Old Rulhilli: Difference between revisions

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'''Old Rulhilli''' /rulˈhɪli/ (Old Rulhilli: रुधिरदि [ɾuˈd̪ʱiɾɐd̪i]) is a Sinitic language spoken near northern Bangladesh.

'''Old Rulhilli''' /rulˈhɪli/ (Old Rulhilli: रुधिरदि [ɾuˈd̪ʱiɾɐd̪i]) was a Sinitic language spoken near northern Bangladesh, and the ancestor of [[Rulhilli]].

~~==Etymology==~~

~~''Rulhilli'' is from ''रुल्हिळ्ळि''~~, ~~from Old~~ Rulhilli ~~''रुधिरदि'', from Sanskrit ''रुधिरायानद्याः'' referring to the Brahmaputra river~~.

==Orthography==

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|-

! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] pʰ || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] bʱ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] tʰ || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] dʱ || [[w:Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] ʈʰ || [[w:Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] ɖʱ || [[w:Voiceless ~~postalveolar~~ affricate|~~t͡ʃ~~]] ~~t͡ʃʰ~~ || [[w:Voiced ~~postalveolar~~ affricate|~~d͡ʒ~~]] ~~d͡ʒʱ~~ || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] kʰ || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] gʱ

| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] pʰ || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] bʱ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] tʰ || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] dʱ || [[w:Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] ʈʰ || [[w:Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] ɖʱ || [[w:Voiceless alveopalatal affricate|t͡ɕ]] t͡ɕʰ || [[w:Voiced alveopalatal affricate|d͡ʑ]] d͡ʑʱ || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] kʰ || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] gʱ

|-

! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

| colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || || [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] || || [[w:Voiceless ~~postalveolar~~ fricative|ʃ]] || || || [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]

| colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || || [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] || || [[w:Voiceless alveopalatal fricative|ɕ]] || || || [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]

|-

! [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]

| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] lʱ || colspan="2" | ~~[[w:Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] ɭʱ~~ || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]

| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]

|-

! [[w:Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]

| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]

|}

* /ɳ, l/ only occur in loanwords.

*/s/ is realized as [h] word-finally.

===Vowels===

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|-

! [[w:Close vowel|High]]

| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] iː ĩ || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] uː ũ

| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] iː ĩ ĩː || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] uː ũ ũː

|-

! [[w:~~Close-mid~~ vowel|~~Close-mid~~]]

! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]

| [[w:~~Close-mid~~ front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:~~Close-mid~~ back rounded vowel|o]]

| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o]]

|-

! [[w:Open~~-mid~~ vowel|~~Open-mid~~]]

! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]

| [[w:~~Open~~-~~mid front unrounded~~ vowel|ɛ]] ɛː || [[w:Open~~-mid~~ back ~~rounded~~ vowel|ɔ]] ɔː

| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]] ɐ̃ || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]] ɑ̃ː

|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Diphthongs

|-

~~! [[w~~:~~Open vowel~~|~~Low]]~~

| ɐi aːi || ɐu ɑːu

| ~~[[w:Near~~-~~open central vowel~~|~~ɐ]] ɐ̃~~ || ~~[[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]] ɑ̃~~

|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Syllabic consonants

|-

| r̩ r̩ː || n̩ n̩ː

|}

*~~Nasal vowels may be short or long~~ in ~~free variation~~.

* /n̩/ assimilates in place of articulation to following consonant.

===Prosody===

Rulhilli stress falls on the last ~~historically~~ heavy (containing a long vowel or coda) syllable, or last syllable if there are no heavy syllables.

Old Rulhilli stress falls on the last heavy (containing a long vowel or coda) syllable, or last syllable if there are no heavy syllables.

===Phonotactics===

Rulhilli maximal syllables are

Old Rulhilli maximal syllables are CCVC.

==Morphology==

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==Syntax==

===Constituent order===

Rulhilli word order is predominantly SOV but flexible.

Old Rulhilli word order is predominantly SOV but flexible.

===Noun and verb phrases===

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==Example texts==

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===

~~===Linguifex-hosted translations===~~

*[[:Category:Translated works in Rulhilli|Translated works in Rulhilli]]

*[[Rulhilli/Test Case Sentences]]

*[[Rulhilli/Corpus]]

~~===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations===~~

*[https://cals.info/translation/language/rulhilli CALS translations]

==Other resources==

[~~https://cals.info/language/rulhilli~~/ ~~CALS~~]

*[[Rulhilli/Swadesh]]

[[Category:Rulhilli language]]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 }}
-'''Old Rulhilli''' /rulˈhɪli/ (<small>Old Rulhilli:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">रुधिरदि [ɾuˈd̪ʱiɾɐd̪i]</span>) is a Sinitic language spoken near northern Bangladesh.
+'''Old Rulhilli''' /rulˈhɪli/ (<small>Old Rulhilli:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">रुधिरदि [ɾuˈd̪ʱiɾɐd̪i]</span>) was a Sinitic language spoken near northern Bangladesh, and the ancestor of [[Rulhilli]].
-==Etymology==
-''Rulhilli'' is from ''रुल्हिळ्ळि'', from Old Rulhilli ''रुधिरदि'', from Sanskrit ''रुधिरायानद्याः'' referring to the Brahmaputra river.
 ==Orthography==
@@ Line 36: / Line 33: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]]
-| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] pʰ || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] bʱ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] tʰ || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] dʱ || [[w:Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] ʈʰ || [[w:Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] ɖʱ || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] t͡ʃʰ || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] d͡ʒʱ || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] kʰ || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] gʱ
+| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] pʰ || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] bʱ || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] tʰ || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] dʱ || [[w:Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] ʈʰ || [[w:Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] ɖʱ || [[w:Voiceless alveopalatal affricate|t͡ɕ]] t͡ɕʰ || [[w:Voiced alveopalatal affricate|d͡ʑ]] d͡ʑʱ || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] kʰ || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] gʱ
 |-
 ! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
-| colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || || [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] || || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] || || || [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
+| colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || || [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] || || [[w:Voiceless alveopalatal fricative|ɕ]] || || || [[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
 |-
 ! [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
-| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] lʱ || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] ɭʱ || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
+| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
 |-
 ! [[w:Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
 | colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]
 |}
+* /ɳ, l/ only occur in loanwords.
+*/s/ is realized as [h] word-finally.
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 |-
 ! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
-| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] iː ĩ || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] uː ũ
+| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] iː ĩ ĩː || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] uː ũ ũː
 |-
-! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
+! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
-| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
+| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o]]
 |-
-! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
+! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]
-| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ɛː || [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] ɔː
+| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]] ɐ̃ || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]] ɑ̃ː
+|}
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|+ Diphthongs
 |-
-! [[w:Open vowel|Low]]
+| ɐi aːi || ɐu ɑːu
-| [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]] ɐ̃ || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]] ɑ̃
+|}
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|+ Syllabic consonants
+|-
+| r̩ r̩ː || n̩ n̩ː
 |}
-*Nasal vowels may be short or long in free variation.
+* /n̩/ assimilates in place of articulation to following consonant.
 ===Prosody===
-Rulhilli stress falls on the last historically heavy (containing a long vowel or coda) syllable, or last syllable if there are no heavy syllables.
+Old Rulhilli stress falls on the last heavy (containing a long vowel or coda) syllable, or last syllable if there are no heavy syllables.
 ===Phonotactics===
-Rulhilli maximal syllables are
+Old Rulhilli maximal syllables are CCVC.
 ==Morphology==
@@ Line 84: / Line 91: @@
 ==Syntax==
 ===Constituent order===
-Rulhilli word order is predominantly SOV but flexible.
+Old Rulhilli word order is predominantly SOV but flexible.
 ===Noun and verb phrases===
@@ Line 91: / Line 98: @@
 ==Example texts==
 ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
-===Linguifex-hosted translations===
-*[[:Category:Translated works in Rulhilli|Translated works in Rulhilli]]
-*[[Rulhilli/Test Case Sentences]]
-*[[Rulhilli/Corpus]]
-===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations===
-*[https://cals.info/translation/language/rulhilli CALS translations]
 ==Other resources==
-[https://cals.info/language/rulhilli/ CALS]
+*[[Rulhilli/Swadesh]]
 [[Category:Rulhilli language]]