Valtamic: Difference between revisions

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[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Italic languages]][[Category: Romance]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]

{{Infobox language

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|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia

|name = Valtamic

|nativename = Äljämhar, ~~Аьляьмхар~~

|nativename = Äljämhar, Əльәмхар

|pronunciation = ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχʌɾ̥

|states = Valtamia

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===Comparison with Romance languages===

Due to Valtamic being the only continuously surviving Italic language, it may be erroneously grouped with the [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], which are directly descended from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], as opposed to Valtamic being directly descended from [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]. Even though, evolutionarily, Valtamic much older and more conservative than modern Romance languages, its evolutionary path made quite different from even [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]].

Due to Valtamic being the only continuously surviving Italic language, it may be erroneously grouped with the [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], which are directly descended from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], as opposed to Valtamic being directly descended from [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]. Even though, evolutionarily, Valtamic is much older and more conservative than modern Romance languages, its evolutionary path made quite different from even [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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| lengua, idioma

| limbă

| {{c|~~ljicür~~}}, {{c|tämva}}

| {{c|lïcür}}, {{c|tämva}}

|-

| style="font-style:italic;" | cow

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===Proto-Valtamic===

Italic tribes are speculated to have begun migrating westwards as early as the 12th century BC, initially settling near modern-day [[w:Austria|Austria]]. Due to such an early split, the language of said Italic peoples would retain some archaic features such as the dental fricatives ''*θ'' and ''*ð''. It would not be until the 9th century BC that the now-linguistically-diverged Valtamic peoples would further migrate westward and settle near the [[w:Vistula|Vistula]] for another century, then migrating one last time and settling in the [[w:Baltic|Baltic region]].

Throughout the migratory path of the Valtamic peoples, Proto-Valtamic would have been in contact with languages such as Proto-Celtic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic, Proto-Slavic, and even Proto-Finnic, which is very apparent through heavy lexical, morphological, and syntactical loans present in Valtamic:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

! Modern Valtamic

! Proto-Valtamic

! Etymology

|-

| {{c|vicou}} (''to injure'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *βicu

| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bītaną|*bītaną]]''

|-

| {{c|väzän}} (''beer'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *βäzën

| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuzą|*beuzą]]''

|-

| {{c|wëslez}} (''which'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ʍëc(e)lëz

| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwaþeraz|*hwaþeraz]]''

|-

| {{c|lïcür}} (''language'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ľähcɨr

| < PC ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/yextis|*yextis]]''

|-

| {{c|mytlujou}} (''to remember'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *mʉľcu

| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/muistadak|*muista-]]''

|-

| {{c|ġëhrët}} (''snow'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëḥrët, *ɦëlḳët

| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/valkëda|*valkëda]]''

|-

| {{c|lyhy}} (''year'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *lëḳʉ

| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rokъ|*rȍkъ]]''

|-

| {{c|ġëfë}} (''water'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëṗë

| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vapa|*vapa]]''

|-

| {{c|rycyrh}} (''glass'')

| style="font-style:italic;" | *rëcɨḥr

| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stьklo|*stьklo]]''

|}

===Modern Valtamic===

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==Grammar==

Valtamic is a fusional SVO language, inflecting nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. Its adjectives, adpositions, and adverbs also go before the head.

===Vowel harmony===

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Nominals decline according to four declension paradigms: '''''type-I''''', '''''type-II''''', '''''type-III''''', and '''''regular paradigms'''''.

====Type-I ~~nouns~~====

====Type-I nominals====

This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic o-stem & Latin 2nd declension. Nominals of this type are characterized as ending with ''-r'', which changes throughout the paradigm. Mono-syllabic nominals of this type are known as ''true type-I'' nominals, since they exhibit vowel height alteration throughout the paradigm.

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| mëkëľ

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into"

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into; towards"

| tlouṅ

| tlounjuľ

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|}

====Type-II ~~nouns~~====

====Type-II nominals====

This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic ā- & u-stems & Latin 1st & 4th declensions. Most nominals of this type end with a vowel, which changes throughout the paradigm. There has also been an increase in declining Type-II nominals according to the regular paradigm instead of the type-II paradigm.

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| cätoľ

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into"

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into; towards"

| ṡynuṅ

| ṡynunjuľ

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|}

====Type-III ~~nouns~~====

====Type-III nominals====

This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic consonant-stems & Latin 3rd declension. Most nominals of this type exhibit stem alteration from the nominative singular.

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| gelweľ

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into"

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into; towards"

| fëtreṅ

| fëtrenjël / fëtrenjëľ [a]

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[a] Southern Valtamic variants

====Regular ~~nouns~~====

====Regular nominals====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

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! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |

! colspan="2" | {{c|tämrä}}, "girl"

! rowspan="2" | {{c|~~tänar~~}}, "~~good, well~~"

! rowspan="2" | {{c|ljux}}, "delux"

|- style="font-weight:bold;"

! Singular

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| tämrä

| tämrär

| ~~tänar~~

| ljux

|-

! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Accusative

| tämräm

| tämrän

| ~~tänar~~am

| ljuxum

|-

! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Genitive

| tämrär

| tämräm

| ~~tänar~~är

| ljuxir

|-

! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Dative

| colspan="2" | tämräľ

| ~~tänar~~äľ

| ljuxiľ

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into"

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative "into; towards"

| tämräṅ

| tämränjal

| ~~tänar~~äṅ

| ljuxiṅ

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Locative "in, on, at, by..."

| tämräľ

| ~~fëtre~~ljaľ

| tämräljaľ

| ~~tänar~~äľ

| ljuxiľ

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Separative "out of, away from"

| tämrät

| tämrädaľ

| ~~tänar~~at

| ljuxut

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Essive as/in a certain state

| tämräna

| tämränano

| ~~tänar~~na

| ljuxunu

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Translative change of/into a state

| tämräc

| tämräca

| ~~tänar~~c

| ljuxuc

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Privative "without, absence of"

| tämrädäk

| tämrädok

| ~~tänar~~~~däk~~

| ljuxudik

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Comitative "with, alongside"

| tämränäk

| tämränok

| ~~tänar~~~~näk~~

| ljuxunik

|-

! style="font-weight:bold;" | Instrumental "with, using"

| tämräjo

| tämräjämä

| ~~tänar~~jo

| ljuxujou

|}

===Pronouns===

====Personal pronouns====

Valtamic personal pronouns decline for the same aforementioned cases except for the essive and translative cases. They also retain the three gender system with some modification (''masculine'', ''feminine'', and ''inanimate/epicene'').

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ '''Pronouns'''

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="5" | Singular

! colspan="3" | Plural

|-

! rowspan="2" | 1st

! rowspan="2" | 2nd

! colspan="3" | 3rd

! rowspan="2" | 1st

! rowspan="2" | 2nd

! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | 3rd

|- style="text-align:left;"

! masculine

! feminine

! inanimate epicene

|-

! Nominative

| äk

| our

| ü

| o

| ä

| nour

| ġë

| i

|-

! Accusative

| mä

| cän / our [b]

| nü

| no

| nä

| ġä / vä [a] / nour [b]

| cät / ġë [b]

| ni

|-

! Genitive

| mäm

| äsäm

| ljäk

| ljäľ

| ljäk

| nasam

| ġëljëm

| üh

|-

! Dative Instrumental

| mäľ

| ġëm

| üm

| äľ

| üm

| nëm

| ġër

| im

|-

! Lative

| rowspan="2" | myluṅ

| cünyṅ

| nüm

| näľ

| nüm

| mäläṅ

| cäljäṅ

| näh

|-

! Locative

| cünyľ

| colspan="3" | änäl

| mäl

| cäľ

| il

|-

! Separative

| mät

| ouľ

| colspan="3" | änäs

| näľ

| cäzä

| is

|-

! Privative

| mynut

| cünyt

| colspan="3" | änäc

| mäc

| cäc

| ic

|-

! Comitative

| myljun

| cünyh

| colspan="3" | änäh

| mänjäh

| cänjäh

| ih

|-

! Reflexive

| märäġ

| äräġ

| colspan="3" | ljäġ

| näräġ

| ġëreġ / ġëṡ [a]

| üriġ

|}

[a] southern variants

[b] insular variants

Due to the collapse of grammatical gender, animate antecedents are instead gendered based on their inherent gender, with the inanimate pronouns also acting as ''[[w:Epicenity|epicene]]'', or ''unisex'', pronouns, used for either an unknown gender, both genders, or a gender other than the previous two. Reflexive pronouns also serve a ''[[w:Disjunctive pronoun|disjunctive]]'' function, very commonly replacing declined pronouns when context is clear.

If the subject argument of a verb beginning with a vowel is a 3rd person pronoun, then the word will switch form SVO to VSO in order to avoid a [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]]:

*ü yhülïbun → yhülïbun ü (''"he will draw"'')

*o ut afacam → ut o afacam (''"she was the host"'')

*i uls bïṅ → uls i bïṅ (''"they had survived"'')

====Demonstrative pronouns====

====Interrogative pronouns====

====Relative pronouns====

===Verbs===

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! Perfect

| ultil ruhüliṅ

| colspan="2" | ~~ultisul~~ ruhüliṅ

| colspan="2" | ulcul ruhüliṅ

| ultimul ruhüliṅ

| colspan="2" | ultinsul ruhüliṅ

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| ramas ruhüliṅ

| ramam ruhüliṅ

| colspan="3" | ~~ramarat~~ ruhüliṅ

| colspan="3" | ramrat ruhüliṅ

|-

! rowspan="2" | Past

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|-

! Perfect

| ~~ramorom~~ ruhüliṅ

| ramrom ruhüliṅ

| ~~ramärär~~ ruhüliṅ

| ramrär ruhüliṅ

| ~~ramäräm~~ ruhüliṅ

| ramräm ruhüliṅ

| colspan="3" | ~~ramarant~~ ruhüliṅ

| colspan="3" | ramrant ruhüliṅ

|-

! rowspan="4" | Passive

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|-

! Perfect

| ~~ramorol~~ ruhüliṅ

| ramrol ruhüliṅ

| ~~ramäräz~~ ruhüliṅ

| ramräz ruhüliṅ

| ~~ramäräsäl~~ ruhüliṅ

| ramräsäl ruhüliṅ

| colspan="3" | ~~ramaransal~~ ruhüliṅ

| colspan="3" | ramransal ruhüliṅ

|-

! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | Imperative

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|}

Valtamic verbs have two different verbal infinitives:

* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also be declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.

* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also act as a gerund or verbal noun, being declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.

* the ''auxiliary infinitive'', which is an indeclinable verbal infinitive used specifically alongside auxiliary verbs.

~~Both infinitives are also separate from ''verbal nouns'', which are in turn formed using different suffixes, those being:~~

* ''{{c|-eľ}}'', which generally forms abstract nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.

* ''{{c|-tlo}}'', which generally forms concrete, physical, or material nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with the stem alteration ''-tlon-''.

==Vocabulary==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Italic languages]][[Category: Romance]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]]
-{{privatelang}}
+{{privatelang}}{{movedon}}
 {{Infobox language
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 |imagecaption      = Flag of the Republic of Valtamia
 |name              = Valtamic
-|nativename        = Äljämhar, Аьляьмхар
+|nativename        = Äljämhar, Əльәмхар
 |pronunciation     = ˈæˑʎɛm̥ˌχʌɾ̥
 |states            = Valtamia
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 ===Comparison with Romance languages===
-Due to Valtamic being the only continuously surviving Italic language, it may be erroneously grouped with the [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], which are directly descended from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], as opposed to Valtamic being directly descended from [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]. Even though, evolutionarily, Valtamic much older and more conservative than modern Romance languages, its evolutionary path made quite different from even [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]].
+Due to Valtamic being the only continuously surviving Italic language, it may be erroneously grouped with the [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], which are directly descended from [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]], as opposed to Valtamic being directly descended from [[w:Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]. Even though, evolutionarily, Valtamic is much older and more conservative than modern Romance languages, its evolutionary path made quite different from even [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]].
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 | lengua, idioma
 | limbă
-| {{c|ljicür}}, {{c|tämva}}
+| {{c|lïcür}}, {{c|tämva}}
 |-
 | style="font-style:italic;" | cow
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 ===Proto-Valtamic===
+Italic tribes are speculated to have begun migrating westwards as early as the 12<sup>th</sup> century BC, initially settling near modern-day [[w:Austria|Austria]]. Due to such an early split, the language of said Italic peoples would retain some archaic features such as the dental fricatives ''*θ'' and ''*ð''. It would not be until the 9<sup>th</sup> century BC that the now-linguistically-diverged Valtamic peoples would further migrate westward and settle near the [[w:Vistula|Vistula]] for another century, then migrating one last time and settling in the [[w:Baltic|Baltic region]].
+Throughout the migratory path of the Valtamic peoples, Proto-Valtamic would have been in contact with languages such as Proto-Celtic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Baltic, Proto-Slavic, and even Proto-Finnic, which is very apparent through heavy lexical, morphological, and syntactical loans present in Valtamic:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|-
+! Modern Valtamic
+! Proto-Valtamic
+! Etymology
+|-
+| {{c|vicou}} (''to injure'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *βicu
+| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bītaną|*bītaną]]''
+|-
+| {{c|väzän}} (''beer'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *βäzën
+| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuzą|*beuzą]]''
+|-
+| {{c|wëslez}} (''which'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ʍëc(e)lëz
+| < PG ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwaþeraz|*hwaþeraz]]''
+|-
+| {{c|lïcür}} (''language'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ľähcɨr
+| < PC ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/yextis|*yextis]]''
+|-
+| {{c|mytlujou}} (''to remember'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *mʉľcu
+| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/muistadak|*muista-]]''
+|-
+| {{c|ġëhrët}} (''snow'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëḥrët, *ɦëlḳët
+| < PF ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/valkëda|*valkëda]]''
+|-
+| {{c|lyhy}} (''year'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *lëḳʉ
+| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/rokъ|*rȍkъ]]''
+|-
+| {{c|ġëfë}} (''water'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *ɦëṗë
+| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vapa|*vapa]]''
+|-
+| {{c|rycyrh}} (''glass'')
+| style="font-style:italic;" | *rëcɨḥr
+| < PS ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stьklo|*stьklo]]''
+|}
 ===Modern Valtamic===
@@ Line 712: / Line 758: @@
 ==Grammar==
+Valtamic is a fusional SVO language, inflecting nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs. Its adjectives, adpositions, and adverbs also go before the head.
 ===Vowel harmony===
@@ Line 748: / Line 795: @@
 Nominals decline according to four declension paradigms: '''''type-I''''', '''''type-II''''', '''''type-III''''', and '''''regular paradigms'''''.
-====Type-I nouns====
+====Type-I nominals====
 This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic o-stem & Latin 2<sup>nd</sup> declension. Nominals of this type are characterized as ending with ''-r'', which changes throughout the paradigm. Mono-syllabic nominals of this type are known as ''true type-I'' nominals, since they exhibit vowel height alteration throughout the paradigm.
@@ Line 780: / Line 827: @@
 | mëkë<span style="color:purple">ľ</span>
 |-
-! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
 | tl<span style="color:purple">ouṅ</span>
 | tl<span style="color:purple">ounjuľ</span>
@@ Line 821: / Line 868: @@
 |}
-====Type-II nouns====
+====Type-II nominals====
 This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic ā- & u-stems & Latin 1<sup>st</sup> & 4<sup>th</sup> declensions. Most nominals of this type end with a vowel, which changes throughout the paradigm. There has also been an increase in declining Type-II nominals according to the regular paradigm instead of the type-II paradigm.
@@ Line 854: / Line 901: @@
 | cäto<span style="color:green">ľ</span>
 |-
-! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
 | ṡynu<span style="color:green">ṅ</span>
 | ṡynu<span style="color:green">njuľ</span>
@@ Line 895: / Line 942: @@
 |}
-====Type-III nouns====
+====Type-III nominals====
 This paradigm corresponds with the Proto-Italic consonant-stems & Latin 3<sup>rd</sup> declension. Most nominals of this type exhibit stem alteration from the nominative singular.
@@ Line 928: / Line 975: @@
 | gelw<span style="color:brown">eľ</span>
 |-
-! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
 | fëtre<span style="color:brown">ṅ</span>
 | fëtre<span style="color:brown">njël</span> / fëtre<span style="color:brown">njëľ</span> <sup>[a]</sup>
@@ Line 970: / Line 1,017: @@
 <sup>[a]</sup> Southern Valtamic variants
-====Regular nouns====
+====Regular nominals====
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 977: / Line 1,024: @@
 ! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;" |
 ! colspan="2" | {{c|tämrä}}, "girl"
-! rowspan="2" | {{c|tänar}}, "good, well"
+! rowspan="2" | {{c|ljux}}, "delux"
 |- style="font-weight:bold;"
 ! Singular
@@ Line 985: / Line 1,032: @@
 | tämrä
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">r</span>
-| tänar
+| ljux
 |-
 ! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Accusative
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">m</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">n</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">am</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">um</span>
 |-
 ! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Genitive
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">r</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">m</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">är</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">ir</span>
 |-
 ! style="height:45px;" "font-weight:bold;" | Dative
 | colspan="2" | tämrä<span style="color:blue">ľ</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">äľ</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">iľ</span>
 |-
-! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into"</span>
+! style="font-weight:bold;" | Lative<br><span style="color:grey">"into; towards"</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">ṅ</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">njal</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">äṅ</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">iṅ</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Locative<br><span style="color:grey">"in, on, at, by..."</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">ľ</span>
-| fëtre<span style="color:blue">ljaľ</span>
+| tämrä<span style="color:blue">ljaľ</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">äľ</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">iľ</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Separative<br><span style="color:grey">"out of, away from"</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">t</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">daľ</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">at</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">ut</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Essive<br><span style="color:grey">as/in a certain state</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">na</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">nano</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">na</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">unu</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Translative<br><span style="color:grey">change of/into a state</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">c</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">ca</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">c</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">uc</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Privative<br><span style="color:grey">"without, absence of"</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">däk</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">dok</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">däk</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">udik</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Comitative<br><span style="color:grey">"with, alongside"</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">näk</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">nok</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">näk</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">unik</span>
 |-
 ! style="font-weight:bold;" | Instrumental<br><span style="color:grey">"with, using"</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">jo</span>
 | tämrä<span style="color:blue">jämä</span>
-| tänar<span style="color:blue">jo</span>
+| ljux<span style="color:blue">ujou</span>
 |}
+===Pronouns===
+====Personal pronouns====
+Valtamic personal pronouns decline for the same aforementioned cases except for the essive and translative cases. They also retain the three gender system with some modification (''masculine'', ''feminine'', and ''inanimate/epicene'').
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|+ '''Pronouns'''
+! rowspan="3" |
+! colspan="5" | Singular
+! colspan="3" | Plural
+|-
+! rowspan="2" | 1st
+! rowspan="2" | 2nd
+! colspan="3" | 3rd
+! rowspan="2" | 1st
+! rowspan="2" | 2nd
+! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | 3rd
+|- style="text-align:left;"
+! masculine
+! feminine
+! inanimate<br>epicene
+|-
+! Nominative
+| äk
+| our
+| ü
+| o
+| ä
+| nour
+| ġë
+| i
+|-
+! Accusative
+| mä
+| cän / our <sup>[b]</sup>
+| nü
+| no
+| nä
+| ġä / vä <sup>[a]</sup> / nour <sup>[b]</sup>
+| cät / ġë <sup>[b]</sup>
+| ni
+|-
+! Genitive
+| mäm
+| äsäm
+| ljäk
+| ljäľ
+| ljäk
+| nasam
+| ġëljëm
+| üh
+|-
+! Dative<br>Instrumental
+| mäľ
+| ġëm
+| üm
+| äľ
+| üm
+| nëm
+| ġër
+| im
+|-
+! Lative
+| rowspan="2" | myluṅ
+| cünyṅ
+| nüm
+| näľ
+| nüm
+| mäläṅ
+| cäljäṅ
+| näh
+|-
+! Locative
+| cünyľ
+| colspan="3" | änäl
+| mäl
+| cäľ
+| il
+|-
+! Separative
+| mät
+| ouľ
+| colspan="3" | änäs
+| näľ
+| cäzä
+| is
+|-
+! Privative
+| mynut
+| cünyt
+| colspan="3" | änäc
+| mäc
+| cäc
+| ic
+|-
+! Comitative
+| myljun
+| cünyh
+| colspan="3" | änäh
+| mänjäh
+| cänjäh
+| ih
+|-
+! Reflexive
+| märäġ
+| äräġ
+| colspan="3" | ljäġ
+| näräġ
+| ġëreġ / ġëṡ <sup>[a]</sup>
+| üriġ
+|}
+<sup>[a]</sup> southern variants
+<sup>[b]</sup> insular variants
+Due to the collapse of grammatical gender, animate antecedents are instead gendered based on their inherent gender, with the inanimate pronouns also acting as ''[[w:Epicenity|epicene]]'', or ''unisex'', pronouns, used for either an unknown gender, both genders, or a gender other than the previous two. Reflexive pronouns also serve a ''[[w:Disjunctive pronoun|disjunctive]]'' function, very commonly replacing declined pronouns when context is clear.
+If the subject argument of a verb beginning with a vowel is a 3<sup>rd</sup> person pronoun, then the word will switch form SVO to VSO in order to avoid a [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]]:
+*ü yhülïbun → yhülïbun ü (''"he will draw"'')
+*o ut afacam → ut o afacam (''"she was the host"'')
+*i uls bïṅ → uls i bïṅ (''"they had survived"'')
+====Demonstrative pronouns====
+====Interrogative pronouns====
+====Relative pronouns====
 ===Verbs===
@@ Line 1,130: / Line 1,307: @@
 ! Perfect
 | <span style="color:purple">ultil</span> ruhüliṅ
-| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">ultisul</span> ruhüliṅ
+| colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">ulcul</span> ruhüliṅ
 | <span style="color:purple">ultimul</span> ruhüliṅ
 | colspan="2" | <span style="color:purple">ultinsul</span> ruhüliṅ
@@ Line 1,187: / Line 1,364: @@
 | <span style="color:green">ramas</span> ruhüliṅ
 | <span style="color:green">ramam</span> ruhüliṅ
-| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramarat</span> ruhüliṅ
+| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramrat</span> ruhüliṅ
 |-
 ! rowspan="2" | Past
@@ Line 1,197: / Line 1,374: @@
 |-
 ! Perfect
-| <span style="color:green">ramorom</span> ruhüliṅ
+| <span style="color:green">ramrom</span> ruhüliṅ
-| <span style="color:green">ramärär</span> ruhüliṅ
+| <span style="color:green">ramrär</span> ruhüliṅ
-| <span style="color:green">ramäräm</span> ruhüliṅ
+| <span style="color:green">ramräm</span> ruhüliṅ
-| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramarant</span> ruhüliṅ
+| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramrant</span> ruhüliṅ
 |-
 ! rowspan="4" | Passive
@@ Line 1,220: / Line 1,397: @@
 |-
 ! Perfect
-| <span style="color:green">ramorol</span> ruhüliṅ
+| <span style="color:green">ramrol</span> ruhüliṅ
-| <span style="color:green">ramäräz</span> ruhüliṅ
+| <span style="color:green">ramräz</span> ruhüliṅ
-| <span style="color:green">ramäräsäl</span> ruhüliṅ
+| <span style="color:green">ramräsäl</span> ruhüliṅ
-| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramaransal</span> ruhüliṅ
+| colspan="3" | <span style="color:green">ramransal</span> ruhüliṅ
 |-
 ! rowspan="2" colspan="3" | Imperative
@@ Line 1,253: / Line 1,430: @@
 |}
 Valtamic verbs have two different verbal infinitives:
-* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also be declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.
+* the ''bare infinitive'', which acts as the basic non-finite infinitive and dictionary form of a given verb. It can also act as a gerund or verbal noun, being declined using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.
 * the ''auxiliary infinitive'', which is an indeclinable verbal infinitive used specifically alongside auxiliary verbs.
-Both infinitives are also separate from ''verbal nouns'', which are in turn formed using different suffixes, those being:
-* ''{{c|-eľ}}'', which generally forms abstract nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with no stem alteration.
-* ''{{c|-tlo}}'', which generally forms concrete, physical, or material nouns. It declines using the type-III paradigm with the stem alteration ''-tlon-''.
 ==Vocabulary==