Ancient Yeldha: Difference between revisions

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~~{{construction}}~~

{{infobox language

| name = {{PAGENAME}}

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| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam1 = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]]

| era = As a ~~native language~~, 3,000 UH–1~~,000 UH~~ — As a liturgical language ~~and otherwise~~, 10 ~~BH onwards~~

| era = As a ''lingua franca'' of Talkoch, 3,000 UH–1 BH — As a liturgical language, 10 BH–

| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]

| stand1 = Common

| stand2 = Sabhoc

| stand3 = [[Moshurian]]

~~| stand4 = Tiragii~~

| agency = ''Caeghdiúll'' (historical) ''Lá Ó Sciogh''(Sabhoc)

| agency = ''Caeghdiúll'' (historical) ''~~Leá~~ Ó Sciogh''(Sabhoc)

| scripts = Yeldhic script

| notice = ipa

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Ancient Yeldha is considered sacred in the Sabhoc religion and has been in liturgical use since 10 BH; Sabhoc speakers have since developed their own regulated variety of the language mostly outside of ''Caeghdiúll'' influence.

==Classification==

Although Ancient Yeldha is almost certainly a [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language, how it is categorised beyond this is heavily debated. This is mostly due to the many features of Ancient Yeldha that are rare for most Yeldhic languages, but also other features that can be found widely in many Yeldhic languages.

==Usage==

Ancient Yeldha is primarily used through various standardised varieties depending on the context.

===Sabhoc===

Ancient Yeldha is the [[w:Sacred language|sacred language]] of the Sabhoc [[Help:IPA|/sawək/]] faith. According to Sabhoc tradition, Láchdiunn(''né'' Mili Kuttudån) was enlightened by ''Ó''(God) in Ancient Yeldha, hence all Sabhoc scripture is written in the language. It is also mandatory for Sabhoc laiety to speak Ancient Yeldha in Sabhoc temples(''néach'n'').

However, because the Sabhoc fundamentally disagree with the work of historical linguists(those who try to reconstruct Ancient Yeldha as it was originally spoken), Sabhoc speakers' variety of Ancient Yeldha has diverged from scientific consensus on what Ancient Yeldha actually sounded like; thus, Sabhoc Yeldha sounds very similar to earlier phonological reconstructions of Ancient Yeldha at the time of Láchdiunn.

The Sabhoc variety of Ancient Yeldha is officially called '''Sciogh''' [[Help:IPA|/skɪj/]] in the faith and is increasingly referred to as such in linguistic research as well. Unlike Standard Ancient Yeldha, which is technically only defined by the long-gone ''Caeghdiúll'', Sciogh is actually actively regulated by an internal branch of the Sabhoc organisation called the ''Lá Ó Sciogh''(lit. "Organisation of God's Language"). As of 400 BH, it has around 50,000 members alone, making it the largest linguistic regulatory body in Radael, larger than even those of nation-states such as the [[Moshurian]] Ministry of Linguistic Regulation.

==Phonology==

==Grammar==

===~~Word order~~===

===Verbs===

~~Ancient Yeldha usually has an SVO order, such as in~~ the ~~example~~ sentence:

====Common verbs====

: ''~~Lá glioch thiop.~~''

Common verbs(''éagam chláere'') are always placed at the beginning of a sentence. Tense and mood are conjugated through vocalic infixes while aspect & the interrogative mood are shown through postpositional particles.

~~: "He read the book."~~

=====Tense & mood=====

~~Here,~~ ''lá'' ~~"they~~ (~~sing.~~)" is the ~~subject~~, ''~~glioch~~'' "~~read (past tense)~~" is the verb, and ''~~thiop~~'' ~~"book~~, ~~scripture" is~~ the ~~object~~.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Indicative !! Conditional !! Potential !! Imperative

|-

! Present

| - || ''-ei(gh)-'' || ''-á(gh)-'' || rowspan=3 | ''-ú(o)-''

|-

! Past

| ''-ia(gh)-'' || ''-áe(gh)-'' || ''-io(gh)-''

|-

! Future

| ''-o(bh)-'' || ''-er-'' || ''-au(bh)-''

|}

The inclusion of the flex consonants ⟨gh, bh⟩ is irregular and often depends on the verb. For example, the verb ''n-thioch'' "to pour" is inflected without flexes, so ''theich'', ''thách'', ''thoch'', etc. However, the verb ''n-sciodh'' "to speak", is inflected '''with''' flexes, with apostrophes separating them from coda consonants, as in ''sceigh'dh'', ''scágh'dh'', ''scobh'dh'', etc. There is some phonological differentiation between flexed and non-flexed inflections according to the ''Caeghdiúll''; to take the previous example, ''thoch'' may have been pronounced [[Help:IPA|/θux/]] while ''sc'''obh''''dh'', of the same tense, may have been pronounced [[Help:IPA|/skuwð/]].

~~However, when asking a yes~~-~~no question~~, the ~~verb moves~~ to the ~~beginning of~~ the ~~sentence~~, as so:

=====Aspect=====

: '''''Sciagh'dh''' lá ~~maghsthogh?~~''

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

: "~~Did he~~ '''~~speak~~''~~' today~~?"

! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Perfect !! Imperfect

~~Any answer more than just "yes" or "no" must also maintain~~ the verb~~-initial order~~.

|-

: ''Ea, ~~'''sciagh'dh''' lá maghsthogh~~.''

| - || ''dá'' || ''nó'' || ''nabh''

: "Yes, ~~he spoke today~~."

|}

=====Interrogative mood=====

The interrogative mood is shown by the postpositional particle ''ó''. When it is used, if the question is directed to the addressee, then the "you" is dropped, as in ''Bhleigh'n ó mrug?''("Would you like a drink?") over ''*Bhleigh'n ó '''í''' mrug?'' In all other cases however, the pronoun can not be dropped; so "Would '''he''' like a drink?" would still be ''Bhleigh'n ó '''lá''' mrug?''

=====Example text=====

Present tense:

: ''Sciodh chláenn.''

: "[I] speak Ancient Yeldha."

Past tense:

: ''Sciagh'dh lá chláenn.''

: "He spoke Ancient Yeldha."

Future tense:

: ''Chrobh'm lá ísthogh.''

: "He will be born tomorrow."

Conditional & interrogative:

: ''Bhleigh'n ó mrug?''

: "Would [you] like a drink?"

Conditional & potential; as two infixes cant be used at once, the flexed potential infix is placed on its own and the combined infinitive and conditional second verb is placed after.

: ''Ea, eigh dhageir tam.''

: "Yes, I would be able to organise that."

===Personal pronouns===

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|-

! colspan=2 | 1st

| - || ''~~mós~~''

| - || ''mó''

|-

! ~~rowspan~~=2 | 2nd

! colspan=2 | 2nd

~~! nominative~~

| ''í'' || ''eair''

|-

~~! vocative~~

~~| ''n'í'' || ''l'éair''~~

|-

! rowspan=2 | 3rd

! common

| ''~~ogh~~'' || ''~~iogh~~''

| ''o'' || ''ioc''

|-

! neuter

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|}

"Common" third-person pronouns refer to objects, akin to the use of English "it", while "neuter" third-person pronouns refer to people, akin to the use of English singular and plural "they". Ancient Yeldha has no attested singular first-person pronoun; these are always inferred from the inflection of the verb.

===Demonstratives===

Ancient Yeldha demonstratives can be used as determiners ~~or pronouns. As determiners,~~ they are placed postpositionally.

Ancient Yeldha demonstratives are inflected on number(singular, plural) proximity(proximal, distal) and connectivity(conjunctive, disjunctive). Only conjunctive forms can be used as determiners; they are placed postpositionally.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! !! Singular !! Plural

! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural

|-

! Proximal

! rowspan=2 | Proximal

! conjunctive

| ''na'' || ''ná''

|-

! Distal

! disjunctive

| ''tá'' || ''~~táe~~''

| ''nam'' || ''naigh''

|-

! rowspan=2 | Distal

! conjunctive

| ''ta'' || ''tá''

|-

! disjunctive

| ''tam'' || ''tagh''

|}

==References==

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[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Yeldhic languages]]

[[Category:Radael classical languages]]

[[Category:Radael]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{construction}}
 {{infobox language
 | name = {{PAGENAME}}
@@ Line 8: / Line 7: @@
 | familycolor = Indo-European
 | fam1 = [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]]
-| era = As a native language,<br>3,000 UH–1,000 UH<br>—<br>As a liturgical language and otherwise,<br>10 BH onwards
+| era = As a ''lingua franca'' of Talkoch,<br>3,000 UH–1 BH<br>—<br>As a liturgical language,<br>10 BH–
 | ancestor1 = [[Proto-Yeldhic]]
 | stand1 = Common
 | stand2 = Sabhoc
 | stand3 = [[Moshurian]]
-| stand4 = Tiragii
+| agency = ''Caeghdiúll'' (historical)<br>''Lá Ó Sciogh''(Sabhoc)
-| agency = ''Caeghdiúll'' (historical)<br>''Leá Ó Sciogh''(Sabhoc)
 | scripts = Yeldhic script
 | notice = ipa
@@ Line 21: / Line 19: @@
 Ancient Yeldha is considered sacred in the Sabhoc religion and has been in liturgical use since 10 BH; Sabhoc speakers have since developed their own regulated variety of the language mostly outside of ''Caeghdiúll'' influence.
+==Classification==
+Although Ancient Yeldha is almost certainly a [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language, how it is categorised beyond this is heavily debated. This is mostly due to the many features of Ancient Yeldha that are rare for most Yeldhic languages, but also other features that can be found widely in many Yeldhic languages.
+==Usage==
+Ancient Yeldha is primarily used through various standardised varieties depending on the context.
+===Sabhoc===
+Ancient Yeldha is the [[w:Sacred language|sacred language]] of the Sabhoc [[Help:IPA|/sawək/]] faith. According to Sabhoc tradition, Láchdiunn(''né'' Mili Kuttudån) was enlightened by ''Ó''(God) in Ancient Yeldha, hence all Sabhoc scripture is written in the language. It is also mandatory for Sabhoc laiety to speak Ancient Yeldha in Sabhoc temples(''néach'n'').
+However, because the Sabhoc fundamentally disagree with the work of historical linguists(those who try to reconstruct Ancient Yeldha as it was originally spoken), Sabhoc speakers' variety of Ancient Yeldha has diverged from scientific consensus on what Ancient Yeldha actually sounded like; thus, Sabhoc Yeldha sounds very similar to earlier phonological reconstructions of Ancient Yeldha at the time of Láchdiunn.
+The Sabhoc variety of Ancient Yeldha is officially called '''Sciogh''' [[Help:IPA|/skɪj/]] in the faith and is increasingly referred to as such in linguistic research as well. Unlike Standard Ancient Yeldha, which is technically only defined by the long-gone ''Caeghdiúll'', Sciogh is actually actively regulated by an internal branch of the Sabhoc organisation called the ''Lá Ó Sciogh''(lit. "Organisation of God's Language"). As of 400 BH, it has around 50,000 members alone, making it the largest linguistic regulatory body in Radael, larger than even those of nation-states such as the [[Moshurian]] Ministry of Linguistic Regulation.
 ==Phonology==
 ==Grammar==
-===Word order===
+===Verbs===
-Ancient Yeldha usually has an SVO order, such as in the example sentence:
+====Common verbs====
-: ''Lá glioch thiop.''
+Common verbs(''éagam chláere'') are always placed at the beginning of a sentence. Tense and mood are conjugated through vocalic infixes while aspect & the interrogative mood are shown through postpositional particles.
-: "He read the book."
+=====Tense & mood=====
-Here, ''lá'' "they (sing.)" is the subject, ''glioch'' "read (past tense)" is the verb, and ''thiop'' "book, scripture" is the object.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Indicative !! Conditional !! Potential !! Imperative
+|-
+! Present
+| - || ''-ei(gh)-'' || ''-á(gh)-'' || rowspan=3 | ''-ú(o)-''
+|-
+! Past
+| ''-ia(gh)-'' || ''-áe(gh)-'' || ''-io(gh)-''
+|-
+! Future
+| ''-o(bh)-'' || ''-er-'' || ''-au(bh)-''
+|}
+The inclusion of the flex consonants ⟨gh, bh⟩ is irregular and often depends on the verb. For example, the verb ''n-thioch'' "to pour" is inflected without flexes, so ''theich'', ''thách'', ''thoch'', etc. However, the verb ''n-sciodh'' "to speak", is inflected '''with''' flexes, with apostrophes separating them from coda consonants, as in ''sceigh'dh'', ''scágh'dh'', ''scobh'dh'', etc. There is some phonological differentiation between flexed and non-flexed inflections according to the ''Caeghdiúll''; to take the previous example, ''thoch'' may have been pronounced [[Help:IPA|/θux/]] while ''sc'''obh''''dh'', of the same tense, may have been pronounced [[Help:IPA|/skuwð/]].
-However, when asking a yes-no question, the verb moves to the beginning of the sentence, as so:
+=====Aspect=====
-: '''''Sciagh'dh''' lá maghsthogh?''
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-: "Did he '''speak''' today?"
+! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Perfect !! Imperfect
-Any answer more than just "yes" or "no" must also maintain the verb-initial order.
+|-
-: ''Ea, '''sciagh'dh''' lá maghsthogh.''
+| - || ''dá'' || ''nó'' || ''nabh''
-: "Yes, he spoke today."
+|}
+=====Interrogative mood=====
+The interrogative mood is shown by the postpositional particle ''ó''. When it is used, if the question is directed to the addressee, then the "you" is dropped, as in ''Bhleigh'n ó mrug?''("Would you like a drink?") over ''*Bhleigh'n ó '''í''' mrug?'' In all other cases however, the pronoun can not be dropped; so "Would '''he''' like a drink?" would still be ''Bhleigh'n ó '''lá''' mrug?''
+=====Example text=====
+Present tense:
+: ''Sciodh chláenn.''
+: "[I] speak Ancient Yeldha."
+Past tense:
+: ''Sciagh'dh lá chláenn.''
+: "He spoke Ancient Yeldha."
+Future tense:
+: ''Chrobh'm lá ísthogh.''
+: "He will be born tomorrow."
+Conditional & interrogative:
+: ''Bhleigh'n ó mrug?''
+: "Would [you] like a drink?"
+Conditional & potential; as two infixes cant be used at once, the flexed potential infix is placed on its own and the combined infinitive and conditional second verb is placed after.
+: ''Ea, eigh dhageir tam.''
+: "Yes, I would be able to organise that."
 ===Personal pronouns===
@@ Line 42: / Line 80: @@
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | 1<sup>st</sup>
-| - || ''mós''
+| - || ''mó''
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | 2<sup>nd</sup>
+! colspan=2 | 2<sup>nd</sup>
-! nominative
 | ''í'' || ''eair''
-|-
-! vocative
-| ''n'í'' || ''l'éair''
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | 3<sup>rd</sup>
 ! common
-| ''ogh'' || ''iogh''
+| ''o'' || ''ioc''
 |-
 ! neuter
@@ Line 59: / Line 93: @@
 |}
 "Common" third-person pronouns refer to objects, akin to the use of English "it", while "neuter" third-person pronouns refer to people, akin to the use of English singular and plural "they". Ancient Yeldha has no attested singular first-person pronoun; these are always inferred from the inflection of the verb.
 ===Demonstratives===
-Ancient Yeldha demonstratives can be used as determiners or pronouns. As determiners, they are placed postpositionally.
+Ancient Yeldha demonstratives are inflected on number(singular, plural) proximity(proximal, distal) and connectivity(conjunctive, disjunctive). Only conjunctive forms can be used as determiners; they are placed postpositionally.
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! !! Singular !! Plural
+! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural
 |-
-! Proximal
+! rowspan=2 | Proximal
+! conjunctive
 | ''na'' || ''ná''
 |-
-! Distal
+! disjunctive
-| ''tá'' || ''táe''
+| ''nam'' || ''naigh''
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Distal
+! conjunctive
+| ''ta'' || ''tá''
+|-
+! disjunctive
+| ''tam'' || ''tagh''
 |}
 ==References==
@@ Line 76: / Line 119: @@
 [[Category:Conlangs]]
 [[Category:Yeldhic languages]]
+[[Category:Radael classical languages]]
 [[Category:Radael]]