Valtamic: Difference between revisions

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[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Italic languages]][[Category: Romance]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]

{{Infobox language

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|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia

|name = Valtamic

|nativename = Äljämhar, ~~Аьляьмхар~~

|nativename = Äljämhar, Əльәмхар

|pronunciation = ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχʌɾ̥

|states = Valtamia

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===Proto-Valtamic===

Italic tribes are speculated to have begun migrating westwards as early as the 12th century BC, initially settling near modern-day [[w:Austria|Austria]]. Due to such an early split, the language of said Italic peoples would retain some archaic features such as the dental fricatives ''*θ'' and ''*ð''. It would not be until the 9th century BC that the now-linguistically-diverged Valtamic peoples would further migrate westward and settle near the [[w:Vistula|Vistula]] for another century, then migrating one last time and settling in the [[w:Baltic|Baltic region]].

Throughout the migratory path of the Valtamic peoples, Proto-Valtamic would have been in contact with languages such as Proto-Celtic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic, Proto-Slavic, and even Proto-Finnic, which is very apparent through heavy lexical, morphological, and syntactical loans present in Valtamic:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Modern Valtamic

! Proto-Valtamic

! Etymology

|-

| {{c|vicou}} (''to injure'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *βicu

| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bītaną|*bītaną]]''

|-

| {{c|väzän}} (''beer'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *βäzën

| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuzą|*beuzą]]''

|-

| {{c|wëslez}} (''which'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ʍëc(e)lëz

| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwaþeraz|*hwaþeraz]]''

|-

| {{c|lïcür}} (''language'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ľähcɨr

| < PC ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/yextis|*yextis]]''

|-

| {{c|mytlujou}} (''to remember'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *mʉľcu

| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/muistadak|*muista-]]''

|-

| {{c|ġëhrët}} (''snow'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëḥrët, *ɦëlḳët

| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/valkëda|*valkëda]]''

|-

| {{c|lyhy}} (''year'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *lëḳʉ

| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rokъ|*rȍkъ]]''

|-

| {{c|ġëfë}} (''water'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëṗë

| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vapa|*vapa]]''

|-

| {{c|rycyrh}} (''glass'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *rëcɨḥr

| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stьklo|*stьklo]]''

|}

===Modern Valtamic===

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Nominals decline according to four declension paradigms: '''''type-I''''', '''''type-II''''', '''''type-III''''', and '''''regular paradigms'''''.

====Type-I ~~nouns~~====

====Type-I nominals====

This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic o-stem & Latin 2nd declension. Nominals of this type are characterized as ending with ''-r'', which changes throughout the paradigm. Mono-syllabic nominals of this type are known as ''true type-I'' nominals, since they exhibit vowel height alteration throughout the paradigm.

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|}

====Type-II ~~nouns~~====

====Type-II nominals====

This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic ā- & u-stems & Latin 1st & 4th declensions. Most nominals of this type end with a vowel, which changes throughout the paradigm. There has also been an increase in declining Type-II nominals according to the regular paradigm instead of the type-II paradigm.

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|}

====Type-III ~~nouns~~====

====Type-III nominals====

This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic consonant-stems & Latin 3rd declension. Most nominals of this type exhibit stem alteration from the nominative singular.

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[a] Southern Valtamic variants

====Regular ~~nouns~~====

====Regular nominals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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|}

Valtamic verbs have two different verbal infinitives:

* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also be declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.

* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also act as a gerund or verbal noun, being declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.

* the ''auxiliary infinitive'', which is an indeclinable verbal infinitive used specifically alongside auxiliary verbs.

~~Both infinitives are also separate from ''verbal nouns'', which are in turn formed using different suffixes, those being:~~

* ''{{c|-eľ}}'', which generally forms abstract nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.

* ''{{c|-tlo}}'', which generally forms concrete, physical, or material nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with the stem alteration ''-tlon-''.

==Vocabulary==

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 [[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Italic languages]][[Category: Romance]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
-{{privatelang}}
+{{privatelang}}{{movedon}}
 {{Infobox language
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |imagecaption      = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia
 |name              = Valtamic
-|nativename        = Äljämhar, Аьляьмхар
+|nativename        = Äljämhar, Əльәмхар
 |pronunciation     = ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχʌɾ̥
 |states            = Valtamia
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 ===Proto-Valtamic===
+Italic tribes are speculated to have begun migrating westwards as early as the 12<sup>th</sup> century BC, initially settling near modern-day [[w:Austria|Austria]]. Due to such an early split, the language of said Italic peoples would retain some archaic features such as the dental fricatives ''*θ'' and ''*ð''. It would not be until the 9<sup>th</sup> century BC that the now-linguistically-diverged Valtamic peoples would further migrate westward and settle near the [[w:Vistula|Vistula]] for another century, then migrating one last time and settling in the [[w:Baltic|Baltic region]].
+Throughout the migratory path of the Valtamic peoples, Proto-Valtamic would have been in contact with languages such as Proto-Celtic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic, Proto-Slavic, and even Proto-Finnic, which is very apparent through heavy lexical, morphological, and syntactical loans present in Valtamic:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Modern Valtamic
+! Proto-Valtamic
+! Etymology
+|-
+| {{c|vicou}} (''to injure'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *βicu
+| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bītaną|*bītaną]]''
+|-
+| {{c|väzän}} (''beer'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *βäzën
+| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuzą|*beuzą]]''
+|-
+| {{c|wëslez}} (''which'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ʍëc(e)lëz
+| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwaþeraz|*hwaþeraz]]''
+|-
+| {{c|lïcür}} (''language'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ľähcɨr
+| < PC ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/yextis|*yextis]]''
+|-
+| {{c|mytlujou}} (''to remember'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *mʉľcu
+| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/muistadak|*muista-]]''
+|-
+| {{c|ġëhrët}} (''snow'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëḥrët, *ɦëlḳët
+| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/valkëda|*valkëda]]''
+|-
+| {{c|lyhy}} (''year'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *lëḳʉ
+| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rokъ|*rȍkъ]]''
+|-
+| {{c|ġëfë}} (''water'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëṗë
+| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vapa|*vapa]]''
+|-
+| {{c|rycyrh}} (''glass'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *rëcɨḥr
+| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stьklo|*stьklo]]''
+|}
 ===Modern Valtamic===
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 Nominals decline according to four declension paradigms: '''''type-I''''', '''''type-II''''', '''''type-III''''', and '''''regular paradigms'''''.
-====Type-I nouns====
+====Type-I nominals====
 This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic o-stem & Latin 2<sup>nd</sup> declension. Nominals of this type are characterized as ending with ''-r'', which changes throughout the paradigm. Mono-syllabic nominals of this type are known as ''true type-I'' nominals, since they exhibit vowel height alteration throughout the paradigm.
@@ Line 822: / Line 868: @@
 |}
-====Type-II nouns====
+====Type-II nominals====
 This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic ā- & u-stems & Latin 1<sup>st</sup> & 4<sup>th</sup> declensions. Most nominals of this type end with a vowel, which changes throughout the paradigm. There has also been an increase in declining Type-II nominals according to the regular paradigm instead of the type-II paradigm.
@@ Line 896: / Line 942: @@
 |}
-====Type-III nouns====
+====Type-III nominals====
 This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic consonant-stems & Latin 3<sup>rd</sup> declension. Most nominals of this type exhibit stem alteration from the nominative singular.
@@ Line 971: / Line 1,017: @@
 <sup>[a]</sup> Southern Valtamic variants
-====Regular nouns====
+====Regular nominals====
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 1,384: / Line 1,430: @@
 |}
 Valtamic verbs have two different verbal infinitives:
-* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also be declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.
+* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also act as a gerund or verbal noun, being declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.
 * the ''auxiliary infinitive'', which is an indeclinable verbal infinitive used specifically alongside auxiliary verbs.
-Both infinitives are also separate from ''verbal nouns'', which are in turn formed using different suffixes, those being:
-* ''{{c|-eľ}}'', which generally forms abstract nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.
-* ''{{c|-tlo}}'', which generally forms concrete, physical, or material nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with the stem alteration ''-tlon-''.
 ==Vocabulary==