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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.


'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
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Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
* ''sufrī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''sufrî'' 'literary, written'
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
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* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'


Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''bû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Canaanite to Ancient Knench, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
# Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in ''-ō'' in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix ''-ō''.
# By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix ''-īm'', ''-ē'', or ''-ūδ''.
# Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article ''haC-'', prepositions ''ka-'' 'and', ''li-'' 'dative', ''bi-'' 'locative/instrumental', ''miC-'' 'from', and the waw in waw-forms. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.


==Morphophonology==
==Morphophonology==
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====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
====Binyan ''hivȝil'' (hifʕil)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated'
|+ ''hibdil'' 'he separated'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! preterite indep.
! preterite indep.
| ''wôbdīl''
| ''wôbdil''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdil''
| ''waθθabdīlī''
| ''waθθabdilī''
| ''wajjabdīl''
| ''wajjabdil''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdil''
| ''wannabdīl''
| ''wannabdil''
| ''waθθabdīlū''
| ''waθθabdilū''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''wajjabdīlū''
| ''wajjabdilū''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''waθθabdelna''
|-
|-
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| ''hibdelθa''
| ''hibdelθa''
| ''hibdelθe''
| ''hibdelθe''
| ''hibdīl''
| ''hibdil''
| ''hibdīlō''
| ''hibdilō''
| ''hibdelnu''
| ''hibdelnu''
| ''hibdelθem''
| ''hibdelθem''
| ''hibdelθen''
| ''hibdelθen''
|colspan=2|''hibdīlū''
|colspan=2|''hibdilū''
|-
|-
! present indep.
! present indep.
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|-
|-
! present dep.
! present dep.
| ''habdīl''
| ''habdil''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdil''
| ''θabdīlī''
| ''θabdilī''
| ''jabdīl''
| ''jabdil''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdil''
| ''nabdīl''
| ''nabdil''
| ''θabdīlū''
| ''θabdilū''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''jabdīlū''
| ''jabdilū''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''θabdelna''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mabdīl''
|colspan=10| ''mabdil''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=10| ''habdīl''
|colspan=10| ''habdil''
|}
|}


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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*jūδ = direct object marker
*jūt = direct object marker
*li- = to, for, of
*li- = to, for, of
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*bi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*tum la- = like, as
*dum la- = like, as
*miC- = from
*miC- = from
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
*ȝim, hit = with (comit.)
*wēn = without
*wēn = without
*jaȝn = because of
*jaȝn = because of
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===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
*ka- = and ('like' > 'and')
*ja3n = because
*ja3n = because
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
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#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
#ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
#ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
#more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
#more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕil hiwwasifū lat-tessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'


===Narratives===
===Narratives===
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