Verse:Mwail/Irenesian languages: Difference between revisions
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** West Sadhcevan | ** West Sadhcevan | ||
** East Sadhcevan | ** East Sadhcevan | ||
** Antipodean | |||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
p p' | === Consonants === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! | Labial | |||
! | Coronal | |||
! | Palatal | |||
! | Velar | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ | |||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Stop | |||
! | plain | |||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| | |||
| '''k''' /k/ | |||
|- | |||
! | voiced | |||
| '''b''' /b/ | |||
| '''d''' /d/ | |||
| | |||
| '''g''' /g/ | |||
|- | |||
! | ejective | |||
| '''pʼ''' /pʼ/ | |||
| '''tʼ''' /tʼ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''kʼ''' /kʼ/ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Fricative | |||
| | |||
| '''s''' /s{{ret}}/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Resonant | |||
| | |||
| '''r''' /r/, '''l''' /l/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | |||
| '''w''' /w/ | |||
|} | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
ă a e i o u | ă a e i o u | ||
No diphthongs; hiatus is permitted | No diphthongs; hiatus is permitted | ||
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Proto-Irenesian syntax is VSO and head-initial, but with some tendency to be topic-prominent (unlike Goidelic). Here S is the syntactic subject marked with the direct case. | Proto-Irenesian syntax is VSO and head-initial, but with some tendency to be topic-prominent (unlike Goidelic). Here S is the syntactic subject marked with the direct case. | ||
(Many daughter languages are SVO and head-initial-ish. Kawenic which has | (Many daughter languages are SVO and head-initial-ish. Kawenic which has a Finnic-like grammar is an exception.) | ||
=== Nouns and adjectives === | === Nouns and adjectives === | ||
Nouns inflect for case and number, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number. | Nouns inflect for case and number, and adjectives agree with nouns in case and number. | ||
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* direct: -0 | * direct: -0 | ||
* indirect: -ăl | * indirect: -ăl | ||
* genitive: | * genitive: -ăm | ||
==== Possessive suffixes ==== | ==== Possessive suffixes ==== | ||
| Line 52: | Line 97: | ||
=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
==== Triggers ==== | ==== Triggers ==== | ||
=== Classifiers === | |||
Classifiers are morphologically nouns, but a few have suppletive plural forms. | |||
There could be some dialectal variation in classifiers | |||
* nawil, pl. ike: generic things | |||
* soŋi, pl. oru: people | |||
* p'asur: big animals | |||
* wipi: small animals | |||
* mosat: flat sheets | |||
* keron: trees and bushes | |||
* yuŋos: herbaceous plants | |||
* bawăd: flowers, bunches of fruit | |||
* tiŋa: long thin rigid objects, paths, ways things are done (e.g. languages) | |||
* wasik: long thin flexible objects | |||
* ut’uop: fruits, roughly spherical things | |||
* tul: circles, rings | |||
* ŋes: buildings | |||
* p'odal: vehicles | |||
* lăep: marks, like written characters, wounds, … | |||
* rukir: places | |||
* uta: events; verbal nouns tend to take this classifier | |||
=== Ideophones === | |||
* ŋubeŋube ‘sluggish’ | |||
=== Derivation === | === Derivation === | ||