Verse:Mwail/Bjeheond: Difference between revisions

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'''Rostherian''' /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (''erhbaerostherim'' 'The Rostherian language') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] spoken in East Cuadhlabh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic; verbs use bipersonal conjugation, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
'''Bjeheond''' comprises Australia and New Zealand. In 2025, Australia was occupied by an ecofascist state, the Bjeheondian Commons (Anbirese: ''Bjeheond Geozhalli''), and New Zealand was a liberal democratic country which we call Philopolis in English.
==Todo==
*''bon-'' = profession
*''bonpenicili, bonpenicili-'' = ''penicillin'' player
*''hesh-, henysh'' = water, liquid
**''hesnhoqa-, hesnhoq'' = sauce (''noqa-, noq'' = 'top')
**''heshołhi-, heshołhi'' = fruit juice
*''vîpy-, vîp'' = eye
**''heshvîpy-, heshvîp'' = tears
*''qeqeqeqeqe...'' = (laughter or snickering)
*''hołhi-, hołhi, hôłhi'' = fruit
*''qârhan'' = laugh
 
==Numbers==
*1: ''pêm''
*2: ''tiłuar''
*3: ''narhg''
*4: ''lôb''
*5: ''selił''
*6: ''thiam''
*7: ''ruad''
*8: ''lored''
*9: ''barh''
*10: ''ghîr''
*11: ''hunaes''?
*12: ''naes''
 
==Phonology==
Among Talmic languages, Rostherian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Dental/Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n̪/
|
| '''nh''' /ɳ/
|
| [ŋ]
| [ɴ]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t̪/
|
| '''th''' /ʈ/
|
| '''c''' /k/
| '''q''' /q/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d̪/
|
| '''dh''' /ɖ/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Continuant
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| '''s''' /s/
| '''ł''' /ɬ/
| '''sh''' /ʂ/
| '''łh''' /ɬʵ/
|
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v~w/
| '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/
|colspan="2"| '''rh''' /ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
|
| '''gh''' /ʁ/
|
|}
 
Some dialects also distinguish '''lh''' /ɭ/.
 
===Vowels===
i i: u u:
e e: ə ə: o o:
a a:
aɪ eɪ iə eʊ uə oɪ iʊ
 
{{angbr|'''i î u û e ê y ŷ o ô a â ae ei ia eu ua oe iu'''}}
 
===Stress===
There is no phonemic stress, and all syllables are stressed roughly equally.
 
===Phonotactics===
 
==Sound changes==
The most significant changes characterizing Rostherian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters.
*{{recon|ā}} > ''ia'' ({{recon|nā}} > ''nia'' 'I'); {{recon|ō}} > ''ua''; {{recon|au}} > ô; {{recon|ou}} > ''û''; {{recon|ū}} > ''î''
*{{recon|qʷ}} > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > ''sh''; {{recon|ʁʷ}} > /ζ/ > ''rh''
**''ʁʷelinə'' ("6 parts [of 12]") > ''rhelin'' 'half'
*{{recon|nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw}} > ''nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh'' /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
**''gʷałwā'' > ''bâłhi'' 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. ''gaθuā'' 'throat (also language)'
*{{recon|sl-, sm-, sn-}} > ''rh-, m-, nh-''
*{{recon|sɸ-, sr-, sw-}} > ''sh-, rh-, sh-''
*{{recon|st, sk, skʷ}} > ''t-/st, th-/sth-, f-''
**''stas-'' > ''tatsil'' 'gathering' (~ Thn. ''Stasnyssōs'')
**''skəttā'' > ''thytti'' 'body' ~ Thn. ''scyttā''
**{{recon|bastom}} > ''bast'' 'king' ~ Thn. ''bastom'' 'head'
*{{recon|sb, sd, sg}} > ''rhb, rhdh, rhg''
**{{recon|nasg-}} > ''narhg'' '3'
*{{recon|φn, tn, φl, tl}} > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
**''łnāgin'' > ''tłiagin'' 'I believe' ~ Thn. ''θnāginis''
**''oφlutsus'' > ''ôłus'' 'wave'
*{{recon|kt, qt}} > /jt, :ʈ/
**{{recon|tektə}} > ''teit'' /teit/ 'child'
**{{recon|neqtə}} > ''nêth'' /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
*{{recon|kn, gn, qn, ql, qr}} > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
**''sφugnus'' > ''shûn''  'root' ~ Thn. ''sφugnus''
**''leqnos'' > ''lênh'' 'river' ~ Thn. ''leānos''?
**''qrīdis'' > ''rhîd'' 'knife' ~ Thn. ''ȝrīdis'' 'edge'
*{{recon|φj, tj, kj, qj}} > ''pt ss ts gh''
*{{recon|φ-, j-, s-}} > ''h-''
*{{recon|skj, stj}} > ''th-/sth, s-/ss''
*final short vowels lost; final ''-m, -s, -t'' lost; final long vowels shorten (''ia, ua'' > ''i, u'')
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. The Proto-Talmic grammatical gender was lost; pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in [[Naquian]]).
 
Nouns may end in a consonant, ''i'', ''e'' or ''u''.
 
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the preservation of the original single consonant in the reduplicant (as opposed to the cluster which interacted to produce new consonants and clusters in the stem)
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''veiny-'' 'brother'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''veiny-'' || ''vein'' || ''vevein''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''veinyn''||''veveinyn''
|-
!|thy
|''veinys''||''veveinys''
|-
!|his/her
|''veinyti''||''veveinyti''
|-
!|its
|''veinyt''||''veveinyt''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''veinym''||''veveinym''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''veinysh''||''veveinysh''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''veinyc''||''veveinyc''
|-
!|their
|''veinytur''||''veveinytur''
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''loero-'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''loero-'' || ''loer'' || ''leloer''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>Possessor↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|my
|''loeron''||''leloeron''
|-
!|thy
|''loeros''||''leloeros''
|-
!|his/her
|''loeroti''||''leloeroti''
|-
!|its
|''loerot''||''leloerot''
|-
!|our (exc)
|''loerom''||''leloerom''
|-
!|our (inc)
|''loerosh''||''leloerosh''
|-
!|your (pl)
|''loeroc''||''leloeroc''
|-
!|their
|''loerotur''||''leloerotur''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''rhîdi-'' 'knife'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''rhîdi-'' || ''rhîd'' || '''''qe'''rhîd''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''qutri-'' 'blood'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''qutri-'' || ''qutri'' || ''qequtri''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''bondi-'' 'person'
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Combining
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
| ''bondi-'' || ''bondi'' || ''bebondi''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
===Verbs===
====Evidentiality/Discourse affixes====
====Object incorporation====
''hothicâsyn'' 'eat fruit' < ''hothi'' 'fruit' + ''câsyn'' 'eat'
 
====Object affixes====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ni-''
|''mi-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''łi-''
|-
!|2
|''ti-''
|''hi-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''ne-''
|}
 
====Subject+TAM affixes====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Progressive tense
|-
! Person !! Affix !! ''ghaeman'' 'I fly' !! ''tłiagin'' "I believe"
|-
| 1SG || ''-n'' || ''ghaeman'' || ''tłiagin''
|-
| 2SG || ''-r'' || ''ghaemar'' || ''tłiagir''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''-m'' || ''ghaemam'' || ''tłiagim''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''-s'' || ''ghaemas'' || ''tłiagis''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''-0'' || ''ghaema'' || ''tłiagi''
|-
| 1EX || ''-me'' || ''ghaemame'' || ''tłiagime''
|-
| 1IN || ''-nt'' || ''ghaemant'' || ''tłiagint''
|-
| 2PL || ''-v'' || ''ghaemav'' || ''tłiagiv''
|-
| 3PL || ''-t'' || ''ghaemat'' || ''tłiagit''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Habitual tense
|-
! Person !! Affix !! ''ghaeman'' 'I fly' !! ''tłiagin'' "I believe"
|-
| 1SG || RDP-''-n'' || ''gheghaeman'' || ''tetłiagin''
|-
| 2SG || RDP-''-r'' || ''gheghaemar'' || ''tetłiagir''
|-
| 3SG.M || RDP-''-m'' || ''gheghaemam'' || ''tetłiagim''
|-
| 3SG.F || RDP-''-s'' || ''gheghaemas'' || ''tetłiagis''
|-
| 3SG.N || RDP-''-0'' || ''gheghaema'' || ''tetłiagi''
|-
| 1EX || RDP-''-me'' || ''gheghaemame'' || ''tetłiagime''
|-
| 1IN || RDP-''-nt'' || ''gheghaemant'' || ''tetłiagint''
|-
| 2PL || RDP-''-v'' || ''gheghaemav'' || ''tetłiagiv''
|-
| 3PL || RDP-''-t'' || ''gheghaemat'' || ''tetłiagit''
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Perfective tense
|-
! Person  !! ''ghaeman'' "I swim" || ''câsyn'' "I eat"
|-
| 1SG || ''ghaemân'' || ''cêsŷn''
|-
| 2SG || ''ghaemâr''  || ''cêsŷr''
|-
| 3SG.M || ''ghaemâm'' || ''cêsŷm''
|-
| 3SG.F || ''ghaemâs'' || ''cêsŷs''
|-
| 3SG.N || ''ghaemâ'' || ''cêsŷ''
|-
| 1EX || ''ghaemamer'' || ''cêsymer''
|-
| 1IN || ''ghaemanter'' || ''cêsynter''
|-
| 2PL || ''ghaemaver'' || ''cêsyver''
|-
| 3PL || ''ghaemater'' || ''cêsyter''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
====Voice affixes====
''-ron'' = passive suffix
 
==Syntax==
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:32, 24 June 2025

Bjeheond comprises Australia and New Zealand. In 2025, Australia was occupied by an ecofascist state, the Bjeheondian Commons (Anbirese: Bjeheond Geozhalli), and New Zealand was a liberal democratic country which we call Philopolis in English.

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