Common Elvish: Difference between revisions

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 */m/ before /i/ > /f/
-Ex: murá "dead" > firin "dead"
+Ex: murá "dead" > fira "dead" (PHIR-)
+Ex: hūlá "fiery" > níra
+Ilfira
+The root for "death" has a nominal stem (NÚR-) and an adjectival stem (PHIR-)
+núru "death"
+maur > NÚR-
+fira
 il- "not/un-" (Adamic al)
@@ Line 70: / Line 90: @@
 ===Morphophonology===
 ==Morphology==
-<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
-The root ''QUE-'' "speech" descends from Adamic ''-q-f-l-'' "speech", or more specifically, from its canonic verbal form ''qua-''. The root ''KHÚ-'' "dog" derives from ''hū-'' "to bark". The root ''LÁ-'' from ''lā-'' "to use the tongue". ''KHE-'' from ''qia-'' "to see"...
+In CE words are either DARK or BRIGHT:
+: ''HÚ'' "dog"
+: ''ALBA'' "person"
+Sounds other than L and N are conserved at the end of roots:
+: ''qaúl'' "speech" > ''QUË'' "speech"
+: ''maúr'' > ''NÚR'' "death"
+With the article open syllables are long and closed syllables short:
+: ''HÚ'' "dog" > ''u húo''
+: ''ALBA'' "person" > ''i elbi''
+The plural:
+: ''u húo'' "the dog" > ''i níe'' "the dogs"
+:  ''i elbi '' "the person" > ''u orgu'' "the persons"
+Third-person agreement does not trigger euphony:
+: ''u quënda'' "he is the language" / ''quënda u'' "he, the language"
+: ''ou quëndaë'' "he [X]-s the language", ''quëndaë ou'' "he is [X]-ed by the language"
-If no suffix is added to the root, the singular is formed by adding ''-le'' (canonic ''-l'') if the last vowel is any other than ''u''. In case it is not, an ''-o'' [Adamic ''-u''] is added instead.
+: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the language of his", ''quëndáëa óua'' "the language to him"
-:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"
+Masculine agreement in first-person triggers:
+: ''nu belen'' "I am a speaker" / ''belen nu'' "I, the speaker"
+: ''angu belein'' "I speak" / ''belein angu'' "I am spoken"
+: ''arcnu beléian'' "a speaker of mine" / ''beléian arcnu'' "a speaker to me"
+Feminine agreement in first-person triggers:
+: ''mi golon'' "I am a speaker" / ''golon mi'' "I, the speaker"
+: ''ambi goloun'' "I speak" / ''goloun ambi'' "I am spoken"
+: ''dalpmi golóuan'' "a speaker of mine"  / ''golóuan dalpmi'' "a speaker to me"
+the first position is the subject followed by a copula;  sentences are SOV (the object is always NEUTER); and the possessor is always the second element:
+: ''u húo ëa quënda'' "
+: ''ou hóua quëndaë bel'' "the dog speaks the language"
+: ''quëndáëa óua hóuada''  "the dog's language"
+Compare
+: ''óua quëndáëa'' "the  language of his"
+: ''óua gondáëa'' "the languages"
+Masculine roots:
+: hú, u húo, i níe,
+: hóua, ou hóua, ei néia,
+: hóuada, óua hóuada, éia néiada
+Neuter roots
+quënda, i benda, u gonda
+quëndaë, ei bendaë, ou gondaë
+quëndáëa, éia bendáëa, óua gondáëa
+quënda (when non-subject of non-pronouns)
+benda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to masculine pronouns)
+gonda (when subject of non-pronouns or connected to pronouns)
+quëndáëa /kʷɨndaːɨ̯a/
+a/ë > aë > áëa
+m > mb > lpm
+n > nd > ∅
+n > ng > rkn
+l > lb > mbl
+r > rd > ndr
+dalpmi / darcnu
+i (n) > e-i (#) > a-e-i (#)
-:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"
+i (v) > i-e > i-e-a
-If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one in ''-ë''.
+e (v) >
-:''QUE-'' + ''-n-'' [verbal affix] > ''quenda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"
+P > P-L > P-L-T > P-L-T-N
-The definite article is ''i(l)'' (canonic ''-l'' influenfed by Adamic ''iru''), which is invariable.
+N N-R-M (I)
+N N-R-H (U)
-:''i húo'' "the dog"
+M > M-L-N  > M-L-N-D
+D-R-P-
-:''i hý'' "the dogs"
+u><i, e><o, a><y
-The personal pronouns:
+u>o, i>e, a>y
-:''ni'' "I", ''mi'' "we"
+ai ē
-:''tye'' "you", ''rye''
+i > ei > eia
-:''(s)e'' "he/she", ''sa'' "it", ''heli'' "they", ''hilar'' "they"
+If a pure root ends in a vowel, the singular is formed by adding ''-RV'' (canonic ''-l''). If the last vowel is ''i'' or ''u'', however, one adds ''-e'' or ''-o'' instead.
-The copula:
+:''QUE-'' > ''quele'' "sound"
-:''eá'' "to be" (canonic ''ā- "to be")
+:''HÚ-'' > ''húo'' "dog"
-: ''il alf eri húo''  "the man is a dog" (Adamic ''avâla iru kufán'', Canonic ''vāh hul'')
+If a suffix is added to the root, there may be two singulars; one passive ending in ''-a'' (Adamic ''-a''') and one active in ''-ë''.
-:''il alf firis'' "the man is dead"  (Adamic ''avâla murá-su'', Canonic ''vāh muris'')
+:''QUË-'' + ''-n-'' [passive nominal affix] > ''quënda'' "speech" / ''quendë'' "speaker"
+The personal pronouns:
-LÁ- > lámba "tongue", lámbë "language" *irregular extension; compare ''gásca'' "throat"
+: ''nu'' "I (masc.)", ''mi'' "I (fem.)"
-ULU- "to pour" from hua- "to moisten"
-lunda "flood", lundë "rain"
-''hendë'', ''hendi'' "eye, eyes"
-húa (acc.)
-''quen'' "I speak"
-Quendar, quendi
-ni ben, embë bemmë
-ae bes, elyë berrë
-il beli, endë belembar
-e-i [3p]
-Sound change: /i/ > /e/, /u/ > /i/ [not used in canonic forms]
-Reduxtion:
-il ques
+: ''luo, rie'' "you (sin.)"
+: ''ou, ei'' "he, she"
-''vāl'' > ''alf''<br>
+lunda "flood", lundë "rain"
-''hul'' > ''húo''<br>
-''qul'' > ''quele''<br>
 ==Sound Laws==
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 ===Phonotactics===
 <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
-===Morphophonology===
+==Black Speech==
 ==Syntax==