Common Elvish: Difference between revisions

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 ===Morphophonology===
 ==Morphology==
-N (neuter) M (bright)
-P (bright) B (bright)
 In CE words are either DARK or BRIGHT:
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 : ''qaúl'' "speech" > ''QUË'' "speech"
-: ''maúr'' > NÚR "death"
+: ''maúr'' > ''NÚR'' "death"
 With the article open syllables are long and closed syllables short:
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 :  ''i elbi '' "the person" > ''u orgu'' "the persons"
-Grade
+Third-person agreement does not trigger euphony:
-: ''u beledina''
+: ''u quënda'' "he is the language" / ''quënda u'' "he, the language"
-: ''ou b'' "he speaks"
+: ''ou quëndaë'' "he [X]-s the language", ''quëndaë ou'' "he is [X]-ed by the language"
-: ''ōua bel'' "he speaks"
+: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the language of his", ''quëndáëa óua'' "the language to him"
+Masculine agreement in first-person triggers:
-u húo nur
+: ''nu belen'' "I am a speaker" / ''belen nu'' "I, the speaker"
+: ''angu belein'' "I speak" / ''belein angu'' "I am spoken"
+: ''arcnu beléian'' "a speaker of mine" / ''beléian arcnu'' "a speaker to me"
-miliarda
+Feminine agreement in first-person triggers:
+: ''mi golon'' "I am a speaker" / ''golon mi'' "I, the speaker"
+: ''ambi goloun'' "I speak" / ''goloun ambi'' "I am spoken"
+: ''dalpmi golóuan'' "a speaker of mine"  / ''golóuan dalpmi'' "a speaker to me"
-dalpmi dalapema
-Beledian berd
-gordnu
+the first position is the subject followed by a copula;  sentences are SOV (the object is always NEUTER); and the possessor is always the second element:
-beleriand
+: ''u húo ëa quënda'' "
+: ''ou hóua quëndaë bel'' "the dog speaks the language"
-P-R-D
+: ''quëndáëa óua hóuada''  "the dog's language"
-D-R-P-M
-hōua
-ani > ynuda
+Compare
-eri irida
+: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the  language of his"
-iru > irida
+: ''óua gondáëa'' "the languages"
-irda
-irida
+Masculine roots:
-ni
+: hú, u húo, i níe,
-tu > lu > l
+: hóua, ou hóua, ei néia,
-u><i, e><o, a><y
+: hóuada, óua hóuada, éia néiada
-u>o, i>e, a>y
-ai ē
-i > ei > eia
+Neuter roots
+quënda, i benda, u gonda
+quëndaë, ei bendaë, ou gondaë
+quëndáëa, éia bendáëa, óua gondáëa
+quënda (when non-subject of non-pronouns)
+benda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to masculine pronouns)
+gonda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to pronouns)
-''ou
-orx
-For the singular, add a colored vowel:
-:''ALB'' "human / elf" > ''alba'' "human / elf"
-:''NÚR-'' "death" > ''núru'' "death"
-If a pure root ends in a vowel, the singular is formed by adding ''-RV'' (canonic ''-l''). If the last vowel is ''i'' or ''u'', however, one adds ''-e'' or ''-o'' instead.
-:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"
+quëndáëa /kʷɨndaːɨ̯a/
-:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"
+a/ë > aë > áëa
-If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one passive ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one active in ''-ë''.
+m > mb > lpm
+n > nd > ∅
+n > ng > rkn
+l > lb > mbl
+r > rd > ndr
-:''QUE-'' + ''-n-'' [passive nominal affix] > ''quenda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"
+dalpmi / darcnu
+i (n) > e-i (#) > a-e-i (#)
+i (v) > i-e > i-e-a
+e (v) >
+P > P-L > P-L-T > P-L-T-N
-"
+N N-R-M (I)
+N N-R-H (U)
+M > M-L-N  > M-L-N-D
+D-R-P-
+u><i, e><o, a><y
+u>o, i>e, a>y
+ai ē
-quoro
+i > ei > eia
-The personal pronouns:
+If a pure root ends in a vowel, the singular is formed by adding ''-RV'' (canonic ''-l''). If the last vowel is ''i'' or ''u'', however, one adds ''-e'' or ''-o'' instead.
-: ''ny'' "I", ''my'' "we"
+:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"
-: ''luo, lie'' "you (sin.), ''rie'' "you (plu.)"
+:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"
-: ''ou, ei'' "he, she", ''ū, ī'' "they"
+If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one passive ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one active in ''-ë''.
+:''QUË-'' + ''-n-'' [passive nominal affix] > ''quënda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"
-The copula:
-:''eá'' "to be" (canonic ''ā- "to be")
+The personal pronouns:
-: ''il alba eri hú''  "the man is a dog" (Adamic ''avâla iru kufán'', Canonic ''vāh hu'')
+: ''nu'' "I (masc.)", ''mi'' "I (fem.)"
-:''il alba firi'' "the man is dead"  (Adamic ''avâla murá-su'', Canonic ''vāh muris'')
+: ''luo, rie'' "you (sin.)"
-The construct state:
+: ''ou, ei'' "he, she"
-:''hú il elbi'' "the man's dog"
-'
-LÁ- > lámba "tongue", lámbë "language"
-*irregular extension; compare ''gásca'' "throat"
-ULU- "to pour" from hua- "to moisten"
 lunda "flood", lundë "rain"
-''hendë'', ''hendi'' "eye, eyes"
-húa (acc.)
-''quen'' "I speak"
-Quendar, quendi
-ni ben, embë bemmë
-ae bes, lye berrë
-il beli, endë belembar
-e-i [3p]
-Sound change: /i/ > /e/, /u/ > /i/ [not used in canonic forms]
-Reduxtion:
-Death: NÚR- (n.), PHIR- (adj.), (NGÚ-)
-Sound: QUE- (n.), HIR- (adj.), BE- (
-''ben'' "I speak", ''bel'' "you speak", ''bes'' "he/she speaks"
-''vāl'' > ''alfu''
-''hul'' > ''húo''
-''qul'' > ''quele''
-DARK ''húo'' "dog"
-BRIGHT ''alba'' "human"
 ==Sound Laws==