <small>ARTICULATION</small>. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of <small>VOICE</small>'s members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the ''KHS-type'' and the ''IUA-type'', with their proper compositions being named as expected: ''K-type'', ''H-type'', ''S-type'', ''I-type'', ''U-type'', and ''A-type'' in order. | |||
** /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants. | |||
*** /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
**** /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
*** /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts. | |||
**** /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
**** /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
*** /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ]. | |||
**** /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ]. | |||
*** /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ]. | |||
**** /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ]. | |||
** /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals. | |||
*** /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /p/ may be realized as [kʷ]. | |||
**** /b/ may be realized as [gʷ]. | |||
*** /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts. | |||
**** /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ]. | |||
**** /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ]. | |||
*** /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ]. | |||
**** /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ]. | |||
*** /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ]. | |||
**** /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ]. | |||
** /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants. | |||
*** /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
**** /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
*** /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts. | |||
**** /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
**** /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels. | |||
*** /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes. | |||
**** /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ]. | |||
**** /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ]. | |||
*** /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/. | |||
**** /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ]. | |||
**** /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ]. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs: | |||
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background-color:#fcfcfc; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding:10px;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|| | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" | | ||
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">i, iː</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.33em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(ɨ, ɨː)</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:81%; width:3em; top:0%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">u, uː</div> | |||
| / | <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | ||
| '' | <div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(e, eː)</div> | ||
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:2.66em; top:28%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">(o, oː)</div> | |||
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:84%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:#fcfcfc;">a, aː</div> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid''' | ||
| '' | |- | ||
| | | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid''' | ||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid''' | ||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open''' | ||
| '' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open''' | ||
| '' | |||
|} | |} | ||
| | |||
{| | |||
|- style="vertical-align: top;" | |||
| | | | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+Common<br />Monophthongs | |||
|- | |- | ||
!! | ! | ||
![[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
![[w:Central vowel|Center]] | |||
![[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]] | ||
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] | |||
|[[w:Open front central vowel|a]] | |||
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]] | ||
| | |[[w:Open front central vowel|aː]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]] | ||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+Short<br />Diphthongs | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |||
![[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
| | ![[w:Central vowel|Center]] | ||
| | ![[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯i</span>]] | ||
| | |[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯a]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯a]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯u</span>]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]] | ||
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iu̯</span>]] | |||
| | |[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|ai̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|au̯]] | ||
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ui̯</span>]] | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+Long<br />Diphthongs | |||
|- | |- | ||
!! | ! | ||
![[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
![[w:Central vowel|Center]] | |||
![[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]] | ||
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">u̯iː</span>]] | |||
|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|i̯aː]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|u̯aː]] | |||
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">i̯uː</span>]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|<span style="color:red">iːu̯</span>]] | ||
| | |[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːi̯]] [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aːu̯]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close back rounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">uːi̯</span>]] | ||
|} | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
|- style="vertical-align: top;" | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+Monophtongized<br />Diphthongs | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |||
![[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
| | ![[w:Central vowel|Center]] | ||
| | ![[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨ</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉ</span>]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]] | ||
| / | |[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨː</span>]] ~ [[w:Close central rounded vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉː</span>]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]] | ||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+Short<br />Diphthongs | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
![[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
![[w:Central vowel|Center]] | |||
![[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯e]] | ||
| | |[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉ</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨ</span>]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯o]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eu̯]] | ||
| / | |[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨu̯</span>]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oi̯]] | ||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+Long<br />Diphthongs | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | |||
![[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
| | ![[w:Central vowel|Center]] | ||
| | ![[w:Back vowel|Back]] | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Short vowel|Short]] | |||
| | |[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|u̯eː]] | ||
| | |[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">i̯ʉː</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">u̯ɨː</span>]] | ||
| | |[[w:Close back rounded vowel|i̯oː]] | ||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: left;" | [[w:Long vowel|Long]] | |||
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|eːu̯]] | |||
|[[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:red">ʉːi̯</span>]] ~ [[w:Central vowel|<span style="color:blue">ɨːu̯</span>]] | |||
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|oːi̯]] | |||
|} | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ====Notes==== | ||
* Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents ''front>back>central'' (<small>POSITION</small>) and ''short>long'' (<small>LENGTH</small>); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton ''IAU'' or even the pentagrammaton ''IEAOU'', which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender: | |||
** /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː]. | |||
*** /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/. | |||
** /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː] | |||
*** /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/. | |||
** /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively. | |||
*** /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register. | |||
===Coloration Table=== | |||
In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal <small>VOICE</small>, <small>MANNER</small>, and <small>ARTICULATION</small> with vocalic <small>LENGTH</small> and <small>POSITION</small>. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! -/+ | |||
! |I Type | |||
! |U Type | |||
! |A Type | |||
|- | |||
!H Type | |||
| h ɦ | |||
| n̥ m | |||
| l̥ r | |||
|- | |||
!K Type | |||
| k g | |||
| p b | |||
| t d | |||
|- | |||
!S Type | |||
| s z | |||
| f v | |||
| t͡s ʔ | |||
|} | |||
====Notes==== | |||
* Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel: | |||
: | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |||
! Root | |||
! Lemma | |||
! Gloss | |||
|- | |||
| ־ל־כ־נ־<br>''-l-k-n-'' | |||
| לכנ<br>''luín'' | |||
| wolf | |||
|- | |||
| ־מ־ף־ר־<br>''-m-f-r-'' | |||
| מףר<br>''maúr'' | |||
| death | |||
|- | |||
| ־ג־ל־ל־<br>''-g-l-l-'' | |||
| גלל<br>''gâl'' | |||
| cosmos | |||
|} | |||
==Writing System== | |||
: | Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the [[w:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew Script]] due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an [[w:Abjad|abjad]]; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the [[w:Latin Script|Latin Script]] with three diacritics appearing on vowels ([[w:Circumflex accent|circumflex accent]], [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] and [[w:Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) and one in consonants (an [[w:Apostrophe|apostrophe]], also treated as an independent letter when representing a [[w:Glottal stop|glottal stop]]). | ||
===Ortography=== | |||
{|border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Unicode" style="vertical-align:top; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #808080; text-align:center; clear:both;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=16 style="background-color:#fff7e9; font-family:inherit; font-weight:normal;" | '''Adamic Abjad''' | |||
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;" | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ה</big><br /><small>h / i / ai̯</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ק</big><br /><small>ɦ / iː / aːi̯</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>נ</big><br /><small>n̥ / u / au̯</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>מ</big><br /><small>m / uː / aːu̯</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ל</big><br /><small>l̥ / a / a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ר</big><br /><small>r / aː / aː</small> | |||
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;" | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ס</big><br /><small>s / i / i</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ז</big><br /><small>z / iː / iː</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ע</big><br /><small>f / u / u</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ו</big><br /><small>v / uː / uː</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>צ</big><br /><small>t͡s / a / a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>א</big><br /><small>ʔ / aː / aː</small> | |||
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffffff; font-size:larger;" | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כ</big><br /><small>k / i / i̯a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ג</big><br /><small>g / iː / i̯aː</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פ</big><br /><small>p / u / u̯a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ב</big><br /><small>b / uː / u̯aː</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ת</big><br /><small>t / a / a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>ד</big><br /><small>d / aː / aː</small> | |||
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0f0f0; font-size:larger;" | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>כּ</big><br /><small>kˀ / i / i̯a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>גּ</big><br /><small>gˀ / iː / i̯aː</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>פּ</big><br /><small>pˀ / u / u̯a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>בּ</big><br /><small>bˀ / uː / u̯aː</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>תּ</big><br /><small>tˀ / a / a</small> | |||
| style="width:6.25%;" | <big>דּ</big><br /><small>dˀ / aː / aː</small> | |||
|} | |||
====Notes==== | |||
*The symbols <ס> and <ע> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word ''אדמס'' /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ''־ס־'' is not manifested as /s/. | |||
===Romanization=== | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Adamic Alphabet | |||
|- | |||
| Aа<br/>/a/ || Bb<br/>/b/ || Cc<br/>/t͡s/ || Dd<br/>/d/ || Ee<br/>/e/ | |||
|- | |||
| Ff<br/>/f/ || Gg<br/>/g/ || Hh<br/>/h/ || Ii<br/>/i~i̯/ || Jj<br/>/i̯/ | |||
|- | |||
| Kk<br/>/k/ || Ll<br/>/l̥/ || Mn<br/>/m/ || Nn<br/>/n̥/ || Oo<br/>/o/ | |||
|- | |||
| Pp<br/>/p/ || Qq<br/>/ɦ/ || Rr<br/>/r/ || Ss<br/>/s/ || Tt<br/>/t/ | |||
|- | |||
| Uu<br/>/u~u̯/ || Vv<br/>/v/ || Ww<br/>/u̯/ || Yy<br/>/ɨ~ʉ/ || Zz<br/>/z/ | |||
|} | |||
====Notes==== | |||
* The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda. | |||
** e.g. ''drā'' /draː/ "six". | |||
*** c.e.g. ''drā’'' or ''drāx'' /draːʔ/ "six". | |||
* Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>. | |||
** e.g. ''-k’-r-p-'' "destruction". | |||
*** c.e.g. ''-k-r-p-'' "detachment". | |||
* The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop. | |||
** e.g. ''ghīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four". | |||
*** c.e.g. ''*gqīz'' /gɦiːz/ "four". | |||
* The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles. | |||
** e.g. ''-ja'' /i̯a/ "belonging to". | |||
*** c.e.g. ''*-ia'' /i̯a/ "belonging to". | |||
* Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively. | |||
** e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/u//'' ⇒ ''kúfn'' /ˈkufn/ or ''kûn'' /ˈkuːn/ "dog". | |||
*** c.e.g. ''-k-f-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''kun'' /kun/ "canine". | |||
*If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>). | |||
** e.g. ''-d-v-n-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''dūv'' /duːv/ "biological". | |||
*** c.e.g. ''-m-f-r-'' ⇒ ''/-/'' ⇒ ''mur'' /mur/ "dead". | |||
In | * In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark. | ||
** e.g. ''saíkat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher". | |||
*** c.e.g. ''*sáikat'' /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher". | |||
{| | |||
|- style="vertical-align: top;" | |||
: | | | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
!! colspan=4 | KIHS Characters | |||
|- | |||
!!| Sign | |||
!!| Name | |||
!!| IPA | |||
: | !!| Letter | ||
|- | |||
| כ | |||
| ''kik'' [[w:Help:IPA|/kik/]] | |||
= | | /k/ | ||
| ''Kk'' | |||
|- | |||
| ג | |||
| ''gīg'' [[w:Help:IPA|/giːg/]] | |||
| /g/ | |||
| ''Gg'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ה | |||
| | | ''hih'' [[w:Help:IPA|/hih/]] | ||
| /h/ | |||
| ''Hh'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ק | |||
| | | ''qīq'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ɦiːɦ/]] | ||
| /ɦ/ | |||
| ''Qq'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ס | |||
| ''sis'' [[w:Help:IPA|/sis/]] | |||
| /s/ | |||
| ''Ss'' | |||
|- | |||
| ז | |||
| ''zīz'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ziːz/]] | |||
| /z/ | |||
| ''Zz'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !! colspan=4 | KUHS Characters | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !!| Sign | ||
| | !!| Name | ||
!!| IPA | |||
!!| Letter | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | פ | ||
| ''pup'' [[w:Help:IPA|/pup/]] | |||
| /p/ | |||
| ''Pp'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ב | |||
| ''būb'' [[w:Help:IPA|/buːb/]] | |||
| /b/ | |||
| ''Bb'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| נ | |||
| / | | ''nun'' [[w:Help:IPA|/n̥un̥/]] | ||
| /n̥/ | |||
| ''Nn'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| מ | |||
| / | | ''mūm'' [[w:Help:IPA|/muːm/]] | ||
| /m/ | |||
| ''Mm'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ף | |||
| / | | ''fuf'' [[w:Help:IPA|/fuf/]] | ||
| /f/ | |||
| ''Ff'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ו | |||
| / | | ''vūv'' [[w:Help:IPA|/vuːv/]] | ||
| /v/ | |||
| ''Vv'' | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !! colspan=4 | KAHS Characters | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !!| Sign | ||
| | !!| Name | ||
!!| IPA | |||
!!| Letter | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ת | ||
| ''tat'' [[w:Help:IPA|/tat/]] | |||
| /t/ | |||
| ''Tt'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ד | |||
| ''dād'' [[w:Help:IPA|/daːd/]] | |||
| /d/ | |||
| ''Dd'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ל | |||
| | | ''lal'' [[w:Help:IPA|/l̥al̥/]] | ||
| /l̥/ | |||
| ''Ll'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ר | |||
| | | ''rār'' [[w:Help:IPA|/raːr/]] | ||
| /r/ | |||
| ''Rr'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| צ | |||
| ''cac'' [[w:Help:IPA|/t͡sat͡s/]] | |||
| | | /t͡s/ | ||
| ''Cc'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| א | |||
| ''’ā’'' [[w:Help:IPA|/ʔaːʔ/]] | |||
| /ʔ/ | |||
| ''’'' | |||
|} | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style=" | ==Grammar== | ||
! | |||
Adamic is highly [[w:Inflection|inflective]], [[w:Derivation|derivational]], and [[w:Reduplication|reduplicative]], alternating between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutinative language|agglutivative]] morphologies with an overly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]] [[w:Clause|clause]] [[w:Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]]. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes: | |||
* The field [[w:Word stem|stem]], consisting on the arrangement consonants ('''''/''''') and vowels ('''''-''''') in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a [[w:Semitic root|triliterate segment]] known as '''triconsonantal root''', and the '''patterns''', which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of [[w:Transfix|transfixes]] into the triliterate form, also responsible for the [[w:Noun|nouns]] (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] ([[w:Adjective|adjectives]], [[w:Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporations]], [[w:Adverb|adverbs]], [[w:Expression (linguistics)|expressions]], [[w:Prefix|prefixes]], and [[w:Adposition|postpositions]]), and [[w:Verb|verbs]] ([[w:Finite verb|finite verbs]] and [[w:Nonfinite verb|infinite verbs]]) of the language. | |||
* The continuous [[w:Affix grammar|affix]], a simple connective with very limited [[w:Phonotactics|phonotactics]]. Its primary morphological marker is '''concatenation''', wherein it can be both a [[w:Prefix|prefix]] and a [[w:Suffix|suffix]], beyond responsible for the [[w:Comparison (grammar)|comparison]] and alternative derivational procedure of the language. | |||
* The performative [[w:clitic|clitic]], interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" ('''''_'''''). Its primary morphological marker is the '''triptote formula''', which is responsible for the [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], and [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] of the language. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" | |||
! colspan="5" align="center"| Conjunct | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| Triptote Formula | |||
| align="center"| Concatenation | |||
| align="center"| Root-pattern | |||
| align="center"| Concatenation | |||
| align="center"| Triptote Formula | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| Clitic | |||
| align="center"| Affix | |||
| align="center"| Stem | |||
| align="center"| Affix | |||
| align="center"| Clitic | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Root-Pattern=== | ||
One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root ''-d-v-n-'' denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with [[w:Charles Darwin|''Darwin'']]). This is due the [[w:Triconsonantal root|Triconsonantal Root]], whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the [[w:Semitic root|Patterns]] are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern ''(i)/aí/a/'' yielding ''daívan'' "biologist"), with combinations also possible (e.g. the use of the root ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" in ''ūfhdaívan'' "marine biologist"). | |||
The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization: | |||
* | * '''Rule 0:''' Consonants are counted first, then semivowels, and finally vowels. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds. | ||
: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''m'' and ''n'' can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ ''n''. | |||
: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''p'', ''b'', ''p’'', ''b’'', ''t'', ''d'', ''t’'', ''d’'', ''k'', ''g'', ''k’'', and ''g’'' can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ ''p’'', but /ɸ/ ⇒ ''f''. | |||
: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''r'' and ''l'' can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ ''r'', and /ʎ/ ⇒ ''l''. | |||
: e.g.<sub>4</sub> ''h'' and ''q'' in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of ''q'' as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ ''h'', and /ʁ/ ⇒ ''q''. | |||
: e.g.<sub>5</sub> As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become ''z'' and ''v'' if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by ''s'', ''z'', ''f'', ''v'', and ''’'' respectively. | |||
: e.g.<sub>6</sub> Absence of consonants word initially or at the end is interpreted as the presence of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Hebrew אדם "Adam", for example, becomes ''-’-d-m-'', whereas cases such as Sanskrit वेद "Veda" result in ''-v-d-z-'' "sacred narrative" for ''vaídaz'' "lore singer". | |||
* '''Rule 1 (1 syllable):''' The first and last members take the initial and final positions, with the first member in between them being the medial one. | |||
: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Planck'' yields ''-p-l-k-'' "quantum mechanics". | |||
: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Grimm'' yields ''-g-r-m-'' and not ''-g-s-m'' for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence. | |||
: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Gauss'' yields ''-g-v-s-'' and not ''-g-’-s-'' for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/. | |||
* '''Rule 2 (2 syllables):''' The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster. | |||
: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Plátōn'' yields ''-p-l-t-'' and not ''-p-l-n-'' or ''-p-t-n-'' for "metaphysics". | |||
: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Caesar'' yields ''-k-s-r-'' for "political/militar might". | |||
: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Darwin'' yields ''-d-v-n-'' and not ''-d-r-v-'' or ''-d-r-n-'' for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/. | |||
* ''''Rule 3 (3 or more syllables):''' each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position. | |||
: e.g.<sub>1</sub> ''Sōkratēs'' yields ''-s-k-t-'' for "philosophy". | |||
: e.g.<sub>2</sub> ''Aristotélēs'' yields ''-’-r-t-'' for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic. | |||
: e.g.<sub>3</sub> ''Lavoisier'' yields ''-l-v-z-'' for "chemistry". | |||
Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The [[Diluvian Code]], for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words. | |||
: ''hocar'' "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-h-v-l-'' "fire" [Adamic]. | |||
: ''qucar'' "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-q-f-l-'' "sound/speech" [Adamic]. | |||
: ''yammuhar'' "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-m-f-h-'' "sea" [Adamic]. | |||
In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the ''ya-'' and ''-(c)ar'' in ''yammuhar'' are counted last and even neglected. | |||
Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the [[Pangaean Code]]. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" in Adamic being from ''uħihu'' "animal" in Pangaean, rather than ''au'' "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively. | |||
: ''n'' "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''-n-’-r-'' "instance" [Adamic]. | |||
: ''na'' "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-’-l-'' "nearness/society" [Adamic]. | |||
: ''n̠'' "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ ''kna'' "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-’-n-'' "aging" [Adamic]. | |||
Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased. | |||
: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" + ''-p-’-r-'' "bearing" = ''-q-p-r-'' "ensnaring". | |||
|- | Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; adjuncts of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-. | ||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="6" | | ====Nouns==== | ||
Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality: | |||
*thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36. | |||
*six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid. | |||
*two densities: sparse and dense. | |||
*three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated. | |||
*six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman. | |||
*two formalities: informal and formal. | |||
They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations (<small>CLASS</small> x <small>ELEMENT</small> x <small>DENSITY</small> x <small>COMPOSITION</small>), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (<small>CLASSIFIER</small> x <small>FORMALITY</small>), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (<small>∅</small>). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as [[w:Construct state|state]]: | |||
*two states: [[w:Absolute state|absolute]] and [[w:Construct state|construct]]. | |||
The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a <small>DEFINITION</small> morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article ''iru'' "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula ''-/-/-/-'' and ''-///-'' (as well as non-finite verbs of formula ''-///'' and ''///-'') not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond ''-///-''. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in ''adūna muri'' "biology of dying" and the noun in ''adūna ari maur'' "biology of death". | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="6" | STATE | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Absolute | ||
| | | -/-/-/- || -///- || /-// || //-/ || -/-/-/ || /-/-/- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Construct | ||
| | | -///- || -///- || /-/V/ || /V/-/ || -/V//, -//V/ || /V//-, //V/- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word ''kûn'' "dog", for example, in the sentence ''kûniru'' "the dog" (<small>ABSOLUTE</small>) contains the article ''iru'' "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in ''kufin'' "the dog" (<small>CONSTRUCT</small>), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of ''-i-'' (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because ''kûn'' (''kúfn'', ''kúun'', et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula ''/-//'' (''k-fn''), programmed to become ''/-/V/'' (''k-fVn''). The process may be less straightforward in other instances: | |||
: ''āvála'' "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ ''aūla'' "humanity" (-///-). | |||
: ''(i)saíkat aru'' "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ ''iskat'' "a philosopher" (-//V/). | |||
: ''babalú aru'' "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ ''babla'' "an idea of confusion" (/V//-). | |||
=====Edenic Nouns===== | |||
The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ''ādáma'' "ancestry" out of the root ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="1" | | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="1" | EDENIC NOUNS | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Plain | ||
| // | | a/a/a/a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Reduced | ||
| / | | a///a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
| | |||
=====Postdiluvian Nouns===== | |||
Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism", its essence can be extracted as ''qâhf'' "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as ''-k-’-n-'' "passage of time" yielding ''kâ’n'' "year", ''kû’n'' "old person", and ''kî’n'' "clock". | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Formal | ||
! Informal | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! a | ||
| // | | /á// || //á/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! au | ||
| // | | /ú// || //ú/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ao | ||
| /û// || //û/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! aa | ||
| | | /â// || //â/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ae | ||
| | | /î// || //î/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ai | ||
| | | /í// || //í/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
| | |||
=====Prediluvian Nouns===== | |||
Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as ''-m-f-r-'' "death" can yield ''ímufar'' "poison", ''maífar'' "deceased", ''mafaúra'' "lifespan (until death)", et cetera. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! h | ||
! ɦ | |||
! ħ | |||
! ʕ | |||
! χ | |||
! ʁ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! h | ||
| | | í/-/-/- || -/-/í/- || iá/-/-/- || -/-/iá/- || iú/-/-/- || -/-/iú/- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ɦ | ||
| -/í/-/- || -/-/-/í || -/iá/-/- || -/-/-/iá || -/iú/-/- || -/-/-/iú | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ħ | ||
| | | aí/-/-/- || -/-/aí/- || á/-/-/- || -/-/á/- || aú/-/-/- || -/-/aú/- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ʕ | ||
| | | -/aí/-/- || -/-/-/aí || -/á/-/- || -/-/-/á || -/aú/-/- || -/-/-/aú | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! χ | ||
| | | uí/-/-/- || -/-/uí/- || uá/-/-/- || -/-/uá/- || ú/-/-/- || -/-/ú/- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ʁ | ||
| | | -/uí/-/- || -/-/-/uí || -/uá/-/- || -/-/-/uá || -/ú/-/- || -/-/-/ú | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | |} | ||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="6" | PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! X̰ | ||
! X | |||
! X̤ | |||
! X̰̃ | |||
! X̃ | |||
! X̤̃ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ə | ||
| a<///>u || a<///>a || a<///>i || a<///>ū || a<///>ā || a<///>ī | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! u | ||
| / | | u<///>u || u<///>a || u<///>i || u<///>ū || u<///>ā || u<///>ī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! o | ||
| / | | ū<///>u || ū<///>a || ū<///>i || ū<///>ū || ū<///>ā || ū<///>ī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! a | ||
| / | | ā<///>u || ā<///>a || ā<///>i || ā<///>ū || ā<///>ā || ā<///>ī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! e | ||
| / | | ī<///>u || ī<///>a || ī<///>i || ī<///>ū || ī<///>ā || ī<///>ī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! i | ||
| / | | i<///>u || i<///>a || i<///>i || i<///>ū || i<///>ā || i<///>ī | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ====Verbs==== | ||
Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood, number, and aspect, or by form: | |||
*six voices<sub>F</sub>: [[w:Causative voice|causative]], obligative, [[w:Medio-passive voice|medio-passive]], experimental, [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]]. | |||
*two voices<sub>N</sub>: [[w:Active voice|active]], and [[w:Passive voice|passive]]. | |||
*three persons: [[w:Grammatical person|first]], [[w:Grammatical person|second]] and [[w:Grammatical person|third]]. | |||
*three moods: [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]], [[w:Indicative mood|indicative]], and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]]. | |||
*two numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]] and [[w:Plural number|plural]]. | |||
*two aspects<sub>F</sub>: [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective]] and [[w:Imperfeftive aspect|imperfective]]. | |||
*six aspects<sub>N</sub>: [[w:Gerund|complete gerund]], [[w:Gerund|incomplete gerund]], generic lemma, basic lemma, [[w:Infinitive|complete infinitive]], and [[w:Infinitive|incomplete infinitive]]. | |||
Non-finite | They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (<small>VOICE<sub>F</sub></small> x <small>PERSON</small> x <small>MOOD</small> x <small>NUMBER</small> x <small>ASPECT<sub>F</sub></small>), and Non-finite Verbs, with 12 permutations (<small>VOICE<sub>N</sub></small> x <small>ASPECT<sub>N</sub></small>). In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for [[w:Participle|participles]]: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="6" | PARTICIPATION | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Verb | ||
| -/'''-'''// || //-/'''-''' || /-/'''-'''/ || -///'''-''' || /-//'''-''' || -//'''-'''/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Participle | ||
| | | '''-'''/-// || //'''-'''/- || /'''-'''/-/ || '''-'''///- || /'''-'''//- || '''-'''//-/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Emphasis marks stress ('''-'''), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even [[w:Minimum Pair|minimun pairs]] with some nouns (e.g. the words ''asita'' /aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and ''ásita'' /ˈasita/ "been thinking"). | |||
=====Finite Verbs===== | |||
Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''mafrú'' "I (willingly) die", ''amfúr'' "I (unwillingly) die", ''muarú'' "I force to kill", ''amûr'' "I am forced to kill", ''amurú'' "I kill", and ''mafúr'' "I am killed". | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="6" | | ! colspan="6" | FINITE VERBS | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" | Medio-passive | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Sub.Imp. | ||
! | ! Sub.Per. | ||
! | ! Ind.Imp. | ||
! | ! Ind.Per. | ||
! | ! Jus.Imp. | ||
! | ! Jus.Per. | ||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin. | |||
| /i//ú || /ī//ú || /a//ú || /ā//ú || /u//ú || /ū//ú | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin. | |||
| /i//í || /ī//í || /a//í || /ā//í || /u//í || /ū//í | |||
|- | |- | ||
! / | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin. | ||
| / | | /i//á || /ī//á || /a//á || /ā//á || /u//á || /ū//á | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu. | ||
| /i//û || /ī//û || /a//û || /ā//û || /u//û || /ū//û | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| /i//î || /ī//î || /a//î || /ā//î || /u//î || /ū//î | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| /i//â || /ī//â || /a//â || /ā//â || /u//â || /ū//â | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="6" | Experimental | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin. | |||
| i//ú/ || ī//ú/ || a//ú/ || ā//ú/ || u//ú/ || ū//ú/ | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin. | |||
| i//í/ || ī//í/ || a//í/ || ā//í/ || u//í/ || ū//í/ | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin. | |||
| i//á/ || ī//á/ || a//á || ā//á || u//á || ū//á | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu. | |||
| i//û/ || ī//û/ || a//û/ || ā//û/ || u//û/ || ū//û/ | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| i//î/ || ī//î/ || a//î/ || ā//î/ || u//î/ || ū//î/ | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| i//â/ || ī//â/ || a//â/ || ā//â/ || u//â/ || ū//â/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="6" | Causative | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin. | |||
| //i/ú || //ī/ú || //a/ú || //ā/ú || //u/ú || //ū/ú | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin. | |||
| //i/í || //ī/í || //a/í || //ā/í || //u/í || //ū/í | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin. | |||
| //i/á || //ī/á || //a/á || //ā/á || //u/á || //ū/á | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu. | |||
| //i/û || //ī/û || //a/û || //ā/û || //u/û || //ū/û | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| //i/î || //ī/î || //a/î || //ā/î || //u/î || //ū/î | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| //i/â || //ī/â || //a/â || //ā/â || //u/â || //ū/â | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="6" | Obligative | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin. | |||
| i/ú// || ī/ú// || a/ú// || ā/ú// || u/ú// || ū/ú// | |||
= | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin. | ||
| | | i/í// || ī/í// || a/í// || ā/í// || u/í// || ū/í// | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin. | ||
| i/á// || ī/á// || a/á// || ā/á// || u/á// || ū/á// | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu. | ||
| i/û// || ī/û// || a/û// || ā/û// || u/û// || ū/û// | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu. | ||
| i/î// || ī/î// || a/î// || ā/î// || u/î// || ū/î// | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu. | ||
| i/â// || ī/â// || a/â// || ā/â// || u/â// || ū/â// | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
! colspan="6" | Active | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin. | ||
| i///ú || ī///ú || a///ú || ā///ú || u///ú || ū///ú | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin. | ||
| i///í || ī///í || a///í || ā///í || u///í || ū///í | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin. | ||
| i///á || ī///á || a///á || ā///á || u///á || ū///á | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu. | ||
| i///û || ī///û || a///û || ā///û || u///û || ū///û | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| i///î || ī///î || a///î || ā///î || u///î || ū///î | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| i///â || ī///â || a///â || ā///â || u///â || ū///â | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
! colspan="6" | Passive | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Sin. | ||
| /i/ú/ || /ī/ú/ || /a/ú/ || /ā/ú/ || /u/ú/ || /ū/ú/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Sin. | ||
| /i/í/ || /ī/í/ || /a/í/ || /ā/í/ || /u/í/ || /ū/í/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Sin. | ||
| /i/á/ || /ī/á/ || /a/á/ || /ā/á/ || /u/á/ || /ū/á/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>.Plu. | ||
| /i/û/ || /ī/û/ || /a/û/ || /ā/û/ || /u/û/ || /ū/û/ | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| /i/î/ || /ī/î/ || /a/î/ || /ā/î/ || /u/î/ || /ū/î/ | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>.Plu. | |||
| /i/â/ || /ī/â/ || /a/â/ || /ā/â/ || /u/â/ || /ū/â/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Non-finite Verbs===== | |||
Non-finite verbs are the least productive class of verbs, underperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating ''-m-f-r-'' "dying" into ''murí'' "dying" (gerund), ''murá'' "to die" (lemma), ''murú'' "to die" (infinitive). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | NON-FINITE VERBS | |||
|- | |||
! Active | |||
! Passive | |||
|- | |||
! ʔ | |||
| á/// || ///á | |||
|- | |||
! ʔu | |||
| ú/// || ///ú | |||
|- | |||
! ʔo | |||
| û/// || ///û | |||
|- | |||
! ʔa | |||
| â/// || ///â | |||
|- | |||
! ʔe | |||
| î/// || ///î | |||
|- | |||
! ʔi | |||
| í/// || ///í | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Adjuncts==== | |||
: | Adjuncts are demarked by effect and amplitude: | ||
*three effects: describer, ascriber, and inscriber. | |||
: | *two amplitudes: local and universal. The first group works within the word boundary; the second within the phrase. | ||
Adjectives (''/-/''), incorporations (''-//''), and prefixes (''/--'') precede nouns/verbs, whereas adverbs (''-/-''), expressions (''//-''), and postpositions (''--/'') are right-bound. Also, incorporations may equal to adverbs before consonants, as prefixes may equal to adjectives before vowels. Those two word classes distinguish themselves in Adamic by the fact that incorporations modify nouns while prefixes modify verbs. Vide ''ādūqáfl'' "proto-language" and ''’āmúqul'' "to foretell since the beginning". | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="6" | ADJUNCTS | |||
|- | |||
! Adjective | |||
! Adverb | |||
! Incorporation | |||
! Expression | |||
! Prefix | |||
! Postposition | |||
|- | |||
! /// ⇒ | |||
| /-/ || -/- || -// || //- || /-- || --/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===== | =====Adjectives===== | ||
Adjectives describe the noun/verb. | |||
: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’ām'' "ancestral". | |||
===== | =====Adverbs===== | ||
Adverbs describe the nominal/verbal phrase. | |||
: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādū'' "originally". | |||
==== | =====Incorporations===== | ||
Incorporations ascribe the noun. | |||
: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ādm-'' "proto-" [incorporation]. | |||
=====Expressions===== | |||
Expressions ascribe the nominal phrase. | |||
: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''dū'' "back then". | |||
=====Prefixes===== | |||
Prefixes inscribe the verb. | |||
: ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''’āū-'' "fore- (since the beginning)". | |||
===== | =====Postpositions===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | Postpositions inscribe the verbal phrase. | ||
! rowspan=" | |||
! colspan=" | : ''-’-d-m-'' "ancestry" ⇒ ''ām'' "before (long ago)". | ||
===Concatenation=== | |||
The root is liable to be modified by extensions or affixes, which cover the border of a stem as either [[w:Prefix|prefixes]] or [[w:Suffix|suffixes]]. | |||
====Replication==== | |||
By directly extending the stem through [[w:Reduplication|repetition]], affixes determine its measurements and quantities. | |||
=====Degree===== | |||
The affix '''-(C)V(C)-''' marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound ''-c-'' in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. ''iru gugīgá-nuta'' "I am the one bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. ''gīgūg kûnaru'' "a giant dog"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | DEGREE | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Relative | ||
! | ! Absolute | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! ə | ||
| Ca- || -aC | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! u | ||
| | | Cu- || -uC | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! o | ||
| | | Cū- || -ūC | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! a | ||
| | | Cā- || -āC | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! e | ||
| | | Cī- || -īC | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! i | ||
| Ci- || -iC | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | In nouns (importance/size): | ||
! rowspan=" | |||
! colspan=" | : ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''quhqáhf'' "(precious) life". | ||
|- | |||
! | : ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûnin'' "puppy". | ||
! | |||
! | In verbs (frequency/completion): | ||
: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''gicāgâfl'' "they did eat less". | |||
: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmârir'' "they barely died". | |||
In adjectives (comparison/evaluation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūk’āt'' "strongest". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīgug'' "big (among big ones)". | |||
In adverbs (comparison/evaluation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''’ūci’a'' "as strong as it can get". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgīcug'' "greatly (among great manners)". | |||
In incoporations (comparison/evaluation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''’uci’t-'' "stronger than many". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgug-'' "great (among great ones)". | |||
In expressions (comparison/evaluation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''kuk’a'' "being more than strong enough". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gīcig'' "when less than great". | |||
In prefixes (comparison/evaluation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kūkā-'' "as strong as it can be done". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīcug-'' "great (among great doings)". | |||
In postpositions (comparison/evaluation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''tuciāt'' "if more than enough". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''gicīg'' "(incredibly) almost as/while". | |||
=====Extension===== | |||
Stems may be replicated ('''X ⇒ XX''') entirely, producing a semantic continuum responsible for conveying the idea of repetitive and cyclical phenomena. Two stems often stand for the repetitive sense (e.g. ), whereas three (e.g. ) for the cyclical one. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" | EXTENSION | |||
|- | |||
! Simplication | |||
! Reduplication | |||
! Triplication | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Stem ⇒ | ||
| X || XX || XXX | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
In nouns (veracity or diffuse plural): | |||
: ''-q-h-f-'' "animalism" ⇒ ''qáhf'' "life" ⇒ ''qáhf-qáhf'' "genuine life". | |||
: ''-k-f-n-'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn'' "dog" ⇒ ''kûn-kûn-kûn'' "dogs here and there". | |||
In verbs (repetition or habit): | |||
: ''-g-f-l-'' "consumption" ⇒ ''āgâfl'' "they did eat" ⇒ ''āgâfl-āgâfl'' "they repeatedly did eat". | |||
: ''-m-f-r-'' "death" ⇒ ''āmâr'' "they died" ⇒ ''āmâr-āmâr-āmâr'' "they used to die". | |||
In adjectives (excellence or continuation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’āt'' "strong" ⇒ ''k’āt-k’āt'' "indeed strong". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gīg'' "big" ⇒ ''gīg-gīg-gīg'' "constantly big". | |||
In adverbs (excellence or continuation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’a'' "strongly" ⇒ ''i’a-i’a'' "indeed strongly". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īgī'' "greatly" ⇒ ''īgī-īgī-īgī'' "constantly great". | |||
In incoporations (excellence or continuation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''i’t-'' "strong" ⇒ ''i’ti’t-'' "indeed strong". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg-'' "great" ⇒ ''īgīgīg-'' "constantly great". | |||
In expressions (excellence or continuation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''k’a'' "being strong enough"" ⇒ ''k’a-k’a'' "indeed being very strong". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī'' "when great" ⇒ ''gī-gī-gī'' "constantly when great" | |||
In prefixes (excellence or continuation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''kā-'' "strong" ⇒ ''kākā-'' "indeed strong". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''gī-'' "great" ⇒ ''gīgīgī-'' "constantly great". | |||
In postpositions (excellence or continuation): | |||
: ''-k-’-t-'' "resistence" ⇒ ''iāt'' "if" ⇒ ''iāt-iāt'' "indeed if". | |||
: ''-g-g-g-'' "great size" ⇒ ''īg'' "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ ''īg-īg-īg'' "constantly (incredibly) as/while". | |||
====Addition==== | |||
By directly extending the stem through [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]], affixes determine its relation with new actors. | |||
=====Derivation===== | |||
When Postdiluvian particles are applied, the resultant word denotes a new actor ('''X''') through the relation with the stem's original ('''Y'''). Furthermore, left-bound affixes are active whereas right-ones passive, which helps stems to diverge in semantic content (e.g. ''haûl'' "fire" ⇒ ''mahaûl'' "firewood" / ''haûmma'' "ashes"). This process includes not only nouns, but verbs (e.g. ''úgul'' "to eat" ⇒ ''múgul'' "to be hungry" / ''úgumma'' "to be satisfied"), adjuncts (e.g. ''’ūl'' "human" ⇒ ''ma’ūl'' "natural" / ''’ūmma'' "artificial"), and even some clitics (e.g. ''su'' "he" ⇒ ''masu'' "who" [relative] / ''suma'' "who" [interrogative]). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="1" | | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="2" | DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES | ||
|- | |||
! !! Particle !! Sense | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=18 | Postdiluvian | ||
| | | ''-ka-'' || X/Y is next to Y/X | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ga-'' || X/Y interacts with Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ta-'' || X/Y commands to stop Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-da-'' || X/Y commands to move Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-pa-'' || X/Y takes Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ba-'' || X/Y uses Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-nā-'' || X/Y is many Y/X | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-na-'' || X/Y happens to Y/X | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ma-'' || X/Y possibilitates Y/X | |||
|- | |||
| ''-ra-'' || X/Y is Y/X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-sa-'' || X/Y generates (many) Y/X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-za-'' || X/Y generates (one) Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ha-'' || X/Y makes concrete part of Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-qa-'' || X/Y makes abstract part of Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ja-'' || X/Y belongs (constitution) to Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-wa-'' || X/Y belongs (ownership) to Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-ca-'' || X/Y derives Y/X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-’a-'' || X/Y does Y/X | |||
|} | |||
=====Relation===== | |||
Prediluvian particles are attached exclusively to clitics, bearing different functions depending on their position within them. As left-bound particles in strong clitics, they are responsible for correlation (e.g. ''aiku'' "this one"); as right-bound, for case (e.g. ''airuk'' "with the one"); and in weak clitics or [[w:Grammatical particle|particles]] for modality (e.g. ''auru kī'' "someone can"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="1" | | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="4" | RELATIVE AFFIXES | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! !! Particle !! Sense I !! Sense II !! Sense III | ||
| | |- | ||
! rowspan=18 | Prediluvian | |||
| ''-k-'' || that || with || can | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-g-'' || that || with/of || can | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-t-'' || such || at || want | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-d-'' || such || by || dare | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-p-'' || that || with || can | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''-b-'' || that || with || shall | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-n-'' || some/no || when/at || must | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-m-'' || some/no || when/during || may | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-r-'' || same || with || indeed | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-l-'' || other || without || not | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-s-'' || every || when/at || shall | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-z-'' || each || when/at || shall | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''- | | ''-h-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-q-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-j-'' || such || like || expect | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-w-'' || such || about || seem/must | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-c-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ''-’-'' || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> || <small>UNTRANSLATABLE</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Triptote Formula=== | ||
The Triptote Formula inflects through case, number, definition and/or gender: | |||
*six cases: [[w:Nominative case|nominative]], [[w:Accusative case|accusative]], [[w:Dative case|dative]], [[w:Oblique case|oblique]], [[w:Ergative case|ergative]], and [[w:Genitive case|genitive]]. | |||
*three numbers: [[w:Singular number|singular]], [[w:Dual number|dual]], and [[w:Plural number|plural]]. | |||
*three referentialities: [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], and [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]]. | |||
*three genders: [[w:Feminine gender|feminine]], [[w:Masculine gender|masculine]], and [[w:Neuter gender|neuter]]. | |||
Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide: | |||
: ''-i̯'' (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_i'' (dative) [Adamic] | |||
: ∅ (nominative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_u'' (nominative) [Adamic] | |||
: ''-ʔ'' (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_a'' (accusative) [Adamic] | |||
To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_V<sub>cas</sub>'') combine with correlation (''C<sub>cor</sub>'') and definition particles (''V<sub>def</sub>'') in the formula ''_V<sub>def</sub>C<sub>cor</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''C<sub>pro</sub>'') as in ''_C<sub>pro</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>''. Furthermore, as articles are always treated as clitics whereas pronouns may act as stems, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article, and otherwise by the particle ''a'' when a pronoun). Vide: | |||
: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''saíkat iru'' "the philosopher" (nominative) | |||
: '' | : ''_nu'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''anu'' "I" (nominative) | ||
When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space: | |||
: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru saíkat'' "it's the philosopher" (oblique) | |||
: ''nu_'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''nua'' "it's me" (oblique) | |||
Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-uī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'') to represent ''-ua''. | |||
Gender functions mostly behave as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively. | |||
====Pronouns==== | |||
'' | Pronouns can be inflected by primary and secondary cases (e.g ''ana'' "me", ''anuk'' "with me"), beyond the following affixes: | ||
* '''(C)''': feminine construction with ''ca'' and/or ''’a'' that may aid the feminine marker ''i''. Vide: ''anuci'' "I (f.)", ''anu’a'' "I (f.)", ''anu’ai'' "I (f.)", ''anuca’'' "I (f.)", et cetera. | |||
* '''(N)''': plural construction with the Diluvian particle ''nā'' (e.g. ''anu'' "I" and ''anunā'' "we"), which may suffer a variety of deformations, such as being reduced to ''n'' (e.g. ''anūn'' "we") or fused with ''ca'' (e.g. ''anucān'' "we"). The feminine (C) may be included. | |||
Pronouns may also differ among themselves, as the distribution of their roots is formely distinguished as Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, that would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic: | |||
*Eurasian: | |||
[[ | : ''naocar'' "the near person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-n-'' (1<sup>st</sup> person) [Adamic] | ||
: ''taocar'' "the person of reference" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-t-'' (2<sup>nd</sup> person) [Adamic] | |||
Adamic | : ''yaocar'' "that person (3<sup>rd</sup>-person)" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-s-'' (3<sup>rd</sup> person) [Adamic] | ||
*Laurentian: | |||
: ''kaocar'' "this person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-k-'' (1<sup>st</sup> person) [Adamic] | |||
: ''paocar'' "the present person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-p-'' (2<sup>nd</sup> person) [Adamic] | |||
: ''aocar'' "person" [Diluvian] ⇒ ''-∅-'' (3<sup>rd</sup> person) [Adamic] | |||
=====Plain Pronouns===== | |||
The plain form of pronouns is equivalent to the absolute state of nouns, inflected by case. This class may also behave as articles for a noun when independent (e.g. ''’ûl-asu'' "that man"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows: | |||
{ | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
| | ! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Singular | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Dual | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Plural | ||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | ||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| | | atu || anu || asu || atau || anau || asau || atu(N) || anu(N) || asu(N) | ||
|- | |||
| | ! Accusative | ||
| | | ata || ana || asa || atau || anau || asau || ata(N) || ana(N) || asa(N) | ||
| | |- | ||
|" | ! Dative | ||
| ati || ani || asi || atau || anau || asau || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| tua || nua || sua || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tua(N) || nua(N) || sua(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| tā || nā || sā || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tā(N) || nā(N) || sā(N) | |||
|- | |||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| | | tia || nia || sia || tau(a) || nau(a) || sau(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N) | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
| | ! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | ||
| | |- | ||
! Nominative | |||
| atui(C) || anui(C) || asui(C) || atai || anai || asai || atui(N) || anui(N) || asuī(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| atai(C) || anai(C) || asai(C) || atai || anai || asai || atai(N) || anai(N) || asaī(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| ati(C) || ani(C) || asi(C) || atai || anai || asai || ati(N) || ani(N) || asi(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| tuia(C) || nuia(C) || suia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tuia(N) || nuia(N) || suia(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| taia(C) || naia(C) || saia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || taia(N) || naia(N) || saia(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| tia(C) || nia(C) || sia(C) || tai(a) || nai(a) || sai(a) || tia(N) || nia(N) || sia(N) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | |||
| | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Singular | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Dual | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Plural | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | ||
| | ! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | ||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ||
|- | |||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| | | apu || aku || au || apau || akau || āu || apu(N) || aku(N) || au(N) | ||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| apa || aka || ā || apau || akau || āu || apa(N) || aka(N) || ā(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| | | api || aki || ai || apau || akau || āu || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N) | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Oblique | ||
| pua || kua || ua || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pua(N) || kua(N) || ua(N) | |||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Ergative | ||
| pā || kā || ā || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pā(N) || kā(N) || ā(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| pia || kia || ia || pau(a) || kau(a) || au(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N) | |||
|- | |||
| | ! rowspan="1" | | ||
| | ! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Nominative | ||
| | | apui(C) || akui(C) || aui(C) || apai || akai || āi || apui(N) || akui(N) || aui(N) | ||
| | |- | ||
! Accusative | |||
| apai(C) || akai(C) || āi(C) || apai || akai || āi || apai(N) || akai(N) || aī(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| api(C) || aki(C) || ai(C) || apai || akai || āi || api(N) || aki(N) || ai(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| puia(C) || kuia(C) || uia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || puia(N) || kuia(N) || uia(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| paia(C) || kaia(C) || aia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || āi(a) || paia(N) || kaia(N) || aia(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| pia(C) || kia(C) || ia(C) || pai(a) || kai(a) || ai(a) || pia(N) || kia(N) || ia(N) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Enclitic Pronouns===== | |||
The enclitic form of pronouns is equivalent to the construct state of nouns, not inflected by case. This class may also behave as relative connectors when clitic (e.g. ''saíkat iru, nu abūlá'' "the philosopher who (among us) reads"), and their Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms, for once, are as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | |||
=== | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Dual | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
|- | |||
! <small>VOWEL</small> | |||
| tu || nu || su || tau || nau || sau || tu(N) || nu(N) || su(N) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>CONSONANT</small> | |||
| ut || un || us || aut || aun || aus || ut(N) || un(N) || us(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>VOWEL</small> | |||
| ta || na || sa || tā || nā || sā || ta(N) || na(N) || sa(N) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>CONSONANT</small> | |||
| at || an || as || āt || ān || ās || at(N) || an(N) || as(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>VOWEL</small> | |||
| ti || ni || si || tai || nai || sai || ti(N) || ni(N) || si(N) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>CONSONANT</small> | |||
| it || in || is || ait || ain || ais || it(N) || in(N) || is(N) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="9" | MASCULINE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | |||
| | |- | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Singular | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Dual | ||
| | ! colspan="3" | Plural | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
|- | |||
! <small>VOWEL</small> | |||
| pu || ku || ’u || pau || kau || ’au || pu(N) || ku(N) || ’u(N) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>CONSONANT</small> | |||
| up || uk || u || aup || auk || au || up(N) || uk(N) || u(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>VOWEL</small> | |||
| pa || ka || ’a || pā || kā || ’ā || pa(N) || ka(N) || ’a(N) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>CONSONANT</small> | |||
| ap || ak || a || āp || āk || ā || ap(N) || ak(N) || a(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>VOWEL</small> | |||
| pi || ki || ’i || pai || kai || ’ai || pi(N) || ki(N) || ’i(N) | |||
|- | |||
! <small>CONSONANT</small> | |||
| ip || ik || i || aip || aik || ai || ip(N) || ik(N) || i(N) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Heretoclitic Pronouns===== | |||
Interrogative and relative pronouns are encompassed by this class, derived by the attachment of the particle ''-ma-'', denoting possibility. Notably, the interrogative group is not limited to the third person (e.g. ''numa'' "who (among us)?", ''tuma'' "who (among you)?", and ''suma'' "who (among them)?"). | |||
{ | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
| | ! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Dual | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
| | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Nominative | ||
| | | matu || manu || masu || matau || manau || masau || matu(N) || manu(N) || masu(N) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Accusative | ||
| | | mata || mana || masa || matau || manau || masau || mata(N) || mana(N) || masa(N) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Dative | ||
| | | mati || mani || masi || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Oblique | ||
| | | tuma || numa || suma || tauma || nauma || sauma || tuma(N) || numa(N) || suma(N) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Ergative | ||
| | | tama || nama || sama || tauma || nauma || sauma || tama(N) || nama(N) || sama(N) | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Genitive | ||
| tia || nia || sia || tauma || nauma || sauma || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| matui(C) || manui(C) || masui(C) || matai || manai || masai || matui(N) || manui(N) || asui(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| matai(C) || manai(C) || masai(C) || matau || manau || masau || matai(N) || manai(N) || masai(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| mati(C) || mani(C) || masi(C) || matau || manau || masau || mati(N) || mani(N) || masi(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| tuima(C) || nuima(C) || suima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tuima(N) || nuima(N) || suima(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| taima(C) || naima(C) || saima(C) || taima || naima || saima || taima(N) || naima(N) || saima(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| tima(C) || nima(C) || sima(C) || taima || naima || saima || tima(N) || nima(N) || sima(N) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Dual | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| mapu || maku || mau || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapu(N) || maku(N) || ma’u(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| mapa || maka || mā || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapa(N) || maka(N) || mā(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| mapi || maki || mai || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| puma || kuma || uma || pauma || kauma || auma || puma(N) || kuma(N) || uma(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| pama || kama || ama || pauma || kauma || auma || pama(N) || kama(N) || ama(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| pia || kia || ia || pauma || kauma || auma || poma(N) || kima(N) || ima(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| mapui(C) || makui(C) || ma’ui(C) || mapai || makai || ma’ai || mapui(N) || makui(N) || aui(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| mapai(C) || makai(C) || ma’ai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapai(N) || makai(N) || ma’ai(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| mapi(C) || maki(C) || mai(C) || mapau || makau || ma’au || mapi(N) || maki(N) || mai(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| puima(C) || kuima(C) || uima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || puima(N) || kuima(N) || ’uima(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| paima(C) || kaima(C) || aima(C) || paima || kaima || ’aima || paima(N) || kaima(N) || ’aima(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| pima(C) || kima(C) || ima(C) || paima || kaima || aima || pima(N) || kima(N) || ima(N) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Although highly inflective, a pronoun such as ''masu'' "who, that" bears no animate-inanimate distinction. For this purpose, there is ''’ūmma'' "who?", ''’āmma'' "what", and their varied forms: | |||
: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="6" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Singular | |||
! colspan="2" | Dual | |||
! colspan="2" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Animate | |||
! Inanimate | |||
! Animate | |||
! Inanimate | |||
! Animate | |||
! Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Obl./Erg./Gen. | |||
| ’ūmma || ’āmma || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Nom./Erg./Dat. | |||
| ma’ūl || ma’āl || ma’ūlau || ma’ālau || ma’ūl(N)|| ma’āl(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="6" | FEMININE DECLENSION | |||
|- | |||
! Obl./Erg./Gen. | |||
| ’ūmmai(C) || ’āmmai(C) || ’ūmmau || ’āmmau || ’ūmma(N) || ’āmma(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Nom./Erg./Dat. | |||
| ma’ūli(C) || ma’āli(C) || ma’ūlai || ma’ālai || ma’ūli(N) || ma’āli(N) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
It is common for heteroclitic nouns to be reduced (e.g. ''ma’ūli(C)'' reduced to ''’ūli'' "who? (f.)"); specially when reduplication is applied. Vide: ''ma’āl'' "what" and ''mama’āl'' "which" (also reduced to ''mam''). | |||
''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | DECLENSION | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" | Generic | |||
! colspan="1" | Specific | |||
|- | |||
! Heteroclitic | |||
| ma || mam | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
It is also important to notice that heteroclitic pronouns can be used freely, in contrast to the relative use of enclitic pronouns (e.g. ''sama babál'' "what respectively is being read", ''bîblira sa babál'' "the book, which is being read"). | |||
=====Possessive Pronouns===== | |||
Enclitic pronouns when flexed over articles acquire a possessive meaning (e.g. ''si'' "she" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asiru'' "hers"). It goes without saying that this process completely overcomes any inflection of definition (e.g. ''su'' "he" + ''iru'' "the" = ''asuru'' "his"), yet it is important to notice both the possessor and the possession inflect this class of pronouns (e.g. ''tat siru'' "her dad", ''mūm siruci'' "her mom"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
=== | ! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Dual | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> Person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> Person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person | |||
( | ! 1<sup>st</sup> Person | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| aturu || anuru || asuru || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturu(N) || anuru(N) || asuru(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| atura || anura || asura || aturau || anurau || asurau || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| aturi || anuri || asuri || aturau || anurau || asurau || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| turua || nurua || surua || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| turā || nurā || surā || turaua || nuraua || suraua || tura(N)a || nurs(N)a || surs(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| turia || nuria || suria || turaua || nuraua || suraua || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suri(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| aturu(C) || anuru(C) || asuru(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| atura(C) || anura(C) || asura(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || atura(N) || anura(N) || asura(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| aturi(C) || anuri(C) || asuri(C) || aturai || anurai || asurai || aturi(N) || anuri(N) || asuri(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| turu(C)a || nuru(C)a || suru(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turu(N)a || nuru(N)a || suru(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| tura(C)a || nura(C)a || sura(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || tura(N)a || nura(N)a || sura(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| turi(C)a || nuri(C)a || suri(C)a || turaia || nuraia || suraia || turi(N)a || nuri(N)a || suria(N)a | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Dual | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> Person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> Person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> Person | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> Person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> Person | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| apuru || akuru || auru || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| apura || akura || aura || apurau || akurau || aurau || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| apuri || akuri || auri || apurau || akurau || aurau || apuri(N) || akuri(N) || auri(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| purua || kurua || urua || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| purā || kurā || urā || puraua || kuraua || uraua || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| puria || kuria || uria || puraua || kuraua || uraua || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN) | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| apuru(C) || akuru(C) || auru(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuru(N) || akuru(N) || auru(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| apura(C) || akura(C) || aura(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apura(N) || akura(N) || aura(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| apuri(C) || akuri(C) || auri(C) || apurai || akurai || aurai || apuri(N) || akiri(N) || airi(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| puru(C)a || kuru(C)a || uru(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puru(N)a || kuru(N)a || uru(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| pura(C)a || kura(C)a || ura(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || pura(N)a || kura(N)a || ura(N)a | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| puri(C)a || kuri(C)a || uri(C)a || puraia || kuraia || uraia || puri(N)a || kuri(N)a || uri(N)a | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Articles==== | |||
Articles in Adamic are either [[w:Article (grammar)#Definite article|definite]], [[w:Article (grammar)#Indefinite article|indefinite]], or [[w:Article (grammar)#Partitive article|nomic]]. The first case denotes either a specific being one is able or unable to identify (translated in English as "the" or "a certain"); the second, an unespecific being that may be random or somewhat specific (translated as "any" or "some"); and the third applies to generic identities, such as the subject in ''’ûlaru amfár'' "people die". | |||
=====Nominal Articles===== | |||
Plain articles accompany nouns and pseudo-nouns in the absolute state. Instead of relying on an epenthetic vowel to determine their syntactic functions such as pronouns, they are known to be arranged either before or after a nominal phrase (e.g. ''iru mur liviatan'' "it's the dead whale"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Dual | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
! Indefinite | |||
! Nomic | |||
! Definite | |||
! Indefinite | |||
! Nomic | |||
! Definite | |||
! Indefinite | |||
! Nomic | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| _iru || _uru || _aru || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īru(N) || _ūru(N) || _āru(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| _ira || _ura || _ara || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īra(N) || _ūra(N) || _āra(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| _iri || _uri || _ari || _irau || _urau || _arau || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| iru_ || uru_ || aru_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īru(N)_ || ūru(N)_ || āru(N)_ | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| ira_ || ura_ || ara_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īra(N)_ || ūra(N)_ || āra(N)_ | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| iri_ || uri_ || ari_ || irau_ || urau_ || arau_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| _irui(C) || _urui(C) || _arui(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrui(N) || _ūrui(N) || _ārui(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| _irai(C) || _urai(C) || _arai(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īrai(N) || _ūrai(N) || _ārai(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| _iri(C) || _uri(C) || _ari(C) || _irai || _urai || _arai || _īri(N) || _ūri(N) || _āri(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Oblique | |||
| irui(C)_ || urui(C)_ || arui(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrui(N)_ || ūrui(N)_ || ārui(N)_ | |||
|- | |||
! Ergative | |||
| irai(C)_ || urai(C)_ || arai(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īrai(N)_ || ūrai(N)_ || ārai(N)_ | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| iri(C)_ || uri(C)_ || ari(C)_ || irai_ || urai_ || arai_ || īri(N)_ || ūri(N)_ || āri(N)_ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=====Enclitic Articles===== | |||
'' | Enclitic articles accompany nouns in the absolute state or when the equivalent plain article would appear again (e.g. ''bîbli iri saíkat'' "the philosopher's book", ''bîbli liviatan iruci'' "the book and the whale"). They may be either infixes or sufixes, depending on whether the noun is triradical or not, in which case an open space between consonants either draws the vowel or its inexistence pulls it away. Exceptions such as ''bîblV'' rather than ''bîbVl'' occur though due the presence of liquid consonants. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="3" | Dual | |||
! colspan="3" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
! Indefinite | |||
! Nomic | |||
! Definite | |||
! Indefinite | |||
! Nomic | |||
! Definite | |||
! Indefinite | |||
! Nomic | |||
|- | |||
! Infix | |||
| -i- || -u- || -a- || -ai- || -au- || -ā- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N)- | |||
|- | |||
! Suffix | |||
| -i || -u || -a || -ai || -au || -ā || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="1" | | |||
! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION | |||
|- | |||
! Infix | |||
| -i(C)- || -u(C)- || -a(C)- || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C)- || -ī(N)- || -ū(N)- || -ā(N) | |||
|- | |||
! Suffix | |||
| -i(C) || -u(C) || -a(C) || -ai(C) || -au(C) || -ā(C) || -ī(N) || -ū(N) || -ā(N) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
The sentence structure of Adamic is highly strict and diffusive. The position of nouns is primarily determined by the configuration promoted by the triptote formula and the use of the [[w:Construct state|construct state]]; verbs conform to the latter by not interrupting the chain of Subject-Object (except when regarding pronouns); whereas some adjuncts must precede their arguments (e.g. adjectives as in ''mur liviatan iru'' "the dead whale"), and others follow them (e.g. adverbs as in ''āgūlá ūfā'' "he ate deadly"). Overall, the first half of a sentence is the [[w:Topic and comment|topic]], and the second, the [[w:Focus (linguistics)|focus]]. | |||
===Construct State=== | |||
The so called construct state plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles (wherein the construct is often identified as the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]). For example, the nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive, for once, are known to trigger it when two inflections of the triptote formula conflate, as in: | |||
: ''bîbliri'' "to/towards the book" + ''iri saíkat'' "from/of the philosopher" | |||
The logical exclusion of one ''iri'' for means of redudancy does not indicate the syntactic relationship alone, but is accompanied by the construct with two possibilities: | |||
: '''''bîbli''' iri saíkat'' "the book of the philosopher" | |||
: ''bîbliri '''siktí''''' "the philosopher to the book" | |||
=== | ====Nouns==== | ||
When constructs, nouns lose their triptote inflection, while still behaving as independent subjects. | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= סכת ר אול | |||
|סכת ר אול | |||
|skt r ’vl | |||
|saíkat iru ’ûvil | |||
|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The person being the philosopher" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= סכת ר אול | |||
|סכת ר אול | |||
|skt r ’vl | |||
|iskít iru ’ûl | |||
|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human | |||
|"The philosopher is the person" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | |||
|top= סכת ר אול | |||
|סכת ר אול | |||
|skt r ’vl | |||
|saíkat ira ’ûvil | |||
|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The person influences/becomes the philosopher" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | |||
|top= סכת ר אול | |||
|סכת ר אול | |||
|skt r ’vl | |||
|iskít ira ’ûl | |||
|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human | |||
|"The philosopher is influenced/become by the person" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5) | |||
|top= סכת ר אול | |||
|סכת ר אול | |||
|skt r ’vl | |||
|saíkat iri ’ûvil | |||
|philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The person to the philosopher" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
=== | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6) | ||
|top= סכת ר אול | |||
|סכת ר אול | |||
|skt r ’vl | |||
|iskít iri ’ûl | |||
|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human | |||
|"The person's philosopher" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
==== | =====Collective Formation===== | ||
The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= בבל סכת ר | |||
|בבל סכת ר | |||
|bbl skt r | |||
|bîbli saíkat iru | |||
|book>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} | |||
|"the book and the philosopher" | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= סכת רך בבל כאנ | |||
|סכת רך בבל כאנ | |||
|skt rk bbl k’n | |||
|iskít iruk bîbl kî’in | |||
|philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}} book>inanimate>human ancientness>inanimate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"the philosopher is with the book and the clock" | |||
}} | |||
=====Attributive Formation===== | |||
The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against nouns may lead from (1) to (4). | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= אול ר מףר סכת | |||
|אול ר מףר סכת | |||
|’vl r mfr skt | |||
|’ûvil iru mur saíkat | |||
|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small> | |||
|"the person is the dead philosopher" | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= אול ר מףר | |||
|אול ר מףר | |||
|’vl r mfr | |||
|’ûvil iru murá | |||
|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}} | |||
|"the person is the dead one" | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | |||
|top= אול ר מףר | |||
|אול ר מףר | |||
|’vl r mfr | |||
|’ûl iru mur | |||
|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} | |||
|"the person is dead" | |||
}} | |||
.. | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | |||
|top= אול מףרס | |||
|אול מףרס | |||
|’vl mfrs | |||
|’ûvil mur-us | |||
|person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"the person is dead" | |||
}} | |||
====Pronouns==== | |||
When constructs, pronouns lose their triptote inflection, becoming enclitics attached to the unit they are subjects of. | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= נ סכת | |||
|נ סכת | |||
|n skt | |||
|anu iskít | |||
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The philosopher being I" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= ר סכתנ | |||
|ר סכתנ | |||
|r sktn | |||
|iru saíkat-an | |||
|the.{{gcl|OBL}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"I am the philosopher" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | |||
|top= נ סכת | |||
|נ סכת | |||
|n skt | |||
|ana iskít | |||
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The philosopher influences/becomes me" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | |||
|top= ר סכתנ | |||
|ר סכתנ | |||
|r sktn | |||
|ira saíkat-an | |||
|the.{{gcl|ERG}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"I am influenced/become by the philosopher" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5) | |||
|top= נ סכת | |||
|נ סכת | |||
|n skt | |||
|ani iskít | |||
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The philosopher to me" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6) | |||
|top= ר סכתנ | |||
|ר סכתנ | |||
|r sktn | |||
|iri saíkat-an | |||
|the.{{gcl|GEN}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The philosopher's I" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
=====Collective Formation===== | |||
The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= תנ | |||
|תנ | |||
|tn | |||
|atu-na | |||
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"I and you" | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= נכס ת | |||
|נכס ת | |||
|nks t | |||
|nuak-us ta | |||
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"he is with me and you" | |||
}} | |||
=====Attributive Formation===== | |||
The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pronouns may lead from (1) to (4). | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= ר מףר סכתס | |||
|ר מףר סכתס | |||
|r mfr skts | |||
|iru mur saíkat-us | |||
|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"he is the dead philosopher" | |||
}} | |||
3 | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | ||
|top= ר מףרס | |||
|ר מףרס | |||
|r mfrs | |||
|iru murá-su | |||
|{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"he is the dead one" | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | |||
|top= ס מפר | |||
|ס מףר | |||
|s mfr | |||
|asu mur | |||
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|NOM}} death.{{gcl|ADJ}} | |||
|"he is dead" | |||
}} | |||
== | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | ||
|top= מפרס | |||
|מףרס | |||
|mfrs | |||
|mur-us | |||
|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"he is dead" | |||
}} | |||
====Pseudo-nouns==== | |||
When constructs, non-finite verbs lose their triptote inflection, attracting verbal enclitics to themselves while behaving as nouns. | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= תסכת אול | |||
|תסכת אול | |||
|tskt ’vl | |||
|t-úsit-u ’ûvil | |||
|{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|NOM}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"The person wanting to think" (<small>ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{ | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | ||
| | |top= תסכת ר אול | ||
| | |תסכת ר אול | ||
| | |tskt r ’vl | ||
| | |t-úsit iru ’ûl | ||
| | |{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} person>animate>human | ||
| | |"Wanting to think is the person" (<small>COPULATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | ||
| | |top= תסכת אול | ||
| | |תסכת אול | ||
| | |tskt ’vl | ||
| | |t-úsit-a ’ûvil | ||
| | |{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|ACC}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|NDEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | ||
| | |"The person wants to think" (<small>CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | ||
| | |top= תסכת ר אול | ||
| | |תסכת ר אול | ||
| | |tskt r ’vl | ||
| | |t-úsit ira ’ûl | ||
| | |{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}} person>animate>human | ||
|one= | |"To think is wanted by the person" (<small>PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5) | ||
| | |top= תסכת אול | ||
| | |תסכת אול | ||
| | |tskt ’vl | ||
| | |t-úsit-i ’ûvil | ||
| | |{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}-{{gcl|DAT}} person>animate>human.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | ||
| | |"The person to wanting to think" (<small>DIRECTIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | ||
|small= | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6) | ||
| | |top= תסכת ר אול | ||
|תסכת ר אול | |||
|sktt r ’vl | |||
|t-úsit iri ’ûl | |||
| | |{{gcl|DES}}-philosophy.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|INF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}} person>animate>human | ||
| | |"The person's wanting to think" (<small>POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | =====Collective Formation===== | ||
| | |||
| | The collective use of the article in a sentence triggers the construct state in its most distant members when there are two or more subjects/objects: | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | ||
| | |top=כאן מףרצ | ||
| | |כאן מףרצ | ||
| | |k’n mfrc | ||
| | |kāní murí-cu | ||
| | |aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}-{{gcl|NOM}} | ||
| | |"aging and dying" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | ||
| | |top= הול ךכאן מףר | ||
| | |הול ךכאן מףר | ||
| | |hvl kk’n mfr | ||
| | |hūlú-m uk-kāní murí | ||
| | |fire.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}}-{{gcl|DEB}} {{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|COM}}-aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}} death.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | ||
| | |"having to burn right after aging and dying" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | =====Attributive Formation===== | ||
| | |||
| | The effects of the cadence of syntactic arguments against pseudo-nouns may lead from (1) to (4). | ||
| | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
| | |top= כאן ר הול מףר | ||
| | |כאן ר הול מףר | ||
| | |k’n r hvl mfr | ||
| | |kāní iru hūl maúr | ||
| | |aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}} death>generic | ||
| | |"aging is the fiery death" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | ||
| | |top= כאן ר הול | ||
| | |כאן ר הול | ||
| | |k’n r hvl | ||
| | |kāní iru hūlá | ||
| | |aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}.{{gcl|NMZ}} | ||
| | |"aging is the fiery one" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | ||
| | |top= כאןץ הול | ||
| | | כאןץ הול | ||
| | |k’nc hvl | ||
| | |kāní-cu hūl | ||
| | |aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}-{{gcl|NOM}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}} | ||
|eat= | |"aging is fiery" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | ||
| | |top= כאן הולס | ||
| | | כאן הולס | ||
| | |k’n hvls | ||
| | |kāní hūl-as | ||
| | |aging.{{gcl|GER}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|CONS}} fire.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | ||
| | |"aging is fiery" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | ===Word Order=== | ||
| | |||
| | ====Constituent Order==== | ||
| | |||
| | The default constituent order in Adamic is [[w:Object-subject-verb word order|OSV]], except when the subject is a pronoun, wherein it takes the [[w:Object-verb-subject word order|OVS]] form. Alternatively, the [[w:Verb-object-subject word order|VOS]] and therefore the [[w:Verb-subject-objectword order|VSO]] order appear as liberties. | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | ||
| | |top= בבל ר סכת בבל | ||
| | |בבל ר סכת בבל | ||
| | |bbl r skt bbl | ||
| | |bîbl ira siktí ābūlá | ||
| | |book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}} | ||
| | |"The philosopher read the book" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | ||
| | |top= בבל ר בבלת | ||
| | |בבל ר בבלת | ||
| | |bbl r bblt | ||
| | |bîbl ira ābūlí-ta | ||
| | |book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}} | ||
| | |"You read the book" | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | =====Nouns===== | ||
| | |||
| | The position of nouns is more often than not determined by the position of their articles. When the latter form a syntactical relationship with the sentence (i.e. a construction), there will be certain spots where the noun can be located in order to accomplish grammatical sense. | ||
| | |||
| | =====Verbs===== | ||
| | |||
| | The position of verbs is less strict than nouns. They are preferably right-bound, and often appear at the end of a sentence, except when participles, wherein they tend to be left-bound and close to the noun they modify (e.g. ''kûnira ka’áp'' "the dog is taken" (non-participle) and ''ká’ap kûniru'' "the taken dog" (participle)). However, the syntax of verbs still possesses a great effect upon nouns, pronouns, and pseudo-nouns. Excluding the extensive and often specific circumstances of objects (e.g. the difference between accusative ''asak āqfúlun'' "I spoke with him" and nominative ''asuk āqfúlun'' "I spoke next to him"), when subjects are treated, there is a limited array of responses on how the relationship among case and verbal inflection behave. The medio-passive voice for instance triggers the subject as nominative; the experimental, as oblique; the active, as ergative; the passive, as accusative; the causative, as dative (causer) and caseless (causee); and the obligative, as genitive (causee) and caseless (causer). | ||
| | |||
| | : ''asu gaflá'' "he eats" [medio-passive] | ||
| | |||
| | : ''sua aguál'' "he finds himself eating" [experimental] | ||
| | |||
| | : ''sā agulá'' "he eats it" [active] | ||
| | |||
| | : ''asa gafál'' "he is eaten" [passive] | ||
| | |||
| | : ''asi gualá-su'' "he makes him eat it" [causative] | ||
| | |||
| | : ''sia agáfl-us'' "he is made by him to eat it" [obligative] | ||
| | |||
| | ====Modifier Order==== | ||
| | |||
| | Modifers may be left out, but otherwise they are strategically positioned to align with their morphological function. Incorporated adjuncts for instance are well defined by Adamic morphology, either modifying the noun/verb or the nominal/verbal phrase; it is rather the insurgence of segmental modifiers (i.e. segments as much as non-obligatory) that involve a more complex structure, when segmental adjuncts substitute the arguments they modify, forcing the latter into the construct state, as the second example (1) below shows. | ||
| | |||
| | =====Incorporated Adjuncts===== | ||
| | |||
| | As adjuncts incorporated into the constituent aligment, those that modify the noun/verb are left-bound, and those that modify the nominal/verbal phrase are right-bound: | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | ||
| | |top= מפר סךת ר | ||
| | |מפר סךת ר | ||
| | |mfr skt r | ||
| | |mur saíkat iru | ||
| | |death.{{gcl|ADJ}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} | ||
| | |"the dead philosopher" (<small>ADJECTIVE</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | ||
| | |top= סכת מפר | ||
| | |סכת מפר | ||
| | |skt mfr | ||
| | |askút ūfā | ||
| | |philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ADV}} | ||
| | |"I think deadly" (<small>ADVERB</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | ||
| | |top= מפרסךת ר | ||
| | |מפרסךת ר | ||
| | |mfrskt r | ||
| | |ūfr-saíkat iru | ||
| | |death.{{gcl|INC}}-philosophy><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} | ||
| | |"the necro-philosopher" (<small>INCORPORATION</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | ||
| | |top= סכת מפר ר | ||
| | |סכת מפר ר | ||
| | |skt mfr r | ||
| | |saíkat fā iru | ||
| | |philosophy><small>CLASS</small> death.{{gcl|EXPR}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}} | ||
| | |"The philosopher as morbid as a corpse " (<small>EXPRESSION</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5) | ||
| | |top= מפרסכת | ||
| | |מפרסכת | ||
| | |mfrskt | ||
| | |muā-askút | ||
| | |death.{{gcl|PREF}}-philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} | ||
| | |"I necro-think" (<small>PREFIX</small>) | ||
| | }} | ||
| | |||
| | {{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6) | ||
| | |top= סכת מפר | ||
| | |סכת מפר | ||
| | |skt mfr | ||
| | |askút ūr | ||
| | |philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|POST}} | ||
|"At least as long as I think " (<small>POSTPOSITION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
=====Segmental Adjuncts===== | |||
Contrary to adjuncts per se, segments that function as adjuncts (i.e. disposable) may be located either left or right in relation to the arguments they modify, but their function differs in each case. For example, it is important to notice the difference between the next two samples, which although both can be translated as "the philosopher reads the book in the library", only (1) implies the action of reading occurs there, whereas (2) implies the book was in the library aforementioned: | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= בבל דתס רת סכת בבל | |||
|בבל דתס רת סכת בבל | |||
|bbl dts rt skt bbl | |||
|bîbli datasiú irat siktí abūlá | |||
|book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} writing><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DES}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the philosopher reads the book in the library" | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל | |||
|דתס רת בבל ר סכת בבל | |||
|dts rt bbl r skt bbl | |||
|datasiú irut bîbl ira siktí abūlá | |||
|writing><small>CLASS</small> {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DES}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}} philosophy><small>CLASS</small>.{{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|CONS}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the philosopher reads the book in the library" | |||
}} | |||
===Subordinate Clauses=== | |||
In Adamic, [[w:Subordination (linguistics)|subordination]] is mostly marked by postpositions, clitic pronouns, or even the bare triptote formula. Also characteristic of this morphosyntactic level is the [[w:Ellipsis (linguistics)|elliptical]] construct, which manifests when a noun, pronoun, or pseudo-noun functions as subject/object more than once in the sentence; be it optimal for reflexion, anaphora, or against ambiguity: | |||
: ''sā amālá'' "he loves it" ⇒ ''sā'''s''' amālá'' "he loves himself" | |||
: ''asa amālá-su'' "he loves him" ⇒ ''amālá masa amālá-su'''s''''' "he loves whom loves him" | |||
: ''asi'''s''' m’alá-sȳ'' "he makes her love him" / ''asi m’alá-sȳ'''s''''' "he makes her love herself" | |||
====Absolute Clauses==== | |||
Absolute clauses modify their subjects/objects through means beneath the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that do not specify a noun). | |||
=====Argument Clauses===== | |||
Some subordinated clauses may prioritize the use of the triptote formula, addressing it as marker of the same level of the sentence rather than a particle attached to certain elements (e.g.''sā'''ru''' maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother" and '''''cu''' āūla sāri maíval askút'' "I think it is their mother's personhood"). As consequence, the clause is effectively treated as a pseudo-noun bearing the same syntactic functions as the latter. | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= ץ מל סן קהף סכת | |||
|ץ מל סן קהף סכת | |||
|c ml sn qhf skt | |||
|cu maliú asūnā aqqâf askút | |||
|{{gcl|OBL}} where.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PLU}} live.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"I think it is where they live" (<small>OBLIQUE CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= מפרת ץ סכת | |||
|מפרת ץ סכת | |||
|mfrt c skt | |||
|mur-at cu askút | |||
|death.{{gcl|ADJ}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|NOM}} philosophy.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"I think you are dead" (<small>NOMINATIVE CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | |||
|top= ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל | |||
|ץ בבל ר בבל ן גגפל | |||
|c bbl r bbl n ggfl | |||
|ca bîbl ara ábūlu ana gigualá | |||
|{{gcl|ERG}} book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|CAU}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}><small>DEGREE</small> | |||
|"It made me eat less reading books" (<small>ERGATIVE CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | |||
|top= גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ | |||
|גפל נר גפל סן ץ קסלננ | |||
|gfl nr gfl sn c qslnn | |||
|gáfl nāra águlā sān ca āqilû-nūn | |||
|food>generic our.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} food.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|ACC}} see.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"We saw them eating our food" (<small>ACCUSATIVE CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5) | |||
|top= ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס | |||
|ץ ס פכסן כּאפּס | |||
|c s p’ksn k’ps | |||
|ci asa ipākâ-sān k’ap’á-su | |||
|{{gcl|GEN}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} take.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} destroy.{{gcl|PAS}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"He will be killed if they catch him" (<small>GENITIVE CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6) | |||
|top= ס מאלסן ץ מאלס | |||
|ס מאלסן ץ מאלס | |||
|s m’lsn c m’ls | |||
|asa umālâ-sān ci amālá-su | |||
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|JUS}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} {{gcl|DAT}} love.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"He loves them for them to love him" (<small>DATIVE CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
=====Adjunct Clauses===== | |||
Clauses may end with postpositions or coordinators such as the individual ''ī'' "and/then", the comparative ''ū'' "or/but", and the medial ''ā'' "while/rather" (the latter may even dispose of particles to modify their sense; vide ''aiku lū auku'' "neither this nor that"). | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת | |||
|ת קסלסן אדם קסלנת | |||
|t qslsn ’dm qslnt | |||
|ata iqilâ-sān ām āqilá-nut | |||
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEU}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|SJV}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|CONS}} ancestry.{{gcl|POST}} vision.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|CONS}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"I saw you before they could have seen" (<small>POSTPOSITIONAL CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= בבל ר כבבלת ל סן הול | |||
|בבל ר כבבלת ל סן הול | |||
|bbl r kbblt l sn hvl | |||
|bîbl ara k-ábūla-t l-ā asānā áhūli | |||
|book>inanimate>human {{gcl|NOMIC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|ACC}} can-book.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|CONS}} not-while {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|ACC}} fire.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|IMPF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"You can't read books while burning them" (<small>COORDENATIVE CLAUSE</small>) | |||
}} | |||
====Relative Clauses==== | |||
[[w:Relative clause|Relative clauses]] modify their subjects/objects through means above the clausal level (i.e. they consist of sentences that specify a noun). Clitics and heretoclitic pronouns are responsible for this feature, be they proper to denote gender such ''sa'' or case such as ''masu''; with the latter being a mere variant of the former when no noun is applied (e.g. ''murus su, saíkat iru'' "the philosopher who is dead" and ''muras masu'' "who is dead"). | |||
=====Non-Restrictive Clauses===== | |||
[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Non-restrictive]] relations force right-bound order, where the verb follows the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated after the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''bîbliru, sa nā babál'' "the book, which is being read by me"). | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= ּאול ר ס כען ר מער | |||
|אול ר ס כען ר מער | |||
|’vl r s kfn r mfr | |||
|’ûl iru su kûn iru āmfár | |||
|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man, whose dog died" (<small>NOMINATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער | |||
|אול ר ס ר כען מער | |||
|’vl r s r kfn mf | |||
|’ûl iru su iru kûn āmfár | |||
|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man, who is the dog, died" (<small>OBLIQUE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | |||
|top= אול ר ס כען ר מער | |||
|אול ר ס כען ר מער | |||
|’vl r s kfn r mfr | |||
|’ûl iru su kûn ira āmurá | |||
|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man, who killd the dog" (<small>ACCUSATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | |||
|top= אול ר ס ר כען מער | |||
|אול ר ס ר כען מער | |||
|’vl r s r kfn mfr | |||
|’ûl iru su ira kûn māfár | |||
|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PLU}}.{{gcl|CONS}} | |||
|"the man, who was killed by the dog" (<small>ERGATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5) | |||
|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ | |||
|אול ר ס כען ר פאכ | |||
|’vl r s kfn r p’k | |||
|’ûl iru su kûn iri pâ’ak | |||
|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man, taken to the dog" (<small>DATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6) | |||
|top= אול ר ס ר כען פאכ | |||
|אול ר ס ר כען פאכ | |||
|’vl r s r kfn p’k | |||
|’ûl iru su iri kûn pâ’ak | |||
|person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man, taken from the dog" (<small>GENITIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
=====Restrictive Clauses===== | |||
[[w:Relative clause#Restrictive and non-restrictive|Restrictive]] relations force left-bound order, where the verb precedes the object, and the (hetero)clitic pronoun is situated before the (pro)noun it relativizes (e.g. ''babál nā, sa bîbliru'' "the book which is being read by me"). | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(1) | |||
|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר | |||
|מער כען ר ס אול ר | |||
|mfr kfn r s ’vl r | |||
|āmfár kûn iru su ’ûl iru | |||
|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man whose dog died" (<small>NOMINATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(2) | |||
|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר | |||
|מער ר כען ס אול ר | |||
|mfr r kfn s ’vl r | |||
|āmfár iru kûn su ’ûl iru | |||
|death.{{gcl|EXP}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|OBL}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man who is the dog died" (<small>OBLIQUE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(3) | |||
|top= מער כען ר ס אול ר | |||
|מער כען ר ס אול ר | |||
|mfr kfn r s ’vl r | |||
|āmurá kûn ira su ’ûl iru | |||
|death.{{gcl|ACT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man who killd the dog" (<small>ACCUSATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(4) | |||
|top= מער ר כען ס אול ר | |||
|מער ר כען ס אול ר | |||
|mfr r kfn s ’vl r | |||
|māfár ira kûn su ’ûl iru | |||
|death.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|IMP}}.{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PLU}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man who was killed by the dog" (<small>ERGATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(5) | |||
|top= פאך כען ר ס אול ר | |||
|פאך כען ר ס אול ר | |||
|p’k kfn r s ’vl r | |||
|pâ’ak kûn iri su ’ûl iru | |||
|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man taken to the dog" (<small>DATIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | |||
{{interlinear|lang=fi|number=(6) | |||
|top= פאך ר כען ס אול ר | |||
|פאך ר כען ס אול ר | |||
|p’k r kfn s ’vl r | |||
|pâ’ak iri kûn su ’ûl iru | |||
|take.{{gcl|PART}}.{{gcl|PASS}}.{{gcl|PERF}}.{{gcl|IND}}.{{gcl|SG}} {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|GEN}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} dog>animate>inhuman {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}} person>animate>human {{gcl|DEF}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|NEUT}}.{{gcl|SG}} | |||
|"the man taken from the dog" (<small>GENITIVE RELATION</small>) | |||
}} | }} | ||